earned him many accolades and critical acclaim. turning him, though, into britain's wartime prime minister has been hailed as a masterpiece of make—up. gary would come into the bus, we would shave his head, apply the make—up, takes just over three hours to apply the make—up and the wig, plus including getting into his fat suit and costume, close to four hours for the entire thing. he would then go to set for ten, 12 hours a day filming and we need to be there the whole time to maintain his make—up throughout that. he would then have his make—up removed which takes an hour. and then, once he goes, lucy and i stay for another hour or two. gary oldman convinced kazuhiro tsuji to come out of retirement to design the churchill make—up. he had just been working with david on another movie, it was oldman who asked him to be onset applying it alongside colleague lucy sibbick and it's the three of them that have been nominated for the oscar. extremely proud. the bestjob i have done so far to date and i am just so pleased it is getting the recognition it deserves because of the amount

of effort myself, kazuhiro and lucy have put into it and the people behind—the—scenes, such a big team involved. we are getting the credit and our names are on the award, but the amount of people in the workshops involved is amazing. we are to receive our reward. the 39—year—old make—up artist has a cv full of blockbusters to his name, but this is his first—ever oscar nomination. but look at the work here, the colour. spending a bit more time prepping, that is why the day was so long, i wanted to make sure i painted all of it perfectly so that they match every day. david flies out to los angeles for the oscar nomination lunch this weekend. then back for the baftas, before heading off to la again for the oscars themselves on the 4th of march for what could be his finest hour. now the weather. it has been a fine

winter's gave for many of us with sunshine around. one or two showers dotted about in the east of england in particular. overnight in the keen easterly winds some of these will fall as snow, particularly in the south—east of england. there could be icy patches but not everyone will see the snow. a widespread frost going into monday morning with isolated fog patches. the snow showers affect parts of east anglia and south england. fading along with the wind. for much of the uk, another dry day. a fair amount of winter sunshine with temperatures held down, among 3—4d for most of us. held down, among 3—4d for most of us. on monday night into tuesday morning, a covering of snow in

scotla nd morning, a covering of snow in scotland and northern ireland with wintry showers following in on behind. still a bit of snow in places. this is bbc news. our latest headlines... the home secretary, amber rudd, says the uk will continue to seek a bespoke deal on leaving the european union, and insists that differences between ministers have been exaggerated. at least two people have been killed and dozens injured after a collision between two trains in south carolina. mps warn that cuts to the royal marines and their amphibious assault ships would significantly undermine britain's security, calling the move "militarily illiterate." an elderly man has died after an explosion and a fire at a care home in stevenage in hertfordshire. i will be back with more news at

five. now on bbc news, it's time for witness. hello, welcome to witness with me, tanya beckett. i'm here at the british library to guide you through another five extraordinary moments from the recent past. we'll meet the man who discovered whale song, the daughter of one of the most prolific land and sea speed record breakers of the 20th century, and the chemist who went to live in a city built for scientists. but first, in january 1958, godtfred kirk christiansen patented the lego brick, which took the world by storm. lego was special as the bricks were designed in such a way that they could be stacked and linked with each other in countless combinations. godtfred's then ten—year—old son,

kjeld, regularly helped his father to test out the new toys in the family workshop. the village carpenter invented them after turning his hand to toymaking when there wasn't enough work for him. now, that spare time toymaking has developed into a huge danish export. my grandfather, ole kirk christiansen, was a... a very happy person. he made a lot of different kinds of wooden toys. for him, it was really making quality toys that were good for children. that is why he came up with the name, lego. lego means "play well" in danish. "lego godt" is the abbreviation to "play well". after the second world war, where so many houses had been torn down and so on, there was this urge again for people to build up. so, i think the idea of the basic bricks was really to build houses. my father and my grandfather also,

they were both quite fascinated with the opportunities of making something out of plastic. it was more considered as a novel material... with which you suddenly got possibilities to make many other things that you couldn't do with wood. in 1958, i was ten years old, and that was the year where my father patented the lego brick with the tubes. the original bricks were just hollow and they could stay together if you put them on top of each other, but they couldnpt position in many odd ways, so to say. by having the two tubes, now you could put them together like this. they were so proud of having created this system. when i came home from school,

