back in the late 18005 for example, this was the cutting edge — literally. and in the 130 years since, surgery has changed beyond recognition. but, as with all technology, we mustn't become overreliant on it. we mustn't think that it will do everything and we mustn't think that it will work every time. last week, we were given a sombre reminder of this when an inquest found that a cardiac patient, stephen petit, had died as a result of undergoing pioneering heart surgery using a da vinci robot. had the surgery had been of the traditional kind, he almost certainly would have survived. i think if a surgeon is going to use a robot, and use is the right technical term, he has to be very well practised with it. i think that was an example where the team were not sufficiently trained or prepared to do that operation. and therefore, it was

a very, very, very long operation that ultimately went badly. we reached out to intuitive surgical, the company behind the robot used in stephen petit‘s operation. they provided a statement expressing their condolences to his family and reiterating that patient safety is their priority. but they said they don't provide and can't enforce a mandatory medical training regime before a surgeon uses their robotic system. this training and validation remains with hospitals. they say that more than 5 million da vinci robot procedures have been performed by more than 40,000 trained surgeons worldwide. so, where now for robotic surgery? well, paul carter has been to see one robo—manufacturer‘s centre of operations, as well as getting an inside look at real—life surgery. at london's royal marsden hospital, we have been allowed to see

the surgical robots in action. following the death of stephen petit, it was interesting to find out more about how surgeons are trained in vr and how they overcome the sense of touch they would have if they were using their hands. before anyone goes anywhere near a patient they are expected to do a good deal of training on that system in virtual reality beforehand. yes, you lose the tactile feedback but you have got very clear imaging and you can very clearly and precisely define your dissection. in this procedure, robotic technology will be used to remove a cancerous tumour in the patient‘s stomach, with fluorescent dye used to light up the area. during the procedure, surgeon myles smith, assisted by assif chowdry, controls three robotic arms which he manipulates to remove the tumour. the aim is to greatly reduce surgical trauma as the robot method is far less invasive than more laparoscopic traditional surgeries. the da vinci robot makes it possible

for surgeons to operate deep inside the body through microscopic incisions. can you keep your voice down a little bit because this is quite a critical part of the operation and what is actually happening behind me is that they are putting in ports into the patient‘s stomach where the robot will dock onto in order to perform the actual operation a little bit later on. the robotic console actually uses keyhole surgery, whereby instruments into the patient‘s body through small holes instead of large cuts. that means less blood loss, less trauma and also quicker recoveries. the robot has four arms, three of which carry tiny surgical instruments and one of which sports a camera. ports need to be put in place before the robot can be wheeled in to dock its arms. what is remarkable about this system is it is generally remote. you can see the arms moving behind me and they almost look like they are moving independently, they are actually being controlled by myles,

who is sat at a console several feet away from the patient. the remote consoles provide the surgeon with 3d visualisations and magnified images allowing complex dissection or reconstruction. the surgeon controls the arms through finger loops that mimic the hands‘ natural movement. so the tumour has just been cut off, for lack of a better phrase. it is just extraordinary, put in a little tool and bagged it up. yes, that's it. let's take it out of the ports. intuitive surgery, who make the system used at the royal marsden, have almost complete market dominance. but now, new robotic surgery players are starting to emerge. we've come to california to visit alaris health, who are developing robotics for a different type of surgical procedure. auris' monkier platform concentrates on endoscopy, a procedure which allows treatments

to be given to organs through natural openings, such as the mouth, meaning no incisions are required. it can manoeuvre through a patient‘s airways, even into the far and narrow parts of the lungs, and combined with ct scans, it can provide a gps map of the patient‘s internal organs, allowing surgeons to navigate precisely on areas of concern. i am using what is essentially a modified games controller to operate this scope here. and i am no surgeon, i have been using this for a couple of minutes and i am able to make quite precise movements. it's pretty extraordinary. it's clear that robotics finding different surgical niches is one area of growth, but what else does the future hold for surgical robotics? there's no reason why in the future we shouldn't be able to train robots to differentiate between structures that we want to preserve and structures that we want to remove. perhaps a bit like driverless cars, but in this case

a surgeonless robot. possibly under the control of the surgeon. next we're going to talk golf — a stubbornly traditional sport, but one which is ready to embrace the newest technology, as lara lewington has been finding out. this is wentworth club, which in just a few years is going to be celebrating its centenary. but over that 100 years, a lot has changed. in recent times, much of that has come down to technology. so we are going to go and see how both amateurs and professionals have been making good use of that. lasers, radars, sensors, and motion capture have transformed data collection. and analysing these statistics means training and play can be more precise than ever before. and who better to show us than one

