hello, this is breakfast with rogerjohnson. coming up before sam, we'll take a look back at the last year in the world of the weather. but first, a summary of this morning's main news. at least 39 people have been killed, and many more injured in an attack on a nightclub in the turkish city of istanbul. police are still looking for the gunman, who witnesses say opened fire at random. it's the latest in a wave of attacks and the city's governor has described it as an act of terrorism. 16 foreign nationals are among the dead. theresa may has called for 2017 to be a year of unity and opportunity following the eu referendum, which she says has exposed the divisions in britain. in her new year message, the prime minister said she would work to secure a brexit deal for everyone, whether they'd voted to leave or remain. new york is among the latest cities to celebrate the start of 2017. thousand of revellers gathered in times square to watch

the famous glittering crystal ball drop down its pole. tens of thousands gathered on the banks of the thames to watch the london fireworks. there was heightened security, with around 3,000 police officers on patrol in the capital. the queen will decide later whether she is well enough to attend a new yea rs she is well enough to attend a new years church service, after being ill with a cold. she missed the christmas day service for the first time in many years and buckingham palace says she is still recovering and will make the decision on whether she attends later in the morning. those are the main news stories. that catch up with the sport. happy new year. hgppy new year. happy new year to you. a great happy new year to chelsea fans. they will be celebrating a great christmas as well. if you are top of the league at christmas, history dictates you are going to win the

league anyway. top at the new year as well, things are looking tasty for chelsea fans. chelsea will start the new year still six points clear at the top of the premier league table, although they were made to work hard before beating stoke. one more win and they'll set a new premier league record. patrick gearey reports. antonio needs no new year champagne. this is the intoxicating effect of 13 straight premier league wins. mixed with no little adrenaline. chelsea had to work to their record. stoke pegged them back once before william made it 2—1. there was a manic minute. first 35—year—old peter crouch, a pensionable age in the premier league, scored his first league goal since 2015. a goal that had not been fully digested when chelsea provided the next 175 seconds later. chelsea level arsenal's premier league record and who can stop them? liverpool close in now. a feast of attacking football against manchester city

produced just one goal. this was it. it gavejurgen klopp victory over his old colleague. manchester united only needed one before they turned around a fitting way to mark the 75th birthday of alex ferguson. still, five minutes left. a few miles north but a world away are burnley. quietly astonishing in their third season back in the premier league. a hat—trick helped seal sunderland. celtic start the new year with a 19 point lead at the top of the scottish premiership, after coming from behind to beat rangers 2—1 in the old firm derby. scott sinclair with the winner. and there's much more

on all of yesterday's football on the bbc sport website. all yesterday's football action, as well as all the rugby. james short got two late tries. sir andy murray has won his first match since being knighted. he beat milos raonic in straight sets to claim third place at the world tennis championship in abu dhabi, with rafa nadal later beating david goffin in the final. murray is preparing for the first grand slam of the year, the australian open. how does it feel to be called sir andy? it sounds strange, obviously. it is a brake —— great honour and recognition for my results over the last few years. it is a very nice way to finished 16, or starched 17, but i am more than happy to be known as a. “— but i am more than happy to be known as a. —— finish 2016, or start 2017.

andy murray, very understated as usual. it is tough for him to hold on to the top spot. he beat david gough and in previous meetings, but he got the better of him a few days ago in abu dhabi. —— goffin. with the australian open around the corner that's been the big challenge for him. he has reached the final but never gotten over the line. maybe being world number one and having to 2016 he has had has given him the confidence this year. that hope so. thanks very much. we'll have the headlines at 8am, but now on breakfast, the bbc weather team bring us the stories behind their forecasts. here's nick miller with weather world. this time on the weather world we are going up in the world, literally into the mountains of north wales, and our method of transport may surprise you. it's going to be quite a ride. also: extreme storms and the battle to survive them,