i often went to our model shop, where we had a few designers already from the early 60s. i think i — in a positive way — probably criticised quite a lot what they did, and tried to suggest other things for them to build. i never practised lessons for the school, basically. so i probably spent three, four hours a day, at least, and i was also used very much as a model for the boxes. the local photographer came and took pictures of me and my sisters for the boxes. a little plastic world is finished and open to the public. they call it legoland. my father thought that there would probably, if he was optimistic, be about 250,000 guests a year. we are having about 1.9 million guests to the legoland park every year. then the idea was to create a smaller figure that could fit into cars and houses and so on.

the first mini figure was just a static figure, with no arms and no legs, and i pushed for that it has to be a figure that is more lively also. and always with a yellow, happy face. yellow was also very sensible in that it didn't conflict with any colours of races, and so on. we have made this lego house, it is what we call the home of the brick. the concept, the lego brick is timeless. physical play is always something that will be there, and i think especially play where it stimulates the child's imagination. children have this natural urge to learn and to try out new things. if something works, it's fine. if it doesn't work, they will try again. those are some skill sets we actually think should be carried on into — lifelong. i mean, we are growing older all the time, but we don't need

to grow up. we can still be childish inside and decide when to be serious and when to have fun. kjeld kirk christiansen, whose father invented and patented the lego brick. injanuary 1972, 13 people were shot dead by british troops during a civil rights march in northern ireland. events that day marked a turning point in the conflict between catholic nationalists and protestant unionists, and changed many people's lives forever. tony doherty‘s father was among those killed. those few hours of shooting and killing marked my life in a very particular way. normally, i don't speak about it, normally, i don't think about it,

because it is very, very painful. the events of that day became known as bloody sunday. my father was patrick joseph doherty. he was 31 years of age when he was shot dead. i was nine years old at the time. newsreel: the marchers numbered between 15 and 20,000. it was a massive display of solidarity, expressing the almost total alienation of the people of this part of derry. our family was from the catholic nationalist community from the brandywell in derry. my parents went to the match on the day of bloody sunday because by 1972, many young men from our community had been imprisoned without trial. the catholic nationalist population's preference was to be part of a united ireland, without any rule for britain

in the affairs of ireland. the unionist or protestant community in the north of ireland wished to remain part of the united kingdom. and the civil protests came about because catholics or nationalists were treated as second—class citizens. newsreel: it was after the procession got up to the army barricade at the top of william street, that violence erupted. finally, the troops took the offensive as men of the first battalion, the parachute regiment, went pouring into the bogside... i wasn't on the march... because i was too young. my only memories of the day was playing in the street, and a boy who would have been a friend of mine came up and started playing with us and after a while, he just happened to say that "your father's been shot." within about 20 minutes, there were 13 people dead. i think my father was trying to get to a place of safety,

behind a wall, and as he was heading towards the wall, he was shot in the back — and he died right away. he was totally unarmed, and when he was killed, he was posing no threat to anyone. i remember my mother coming into the house. she said, "you all listen" in the sitting room, and she said — told us that "your father's been shot dead by the british army", and i will always remember, you know, her... her being very, very brave. in the aftermath of bloody sunday, i think a whole generation of people were politicised. so at 16, ijoined the ira in derry, an illegal organisation which was heavily armed and which was established to overthrow british

rule in ireland. me joining up was an act of revenge. in 1981, i took part in a bombing raid in a premises in derry city centre, and shortly afterwards, i was arrested and imprisoned. it wasn't until almost a0 years later that the british government finally accepted their responsibility for what happened on bloody sunday. there is no doubt, there is nothing equivocal, there are no ambiguities — what happened on bloody sunday was both unjustified and unjustifiable. it was wrong. for us, that was an absolutely outstanding achievement, because we had turned the whole of the wrong of bloody sunday on its head, and we had rewritten history. tony doherty still lives close to where the events of bloody sunday took place.

