about chimpanzee culture. victoria gill, bbc news. the head lines coming the headlines coming up. you'll be updated. now the weather. good evening, the winds are picking up in the north and west of the uk, as some rain arrives. it will be light and patchy, as it works its way south across england and wales. lots of showers follow along behind, those turning increasing wintery over the higher ground of scotland. it will be a cold night, single digits for major towns and cities, a few degrees lower than that in rural spots. a cold and windy start to the day. in fact, the wind could be a real problem for some tomorrow, particularly for the northen half of the uk, very blustery conditions, gusting to 60 or 70 mph, northern england northwards. lots of snow showers across the higher ground of scotland. those snow showers getting down to lower levels gradually through the day. some rain showers for northern ireland and northern england. still a bit of snow possible on higher ground and further south, showers are few and far between. ten or 11 degrees in cardiff and london. but cold in the wind, further north. looking ahead towards thursday, it's another cold day in the northern half of the uk. just two or three degrees

with further wintry showers. some rain and maybe even some snow over higher ground in the south. you are watching bbc news, the top stories just after 830, jeremy corbyn says he isn't wedded to the idea of keeping freedom of movement for eu citizens during brexit negotiations and he also clarified his position on the issue of a pay cap on top earners. you could set a limit on top pay that i think it is better to look at the issue of ratio because that would encourage wage rises lower down. police in your coming to the child found badly injured yesterday in the city who later died. katie rough was 7 year old and discovered in the woodthorpe area.

a 15—year—old girl is being questioned. documents leaked to the bbc show a 47 per cent rise in psychiatric attendances at a&e departments in england, over the past four years. you are up—to—date. now it's hardtalk. welcome to hardtalk. i'm stephen sackur. the waiting is almost over. we're about to see what kind of impact president donald trump will have on the us and the world beyond. today, my focus is the international arena. my guest has been close to the centre of us foreign policy—making for three decades. richard haass was a senior adviser to both bush presidents and has offered his insights to the president—elect, too. from big power diplomacy, with russia and china, to global trade and climate policy... how different, how unpredictable is trump going to be? richard haass in new york city,

welcome to hardtalk. thank you, stephen. you've just written a book with the cheery title a world in disarray. in your opinion, does the election of donald trump to the presidency add to that sense of a world in disarray? it's more the world the 45th president of the united states will be inheriting. it's the result, in part, of things the united states has done but also failed to do.

it's in part simply a result of the end of the cold war, the loosening up our international relations, the rise of certain countries like china and so forth. this is the world he's inheriting. where i think he may have added it slightly, have added to it slightly, and notjust him but first in the american political campaign, candidates, including him, were saying things and endorsing positions which, shall we say, were untraditional. the fact that senator sanders, secretary clinton and donald trump, all three rejected the major pending trade agreement, the so—called trans—pacific partnership, that itself was a major departure from things. 0bviously, during the transition, some of the things he's said and done have added to it. but i would put the lion share of the explanation, if you will, for the disarray he'll inherit and this daunting inbox he's going to inherit more from things the united states and others have done orfailed to do. right, so what you're laying out is a proposition

is the preconditions are there for disarray and that a us president, whoever he or she may be incoming, can only do, and you just used your finger and thumb there, can only do a little bit to change that sense of disarray. so, to me, that is a recognition from you that actually the united states of america and its commander—in—chief have much less agency and leverage in the world than they used to have? perhaps, but i wouldn't drive it too far. i think what we've learned is that when the united states stays aloof from the world, the world is not self organising. the centrifugal forces tend to get much stronger, and when the united states does engage in the world, we still have more capacity to act and to lead than anybody else. we can't control it, we can't determine it, but we can shape it more than any other single actor. let's talk a little bit about trump, because we're going to get the big picture, believe me,

but it is important to tease out what we've learned from the weeks of transition that we've all witnessed. donald trump has a very particular style. you're a guy who's steeped in foreign policy—making, you're systems, a machines sort of guy. you know the machine really well. donald trump doesn't seem to operate inside the machine, he operates primarily through messages on twitter. do you worry about the style that's he's bringing to washington? he certainly different, as you say. this wasn't exactly the style of diplomacy i studied when i was a student at oxford a0 years ago. i grant you that, stephen! i worry a little bit. i worry that twitter is all too easy a form of communication. i do it myself, as i expect you do. you've got to think once or twice before you press send. i think the united states, as a country, has to think more than once or twice because so many others are counting on us and twitter can be something that you, you're not doing it in a careful enough way, and if others are basing their security and their calculations