as global temperatures set new records. winterfights back in the usa, but not in the arctic. it's still not cold enough on top of the world. plus, wild winds — how not to get caught out in extreme weather. i will be here at this nature reserve in kent, taking a look at how the weather impacts migratory birds. from a quiet blue sky day here in kent to the hazards of a hurricane in the atlantic. and why everything in this welsh field is not as it seems. a new type of sheep and what it can tell us about the weather. welcome to weather world. this time we are in the north wales, in snowdonia, about to climb the highest peak in

wales, mount snowdon. now, i'm up for a bit of climbing, i am fairly fit, dressed for the part, but i have got an easier option in mind. we are about to take a ride on the historic snowdon mountain railway. if you know anything about this part of the world you will know that this railway is actually closed in winter, but i have got a special ride lined up on an engineer's train, because i'm going to find out how this railway copes with the harsh mountain weather. all aboard! when you're ready! this railway has been taking people to the summit of mount snowdon since 1896. an estimated 12 million people have made thatjourney since then. the trains normally run from mid—march until november, but it is the weather that dictates the schedule, and the toll the weather takes

on the mountain railway means for the maintenance teams winter is the busiest time of year. you are the senior engineering manager of the railway here, and already we are getting a sense of the climb we have started. yeah, the railway follows the mountain, maximum gradient is one in 5.5, we have just come up one in 6.2. so it alters as we go over the terrain, but it is a steep railway. and we're going 4.95 mph. yes. mountain railway, weather. they two must clash a little bit? they do. 0bviously wind, rain, snow — they all impact on our maintenance activities. throughout the year. what's the worst element? in the operating season it's wind. we have wind limits for operating trains. and in the winter its heavy rain, on the lower mountain, and snow on the upper reaches.

so you are doing a lot of maintenance and i will see some of that take place and hopefully get stuck in myself. yeah, the more hands the merrier. looking forward to it. winter has arrived in snowdonia, but there is no doubt that the main weather story of 2016 has been heat. record heat. hurricane matthew slammed into haiti in october, killing hundreds as it cut a path from here to the south—east united states. a massive storm, fuelled by warmer than average ocean water. in the pacific, in september, taiwan feels the force of the strongest typhoon since 2013. in october, in south korea, cars are swept down flooded streets in the strongest cyclone there in four years. rescues in spain, in december, animal, and human, as torrential downpours lead to flash flooding.

but in south america, rivers run dry. not enough rain has caused bolivia to declare a state of emergency facing its worst drought in 25 years. israel, in november, fighting the flames, as a two—month drought, and arson, led to wildfires. australia, and beach—goers in melbourne struggle against strong winds whipped up by approaching thunderstorms. several people died from a rare thunderstorm asthma in november, after suffering breathing problems from pollen carried by the wind. in the uk the first named storm of the autumn, angus, struck in november. winds in the irish sea were so strong this ferry was stuck there overnight until it was safe enough to dock. not ideal if it is your maiden voyage. my first time on a boat. and, like, we were on there 24 hours, until it was safe

enough to dock. not ideal if it is your maiden voyage. i was sick the whole way. the night, oh! glad i'm off. it is impossible to link one whether extreme to a warming world but scientists say that extreme events are more likely and well before the end of 2016 the year was labelled odds on to become the warmest on record. we have just stepped off the train to see the first piece of work happening on the line. mike, what are you doing here? this is a storage facility for tools, equipment for the railway. to make it safe we're building a platform, and a storage area on the left, and another platform on the right—hand side. and this all needs to happen fairly quickly, doesn't it? because you have time and weather to think about. we are open again on march and we cannot have any work on the operational railway from march. so obviously it's quite mild at the moment but we have had freezing temperatures and we cannot lay concrete in freezing temperatures, when it is heavy rain

it will wash everything out. can i get stuck in? by all means, nigel needs a hand. ok, let's go and find him. nigel, what do you want me to do? if you just grab hold of that were there, please, mate, and over the top the... that way? i had upside down? there's a good start. while i try to get the hang of cement work, sarah looks back at the 2016 atlantic hurricane season. here i am at the faversham nature reserve in kent, a great spot for capturing a glimpse of wintering birds that are just settling into their home for the winter season. later in the programme we will have more analysis about how the weather impacts these migratory birds. now, earlier this year, there was some incredible radar footage of some birds that appeared to be trapped right inside the eye of hurricane matthew. hurricane matthew was of course the strongest and the most deadly