injanuary 1967, the record—breaking driver donald campbell died in a fatal speedboat crash on coniston water, in the north of england. he crashed trying to beat his own water speed record. our next witness is donald campbell's daughter, gina. my dad was donald campbell, and in the 30s, 405, 50s and 60s, my father and my grandfather were both the most prolific land and water speed record breakers of the era. newsreel: every inch of the bluebird's body is streamlined to avoid wind resistance. they were pioneers. you know, when you thought that a car could then do a maximum speed of 50 miles an hour, suddenly someone pushes that to over 100 and then to 200, then to 300. i think it's a rollercoaster, you know, you break a record and you — everyone comes gushing up and said "fantastic, you've broken the record.

what's your next one going to be?" so it's like the mouse in the wheel, you know, you keep wanting to move forward. it was my dad's job, it's what he did. so, i was not really aware of the magnitude of his achievements and the dangers. i only knew him in a child's eye. i wish i'd known him obviously a little bit longer because i think he was a fascinating character, with tremendous drive and personality. so i was working in a hotel, doing the ironing, i was summoned to a phone call early in the morning injanuary, the fourth of january, 67. you know that feeling in your stomach, disappears somewhere down to your knees or your feet, i knew with some forebodin that this was not good news. donald campbell, the man who lived for speed, is dead. on the cold still waters of lake coniston, 45—year—old donald campbell was making

an attempt on the world water speed record, which he held. one of the last true adventurers left. no one can fail to mourn the loss of this brave man. that iconic footage, you know, of the bluebird, just very gracefully taking off from the lake and going several hundred feet up in the air before doing this enormous backward flip. and, you know, i've seen it many times, and so nearly did the full 360, but then crashing into the depths of coniston and my father obviously being killed instantly. i remember going to geneva airport the following day and sitting in the departure lounge on my own, you know, and i could see the newsstand over there, that had british newspapers, and there was pictures of bluebird

sort of up in the air like this and "campbell dead", and you look at them. but it seemed surreal, i couldn't associate those pictures and that moment with my father. he got his wish, he died a hero. he somehow, in those few moments, immortalised himself. and him talking on his comms all the way through, you know, of what was going on. donald campbell: i'm going, i'm going, i'm going. and, you know, "i'm going, i'm going, i'm going". i"m donald campbell: i'm gone. gina campbell, remembering her legendary father, donald. remember, you can watch witness

every month on the bbc news channel, or you can catch up on all of ourfilms, along more than 1,000 radio programmes on our online archive. just go to: in 1967, an american biologist began listening to sounds from the ocean that he found both spectacular and beautiful. they were the sounds of whales. he released an album called songs of the humpback whale in 1970. it went on to become the most successful nature recording ever made. dr roger payne spoke to witness about the discovery that caught the imagination of the world. the first time i ever went swimming with a whale that was singing, it's an incredible experience! it's completely shattering. it feels like, when you get close

to one, that something has put its hands on your chest and is shaking you until your teeth rattle. my first thought was, i wonder if i can stand this? i wonder if this is actually going to kill me somehow? newsreel: there she blows! the harpoon grenade is fired. back in the 19505 and ‘60s, nobody, as far as i could tell, knew much of anything about whales. there was no whale watch industry, no save the wales movement. usually the first shot means death to the whale. in the old moby dick days, harpoons were hand— held at the monsters. the modern way is far more humane. a few people knew that whales were being over—hunted and, frankly, whales were going extinct. it was just a big moneymaking proposition. newsreel: the entire whaling

industry is worth £100 million a year. russia and japan are the two big whaling nations and some of it goes to those two countries for food. it was back in 1967 about that i met a fellow called frank watlington, who became a great friend, and he played a sound to me of humpback whales. it was the most beautiful thing i had ever heard from nature. you might get a sound, for example, that goes... mimmics deep whale sounds. i was out in san diego one—time visiting a friend of mine

and i played him whale sounds and he was fascinated by them and i said, i've always wanted to make a record of these, and he said, we'll make it! and so we sat down and made a record and we then wrote a booklet that went with it and talked all about whales and their plight and what was going on and so forth. i think it remains the most successful natural history recording ever made. then whole bunches of people in several countries began making organisations to save the whales and the save the whales movement was born and in many ways that was sort of the beginning of the conservation movement. the whales gave the whole idea of conservation wonderful exposure. dr roger payne is founder and president of ocean alliance, a whale conservation organisation.