on america, then we've got to be very careful with what messages we send. and it's notjust about twitter in itself, it's also about the degree to which the united states' incoming president actually listens and actively seeks advice. there have been a few symbolic moments, if you like. one was when asked on fox news whether he was reading the presidential daily brief, the intelligence brief, he said, "yeah, but only sort of reading it once a week, i get it when i need it, he said. "i don't have to be told because, you know, i'm like a smart person. i don't have to be told the same thing in words every single day". again, speaking as a guy who's been inside the system, that isn't really the way things have worked. do you think it's the way things should work, that a guy operates on his gut? i hope not. there's that old expression, i think it was the former

governor of new york, that you campaign in poetry, but you govern in prose. my own experience, from having worked with four presidents, is when you govern, you're dealing at a level of detail that outsiders really can't imagine. i myself found the daily intelligence briefings quite valuable, quite important. they actually do change quite a bit from day—to—day, particularly when they give you the broader brush, sets of analyses, as the cia and others do. so, to be perfectly honest, i hope that mr trump establishes a better working relationship with the intelligence community, and if he does, i think he'll actually find it to be a valuable resource that will help him govern. we've already seen one important episode. when it came to the allegations which have emerged, which have been verified as far as the us intelligence community is concerned, from cia, fbi, director of national intelligence, all of them adamant that there is compelling proof that the kremlin authorised a hack of the democratic national committee, because they wanted

to influence the us presidential election. donald trump chose to side with putin's message, rather than the message coming out of his own intelligence chiefs. now, that's something that happened, it's not something we have to speculate about. how damaging is that? it is, i think its raised questions about his relationship with the intelligence community. again, i'm hopeful, i'm not predicting, but i hope it's repaired. i think it raises questions also about us policy towards russia. i would simply say that this hacking was not an exception, it wasn't a one—off. we've seen russia do what it did to ukraine and crimea as well as eastern ukraine. we saw russian intervention in syria, which was a war crime, i would argue, by any measure and standard. there's all sorts of evidence that the sort of political machinations they did in the united states were not an exception. i expect we're going to see an awful

lot of that in places like germany, as we approach the elections there. what we need is a comprehensive policy towards russia that, among other things, would say, you'll only get sanctions relief if we see measurable changes and improvements in your behaviour. i would also argue that we need to look very hard at re—militarising nato. after the end of the cold war, the united states and european allies essentially stripped nato of a lot of its military and its land components, and i would think they need to be reintroduced in places like the baltic states. not so long ago you were in trump tower talking about, i wasn't there and privy to it, but i imagine russia came up. what you've just said runs diametrically in opposition, again referring to twitter, to the opinions of donaldj trump. quote, "i always knew he was very smart", talking of vladimir putin. "having a good relationship with russia is a good thing, not a bad thing, only stupid people or fools

would think it is bad". so tell me a little bit about this private conversation you had with donald trump. did you try to put him right, as far as you're concerned, on russia? in our conversations russia actually didn't figure all that prominently, it was more about developments in the middle east, developments in asia. it was about trade, it was about immigration. we haven't spoken in the context of the hacking report by the intelligence community. what i've been saying publicly on that does disagree somewhat. our goal should not be a better relationship with russia, per se. what our policy should be is we want a better relationship, but only on a basis of russian behaviour that takes into account our interests and what we think are the norms of the international system. so we don't want to have, if you will, a cosmetically improved relationship, we want to have a substantially and that's really up to mr putin.

yeah, well, it's sort of up to mr putin, but it's also up to the united states. for example, the degree to which in response to the intelligence community's conclusions about hacking, whether there's mileage in more sanctions. for example, senatorjohn mccain and a bunch of other republican congress people have said that they now want to seek extra sanctions on russia. what would your view of that be? sanctions are one of the possible responses. i might be more interested in certain types of cyber related responses. as ijust mentioned, i'd be interested in strengthening our military capability, both outside ukraine and nato countries. i'd also be more interested in providing certain types of defensive military help to ukraine. there's already a lot of sanctions on russia. i'd have to be persuaded that additional sanctions would make a significant difference. i'm not interested in symbols, i'm interested in substance of things that will send a message to mr putin that he will receive.