storm of the season. it initially formed off the west coast of africa before moving across the atlantic and strengthening, for a time, to major category five hurricane in the caribbean. it has been a particularly active hurricane season this year, partly down to the declining el nino effect and the return to more neutral conditions in the pacific. let's take a look at how the el nino southern oscillation has affected this year's hurricane season, and why it has been so intense, especially compared to recent years. in the year up to may 2016, enso was in the el nino, or warm, phase. the warming of the equatorial pacific often leads to stronger vertical wind shear in the atlantic. wind shear refers to the change in wind speed, and or direction, with height in the atmosphere. stronger wind shear leads to weaker hurricanes and makes landfall less likely.

however, since may, the pacific has been cooling, becoming more neutral, and is now entering a weak or cool phase. reducing the wind shear and hence promoting stronger and more frequent hurricanes. another major factor this summer was a big blocking area of high pressure, feeding warm and moist air over the western atlantic and warming the waters there by as much as four or five degrees compared to the average. these warmer waters have provided the fuel to power the huge, formidable hurricanes that have formed in the region this year. so the very active hurricane season of 2016 has now come an end. join me later in the programme where we will take a more detailed look at some of these migratory birds and just how the weather affects their journey. this railway carries more than 130,000 passengers a year towards snowdon's summit. but some people get there the hard way. 0n foot. however you choose to go high, you need to respect the weather, and be fully prepared.

climbers battled fierce winds in the scottish highlands, in footage released to showjust how wild the weather can get. this high, this exposed, it is too late to simply turn back. we have just stepped away from the railway and we can see the snowdon peak, here in the snowdonia park warden's office, you are one of the wardens, rhys roberts, and you are going to show me exactly what i need to be fully prepared to attack a hill or a mountain. so you know, mountains are quite cold, you need warm layers, preferably a base layer first, then a mid—layer, something like a fleece, maybe even two, it is quite cold, and some comfortable, warm trousers as well. i have gotjeans on, they are not selling the right thing are they? not the best, they get cold when they are wet and they are reasonably uncomfortable, so something that will give you one when you are wet is preferable. you also need waterproof layers.

jackets, trousers, i would also take some hats and gloves with mejust in case i get wet. good idea, the right footwear? you would have those boots, at the end there, just generic walking boots. and these are winter boots, they have a stiffer soul. they can support crampons as well which gives you more grip on the ice, they have an essential bit of kit for any snow on the mountain. and if it is very snowy i would need one of these? another essential piece of kit. an ice axe. it provides some sort of support walking up the mountain and if you slip it can help stop you. i want to know where i'm going but i am ok because i have lovely maps on my phone. they are a start, but you want a proper map and a compass like this. a phone can run out of battery or signal and become useless. that will never fail you. and it sounds obvious, but you need something to eat and drink on the way. fuel is very important so make sure you pack your lunch and maybe your dinner,

and someone drinks if it is cold. —— warm drink. and check the weather forecast. it sounds obvious but the weather at the top of the mount is often very different from the weather when you set off. absolutely yes, it can be ten, 15 degrees colder on the mountain than down in the valley, and check the mountain forecast as well because it can be very different to the generic forecast. if i come back and climb in snowdonia i will get you as my personal guide, and i promise i will not wearjeans. still to come — fake flock. what electric sheep can tell us about the weather that real sheep cannot. the building of the queensferry crossing in scotland, through the changing seasons. in november, weather watch celebrated its first anniversary and the number of sky snappers now totals more than 130,000. for many it is about the beauty of the sky and the scenery around them, and sharing it online.