and, finally, in 1957, a huge science city was built in the middle of the siberian forest. dozens of research institutes were built and top scientists were enticed to come and work in the region. victor varand was one of the first research chemists to move to academic city. a town of 25,000 inhabitants. a town where nearly everyone's a scientist or hoping to become one. a new town called akademgorodok, or academic city. translation: my first impression was that of bewilderment, to be honest. everything was different here. the houses were right in the middle of the forest. it was so quiet and the air seemed so fresh. what used to be thought

of as a wasteland has turned out to be the soviet union's greatest treasure house, a land unbelievably rich in minerals. geologists thought there was no oil here. now the whole place seems to be floating on it. there are diamond fields which could be as rich as the south african ones and gold and platinum too. translation: i worked in academic city for a0 years, since 1962. i was a research chemist at the institute of inorganic chemistry and from 1963 i taught my beloved subject, analytical chemistry, at the university there. since the times of the tzar, people were exiled to siberia. would you exile anyone to a good place? that was the image of siberia, that wolves ate people there. our salary was only 10% more than the others,

the so—called siberian supplement. but they did give us apartments immediately. separate apartments. at that time, in the ussr, there was an acute shortage of housing. they didn't attract us with money, they attracted us with available accommodation and interesting work. no other research laboratories are so lavishly equipped and no where else are the students so carefully selected or so ruthlessly examined. this is what's called the colliding beam accelerator, the only one of its kind in the world, designed to hurl particles of matter and particles of antimatter. translation: our institute of nuclear physics is a globally recognised research centre. its scientists have collaborated in the construction of the large hadron collider in switzerland, but many of the inventions and breakthroughs happened in secret research projects for the ministry of defence.

excellent sports facilities were constructed. the house of scientists was built and it had a great theatre and concert venue. of course the creation of academic city was a great achievement. a new generation of scientist has been nurtured here. most people who work in academic city now are graduates of university and what does russia live on today? gas and oil, of course. and who found and explored those resources? our siberian scientists. victor varand, who still lives in academic city. and that's all from this edition of witness, here at the british library. we'll be back here next month to bring you more extraordinary moments of history

and the remarkable people who witnessed them. but for now, from me and the rest of the witness team, goodbye. hello. the weather showed a sagna improvement today that there will be sunshine in the week ahead but wintry weather as well. there have been a few showers dotted about through eastern parts of england in particular. a keen and cold easterly wind. the showers will turn increasingly to snow in parts of east anglia, especially eastern england. they come through in bands if you are under these bands of showers you could see a few centimetres and icy conditions. there is a risk of some disruption in the snow showers in the south—east of england into the morning was that this is how things will look at eight o'clock in the morning. rain, sleetand hailand snow on the higher ground. one or

two fog patches around much of england and wales will stop away from east anglia and the south east it will be dry and frosty to start the day. still with the snow showers to begin with. some will drift further west during the day. in the afternoon it will fade away as long as the wind easing. many places will have a fine monday with quite a bit of sunshine and variable cloud around. temperatures are struggling. three, four degrees for most of us. in the north west at the end of monday, a weather system coming in from the atlantic. away from the coastline in scotland and northern ireland, as this moves in that there will be some snow, giving a covering for many into tuesday morning. this will work into northern england and wales, again with one or two macro centimetres in places with this system is weakening all the time of the head southwards. tending to

fizzle out. a few heavy snow and hail showers followed on tuesday in parts of scotland, northern ireland and wales. in wednesday morning, still close by east anglia. and improving picture on wednesday before we see another weather system spreading south on thursday. mostly rain with this one put up some sleet and snow on higher ground. frosty night especially at the start of the week, and some snow. this is bbc news. the headlines at five: government ministers are more united over brexit than critics claim says the home secretary. we meet in the committee, we meet privately for discussions, i think we will arrive at something that suits us all. two people have been killed and dozens injured after two trains collided with each other in the united states. a fire which killed a man in a care

home is believed to have been caused by an oxygen cylinder. sinn fein‘s gerry kelly is reported to the police after he was filmed removing a wheel clamp from his car. sports day will be here in half an hour with highlights with england's game in rome.