but i'm not fighting your point. does donald trump agree with me? i don't know. the evidence, at least on the surface, would suggest not. but again, we'll have to wait and see what he actually does when he governs. at the moment you are an independent observer, a commentator on what we're seeing from trump. politico, for example, which gets some stories right and some wrong, said in mid—december you were one of the top tips for the number two job at the state department, and that trump was actively considering you. any news on that? would you take the job? given everything we've discussed so far, could you conceivably work for a trump administration? well, i think the answer is, when asked if i could work for any president, and i've worked for four, you can only do it if, one, you have a similar conception of thejob, what it actually would entail, and more important, that your in sufficient alignment on the major policies. you don't have to agree on everything, stephen, but you've got to agree on enough of the big things that you can faithfully and effectively represent them.

i think in my case we would need to talk about it, because there's areas that i've written about... look, i'vejust come out with a new book, i've written a dozen books before, so my views are not a big, dark secret. it wouldn't make sense for me to be there, unless i thought i could have a real chance to affect policy, to influence it and that we were sufficiently in sync, so i could be an effective representative of this president and this administration, and those would be issues that we would have to resolve to their satisfaction and to my satisfaction. let mejust say, i don't know if i'm seriously being considered for anything. i don't know if i'll be asked to do anything. 0bviously we'd have you back if you do know that. as you say, your analysis of a world in disarray seems to me to have several conclusions. i'm going to be very shorthand about them, but you say that the united states needs to be realistic in its ambition, it needs to match its vision of ends with means, rather than having very ambitious ends but not the will and the means to enforce them. i'm just wondering, let's talk

about some other key areas. for example, nato, which of course i think 70% of the burden for spending in nato comes from the united states. does the united states, in your view, have an obligation to maintain that level of commitment to nato? and what would happen if, according to donald trump and some of his advisers, if the united states got much tougher with allies and said if you don't front up more money, we're going to back out? well, i wouldn't recommend that. i think the europeans need to do more, not so much spend more, though that would be welcome, they need to spend what they spend more intelligently. the problem with european defence spending is not so much the level, but that it's not co—ordinated, so you have tremendous areas of replication and you have large areas of shortfalls. but sure, i think the united states and europe both have to spend more on defence, simply because the threat environment going forward is a lot more robust than we imagined it would be ten or 20 years ago.

that's simply a fact of life. you began with a larger point, and i take it, which is any time in foreign policy you have a gap between your rhetoric and your actual capacity, you run into trouble. we've had that in the middle east lots of times in recent years, where we said certain people must go and we didn't have policies to back it up, or when the syrians used chemical weapons, we didn't respond forcefully. so i think that ought to be a lesson. we've got to narrow the gap between american commitments and rhetoric, and american capabilities and actions. but the danger, and again i'm referring to stuff you've written in the book, the danger is that at times that looks like america abandons key values and principles. for example, just pluck a couple of the air, you're suggesting america needs to talk less loudly about human rights inside china or inside russia. america needs to push less hard to expand the nato family, to countries like georgia and ukraine. now to some people around the world, you might call it realism,

they might call appeasement. they can call it whatever they want. they would also be dead wrong. in the case of a country like china, look, the priority, what we need to focus on for the next couple of years is not trying to make china democratic, no matter how hard we press, it's not going to happen. what we can perhaps do is get china to work with us to deal with the pressing north korean nuclear ballistic missile threat. in foreign policy, as in policy of any sort, you have to choose your priorities where your interests are greatest and your capacity to make a difference is greater. in the case of ukraine and georgia, bringing them into nato, i would say they don't meet the qualifications. in the meantime, we've got our hands full meeting the commitments we already have in nato. going back to the guy who may or may not be your future boss, donald trump, and the issue of china... when he tweeted out that he saw no reason to be bound