many people just walk along, with their head down, and they don't look up, they don't see the cloud, they don't see the sunrise, the sunset, the rainbows, and you can become a weather watch by signing up. at bbc.co.uk/weatherwatchers we are taking a look at how the snowdon railway copes with the amount of weather — we stopped here at the rocky valley platform, it is about two thirds towards the summit, the elevation about 680 metres, already we are above some of the cloud, and you can tell how the weather has changed, it is cold, windy, and of course, all of the track has to cope with these conditions,

the heavy rain, the heavy snow, and of course the big change in temperatures from one season to the next. further up mike is taking a look at how this piece of track is faring up. so, mike, how are we doing this? with the system here, a measuring trolley, we will put it on the track, this is going to tell me the distance between the two rails, it is going to tell me the cross level, the height of one rail to the other, and it is going to tell me the twist and the difference. shall i help you out with that? you can push. all right. i willjust gently edge it down the track. this is a fairly exposed piece of track so it must get a fair battering. yeah. this is one of our sections of track which requires constant maintenance. in the spring this will have moved, and we will come back and do some more maintenance, lifting and packing. we have moved down this short but, let's take a look at what you have learned. this is telling me we travelled 12.75 metres from where we started,

telling me that at this particular point the track gauges 806.1; millimetres, and it also tells me that i have a cross level, negative, or 4.9 millimetres. that is a slight twist to one side. does the track need any work? no, the instrument is telling me it is all within tolerance. very good. go check some of track line. thank you very much. we're going to get back on the train back on the move and just a moment, but before we do that it has been a cold start to winter here in snowdonia, but in that direction, a long way in that direction, there is a part of the world that should be very cold, but there is a problem — it is not cold enough. the not so frozen arctic. the number of sea ice that survived pretty 16 was the second lowest on record, slow to buy air temperature is 20 degrees above normal and the warmth of the ocean below. during summertime when the sun comes up in the arctic could reflect most of the sun energy out to if you remove the ci is covered in the ocean is absorbing their heat instead. so what you see and instead now as winter comes,

the arctic is very warm, part of this because now the ocean has to release heat again during the summer, back to the atmosphere before the ice can form. the frozen antarctic. records here show that sea ice has not suffered to the same degree as its northern counterpart. but even so, national snow and ice data centre scientists say that antarctic sea ice shrank november low. a warming world does not mean the end of winter weather. in the usa in december, snow and ice caused damage and brought disruption to millions of people. then there is the occasional wintery surprise. such as here in tokyo. which had its first november snowfall in more than half a century. this from siberia. what looks like

rocks on the shore, thousands of natural snowballs formed from small pieces of ice rolled ever larger by the wind and water. we saw early how to properly address for the great outdoors, especially in winter. very important for humans. you would think sheep with their woolly coats would be good to go whatever the weather but there is a unique experiment taking place here at the foot and it proves that they feel the weather as well. just like this one. come on! let's find your friend. you are a bit heavier than i thought. you may have noticed this isn't a real sheep. neither is this one. but thankfully, pipjones from the university is a real human. why have you got fake sheep? they tell us have you got fake sheep? they tell usa have you got fake sheep? they tell us a lot about real sheep and the environment they experience on a farm. we have two things, we have oui’ farm. we have two things, we have our sheep and we have met station.

the met station is measuring son bus wind plus ambient air temperature and those things together tell us how the ship is feeling. on a day like this which is windy, that must have an impact on how the sheep feels —— sheep. have an impact on how the sheep feels -- sheep. the wind chill, for sheep, maintaining the core body temperature is hard as the wind blows. what we are doing with these sheep is maintaining them. though the nine degrees. with this rai peters. we also have a microcomputer. it issuing them what they are doing to keep the temperature in the prevailing conditions. we will pop it back to see how much energy she is using.“ i was see how much energy she is using.“ iwasa see how much energy she is using.“ i was a sheep farmer, what difference would this make me? this research? farmers, it is essentially all about energy. we record the