by the one china policy, and he was absolutely thrilled that the president of taiwan had given him a phone call, in your view that was not representing america's national interests very cleverly, yeah? no, and i made it very clear in what i said and wrote in the aftermath of those comments of his, that i thought it was counter—productive. that we finessed this problem with china and taiwan quite successfully for decades, and what that has allowed us to do, is to go ahead and forge a respectable relationship with china. and by the way, it's been good for taiwan as well. it's flourished economically, it represents a democratic model that's something of an alternative, to say the least, to what we see on the mainland. so my sense of "if it ain't broke, don't fix it", so i disagree with the idea of questioning the one china policy. the more we talk and the more we run round some of the key issues facing the globe today, the more i'm thinking, despite your caution about declaring trump a major addition

to the uncertainty and disarray in the world, that's precisely what, in substance, you do seem to be saying, on a whole raft of issues. well again, i never assume there is a correlation between what was said during a campaign, and how people govern. the purpose of campaigning, shockingly enough, is to get elected. the purpose of governing is something very different. so we'll have to see. but assuming i continue to be on the outside of things, and i think that's a pretty good assumption, where i see areas of policy i agree with, i will stand up and say fantastic, and where i see policies i disagree with, i will criticise them. that's been my stance during the last eight years of mr 0bama, and that will be my position going forward, again assuming i continue to be here at the council on foreign relations. i'm interested in this concept you developed, correct me if i'm paraphrasing it wrongly, but this idea of sovereign obligation. that is the idea that nation states these days do have obligations that run far beyond their own borders, in terms of collective action on key

issues facing the world community, whether it be trade issues, global trade issues or the huge challenge of climate policy. do you believe the united states... go on, what were going to say? no, you go ahead. i want to know if you believe the united states, looking forward, is going to be meeting its sovereign obligations? i don't know. my role here is to fight for it. this is what i think is smart and necessary. we're living in a global world. nothing stays local for long any more. what goes on inside countries is no longer simply their business alone, whether it's a coal burning electricity plant, whether it's a virus that comes out like zika or ebola that can affect everybody, whether it's terrorists or hackers, what we've learned is nothing as local, everything's potentially global. i believe this ought to become the intellectual compass, so to speak, of american foreign policy and that we ought to be consulting and talking

with other countries, and also companies and ngos and others about how we deal with this global world, in which all these challenges you mention are far ahead of their responses. will the trump administration do this? i have no idea. i'm going to... the clue is in the mantra "put america first". that doesn't seem to be recognising collective obligations in the sense you've just talked about them? obviously not, but again that was a campaign slogan. whether that's a governing slogan we will have to see, and even if it remains a slogan, what will it actually mean in the way of policy? for example, does the united states change the basis of its regulatory framework when it comes to where we are on climate related issues? does the united states actually pull out of paris? i hope we don't pull out of paris, indeed the paris agreement is a model of an international agreement, where countries retain

the ability to decide for themselves what it is they want to do or don't want to do when it comes to greenhouse gas emissions, and they simply pledge to do their best, but they set their standards for themselves. it's not being imposed on them. so it is fully consistent with american sovereignty. i'm hoping that the trump administration comes to see it this way. it's the argument i've made to people around mr trump privately already, that people should think twice before they see the paris agreement as a problem. let me tap into your personal experience to something we touched on early on in the interview, but i would like to get a direct thought from you on it. it's about the way in which people acquire policy—making powers in the national security and foreign policy arena. i mean, you worked at the coal face for 30 years, you served a number of different presidents, you worked as an official in the state department and you took, in the end, some of the top jobs in national security and state, but you sort of paid your dues. what we see in the trump administration is a secretary

of state, rex tillerson, who has come straight from the ceo position in big business, as we know, with an oil company with major ties in russia. we see a defence secretary who has almost literally come straight out of uniform, who has not had any sort of political experience. we see, for example, a son—in—law of the president, with absolutely no foreign policy making experience at all, who is now, it seems, in a post where he is expected to make middle east peace. what do you make of it all? laughter. i think in the case of the secretary of state, nominee rex tillerson, this is someone with an awful lot of experience around the world. i'm not worried at all about him. i'd say the same thing about general mattis, who is going to be running the pentagon. the real question is whether you can get a national security council process that works. there i think there's some grounds for concern, because you have so many people with positions of power at the white house.