energy in, food, but there is also energy in, food, but there is also energy out. that plays a big part. cani energy out. that plays a big part. can i do something on my farm to help my sheep keep warned?m can i do something on my farm to help my sheep keep warned? it is providing shelter, maybe trees and hedge rows which the animals can use to ta ke hedge rows which the animals can use to take shelter from the wind especially. that will reduce the energy that is used to stay warm. how much energy does that use in the park —— past few seconds? how much energy does that use in the park -- past few seconds? 37 watts to stay warm. as the wind gets stronger and the air gets colder, they will be more energy used. stronger and the air gets colder, they will be more energy usedlj have become attached to my fake sheep will stop you must have a name. this is melon. nice to meet you, melon. welcome back to the nature reserve in kent. i am joined by graham madge of the met office and previously of the rs pv. it is

and previously of the rs pv. it is an idyllic and peaceful day here in kent. it is hard to imagine some of the hazards the birds face on their long journey including the weather. earlier in the year, there was footage of birds appear to the chart inside the eye of hurricane matthew. this is a typical hazard that the birds face on their migratory journeys? the situation is they are crossing the path that hurricane ‘s take. it is likely that birds get caught up in the weather systems and we know from birdwatcher records in western europe that many birds are brought to european shores on the back of these cyclones as they move into the north atlantic. it is a big threat that these birds face. it is a powerful hazard that these birds have to cope with in their lives.|j have to cope with in their lives.|j have heard some people say that words can forecast the weather. if the evidence of science behind this? there is the classic phrase that one swallow doesn't make a summer. the evidence for words being able to

forecast weather is thin but what we do know is that birds of course are affected by the weather. we all know that we get weather coming from different directions and that very often different directions and that very ofte n ca n different directions and that very often can bring birds associated with it. we get birds from north america turning up here, we can get birds from the tropical atlantic, all sorts of places. although birds might not be able to forecast the weather, by seeing interesting and exotic birds, it gives you at least an insight into what the weather has been like elsewhere in the northern hemisphere. thank you so much graeme, forjoining us. that's it from us here in kent. it is back to nick in snowdonia. —— nick. we have come as far as we can go now on the snowdon railway. this is about three quarters of the way to the summit that we can't get any

further because number one, there is essential trackwork taking place and if we did go any further, we would encounter snow. before we start heading back down the mountain, there is one more thing i want to show you. it is something that is crucial to the operation of the railway. the reason i am excited if iama railway. the reason i am excited if i am a weatherman and have found a weather station, nearly at the top of mount snowdon. mike, how important is this piece of kit for you on the railway? it's crucial. it gives us specific wind information for the operation of our trains. in high winds, we can't operate. how do you look at the information when you are down in the office? this weather station brings data through a datalink. we can get it on our computers down below and get it —— graphically. and what does it tell you? this is giving me the wind direction, speed, temperatures and crucially, dust speeds because we

have average speed here and then we have average speed here and then we have dust speed. —— —— gust. have average speed here and then we have dust speed. -- -- gust. docking windspeed, it can't cope with winter that strong —— talking windspeed. it's purely for the operating season. these instruments have a ha rd season. these instruments have a hard life. we will send them away and get them recalibrated and bring them back in spring. as they get to work and before we go, when is a rainbow not a rainbow? when it's a fogbow. this was spotted in scotland in november. water droplets are smaller. as the rain interacts, it appears devoid of colour or are not quite rainbow. still not a rainbow as we know it but closer, this rare moonbow was spotted. it is when a

moonlight reacts with moisture in the atmosphere. and finally, lighting up the sky and our imagination, the super moon, seen around the world in november, the closest the moon has been to the earth in nearly 70 years which makes this lucky moment... there you go! an example of picture perfect timing. and that is it for this time on the whether world from snowdonia. thanks to mike, guard steve and eve ryo ne thanks to mike, guard steve and everyone in the snowdon railway. snowdon summit still awaits me that i will be back one day. i will keep checking the forecast.

i have got a nice little friendly sheep here got it! hello, this is breakfast with rogerjohnson. at least 39 people are believed to have died in an attack on a packed nightclub in the turkish city of istanbul. almost 70 others are injured. the city's governor has described it as a terror attack. police are still looking for the gunman. good morning, it's sunday, 1st january.