you've got a president, a vice president, a chief of staff, a chief strategist, a national security adviser, now you've got a special adviser, so it's a lot of people. the question is — how are you going to orchestrate this? how are you going to make sure that the policy is made in the right way, and more importantly, implemented in a way that is consistent with the decisions? i think that's an enormous challenge for this administration, whether they can get that right. you rather diplomatically didn't address the one name i put to you, that some regard as most controversial of all. mr trump's son—in—law, jared kushner. you've been around the middle east diplomacy and peacemaking effort, does it seem to you credible in any way that he should be given a key role like that? i'd say we'll see exactly what his role is and how it fits in with everybody else. i don't know mr kushner,

but i would simply say the idea of trying to re—establish a degree of strategic trust between the united states and israel is essential and if he could help do that, bully for him. i would say great. right now you can imagine scenarios the us and israel could face over the next couple of years; the collapse of jordan, some problems with iran, another war with hezbollah in lebanon. so anyone who could help bring these two governments together, i would say that would be good. in terms of the israeli—palestinian "peace process", quite honestly i don't think it much matters who works on it. i think the prospects for advancing that, at the moment, are close to nil. the parties are so far apart and the essential prerequisites... i've been involved in northern ireland, in cyprus, i've been involved in middle east peacemaking, and you've got to have protagonists that are both willing and able to make serious compromises. i simply don't see that between israelis and palestinians right now. so i wouldn't think this is an area that deserves an awful lot of focus. we're out of time,

so it's a brief one. 0n the eve of the trump presidency, are you optimistic about the next four years of foreign policy—making, yes or no? in a word, i am worried, given what the inheritance is. i think anyone has got to be worried. richard haass, thank you very much indeed forjoining me on hardtalk. thanks for having me. good evening, fairly lively weather over the next few days. a week

weather front crossing the uk overnight, not a great deal of rain. pretty strong winds associated. cold north—westerly wind. behind this cold front. some rain into scotland and northern ireland. south across england and wales and it will become patchy. lots of showers behind which will turn increasingly wintry over the higher ground of scotland. a cold night, single figures for major towns and cities, below that in rural spots. hideki called in the wind, a feature of things through tomorrow —— particularly cold. we will see gusts of wind is getting to 70 mph, maybe even a bit more. a strong cross wind blowing through the central lowlands of scotland. blustery with those showers in northern ireland and scotland. northern ireland and scotland. northern england will be quite windy, to the east of the pennines. not too many showers as we go further south but quite blustery with the strongest winds a bit further west. it's a day of sunny

spells across the southern half of the uk but breezy. lots of showers in the north and increasingly the snow level coming down a bit. some snow level coming down a bit. some snow over higher ground. 4 degrees in scotland, but it will fill called in the wind, 8 degrees further south. in the evening, showers in northern scotland and some snow showers cropping up in northern ireland and northern england. in scotland, snow will get down to low levels. further south, scotland, snow will get down to low levels. furthersouth, not too scotland, snow will get down to low levels. further south, not too cold but chilly, five or 6 degrees. cold in the north. patches of ice as well. rain gathering in the south—west by dawn on thursday and some questions about how far north it goes but it looks like it will cover much of wales and southern counties of england and questions over how much cold air with which will have an effect on how much snow we will see. some snow in the hills of south wales and southern england but a lot of rain. further north, brighter spells but wintry showers and it will feel cold on your

thermometers, only two or three degrees for glasgow, newcastle and belfast. it will field two or three degrees below freezing, a cold day on thursday —— it will feel. this will head down the north sea coast, lots of isobars, it will be windy. still some wintry showers, mainly towards the east and west coast but inland, cold windy but bright on friday. hello i'm ros atkins. welcome to 0utside source. the first stop is washington. the us senate is grilling jeff sessions, the man donald trump wants to be the next us attorney—general. this is the live feed from the senate. we are six—and—a—half hours into the session. we've been listening to all of. it we'll tell you the most significant moments. in tehran, hundreds of thousands of mourners paid their respect to the former iranian president akbar hashemi rafsa njani. former iranian president akbar hashemi rafsanjani. we will play

this report from ivory coast of chimps showing a huge degree of intelligence when it comes to finding water. volkswagen is saying it has a concrete draft for a multibillion dollar settlement with the us