of the greatest golfers on the planet? francesco molinari, fresh from wins this year in both the ryder cup and the open championship. one of the difficulties of golf is that there are so many elements, and even so many parts of the body moving through the swing, that any little difference, any little difference makes a change. those tiny differences are captured by the kind of tech usually reserved for big budget hollywood films. 27 reflective markers over his body help to create a digital double allowing francesco's swing to be analysed in detail. 0ptical motion capture analysis uses high—speed cameras to capture every movement in the body and club. this provides francesco's team with data that would have been impossible to measure

a few years ago. this is trackman. the radar basically picks up all the data surrounding the golf ball, surrounding the golf club. it picks out points of that will stop and that gives us the data that we can see. so we have ball speed, we've got launch angles, we know how high the ball launched out of the golf club. 15 years ago he would have been in the field watching the ball, whereas now we can physically see. slightly intimidating being this close, but i guess he does know how to hit the ball the right way. the technology tracks the distance, power, and trajectory of the ball, using a combination of hd cameras and a doppler radar. it also registers microwave transissions that move away from a golf club and ball. it is a crucial measuring tool. 0therwise, if you think about it, old school, you would hit all five balls and go look at them and measure them and write

them all out. that's the only way that you are going to learn — to have immediate feedback — and this is sensational for that. but is this in some ways ruining the game? before, it was a lot of guessing going on, and really going on the feel of the players, and ourfeel. there is now just a lot more feedback. there's people with lasers zapping our ball after every shot so we know exactly how far we hit every shot, how far off—line, how farfrom the flag. so far, it has been impossible to track everything, but with the technology you've seen today, we're getting closer and closer to getting exactly an idea of what is going on. definitely technology has been a massive help in tracking every ball and getting immediate feedback, so i would would not be as good a player, for sure, without that technology. and that may well be true.

but ultimately the player has to be skilled enough to act on the data that is being recorded, and, of course, this is not there to turn just anyone into a star player. and that is it for the shortcut of click for this week, the full—length is available to watch right now on iplayer. don't forget, we are all across social media. youtube, instagram, facebook and twitter. all you need to say is bbc click and we'll be there. thanks for watching and see you soon. hello again. whilst many of us have been basking in autumn sunshine in the uk in the last couple of days,

northern iceland has been baking. near the arctic circle, on the north coast, temperatures have reached 17 celsius this weekend. warm air moves into the arctic and the arctic responds by throwing out cold air across europe, which will move towards us over the next couple of days. colder weather is on the way. 0vernight tonight, we have clear skies at the moment, but through the second half of the night, it will turn cloudy across scotland, england and eventually eastern areas of wales. the lowest temperatures are around western fringes of the country, and a sharp frost in the highlands, perhaps for patches here as well. monday will be different. there will be more cloud and some showers, particularly

across east anglia, maybe the midlands and southern counties of england as well. a few showers could reach eastern wales. temperatures will be getting a little lower. high temperatures in single figures for the most part. it gets colder one choose day. the cloud thickens, so more showers coming along in lines. 0ne more showers coming along in lines. one of those could affect kent, and might be another in lincolnshire and yorkshire. winds gusting up to 50 mph will make you feel bitter. temperatures will be around seven celsius whiteley. factor in the wind strength, and it will feel closer to freezing. —— seven celsius widely. the moors in brecon beacons could see some of that. low pressure to the south, high pressure to the north, the mainjet stream the south, high pressure to the north, the main jet stream steered well to the south across the mediterranean, bringing another bout of stormy weather here. for us, the weather won't change a great deal. the atlantic can't exert its warming influence on the weather because the wind is coming from a different

direction, easterly. wednesday will be another cold day with a lot of cloud around. patches of rain that will drift north into scotland and northern ireland. it will be cold, high temperatures were some reaching just five celsius. that's your weather. —— high temperatures for some. this is bbc news, i'm lukwesa barak. the headlines at eight: theresa may fights back, saying replacing her as conservative leader wouldn't make the brexit negotiations any easier, and warns of a crucial week ahead. these next seven days are going to be critical. they are about the future of this country. it's about people's jobs, it's about their livelihoods, it's about the future for their children and grandchildren. the former wales rugby captain gareth thomas speaks out after suffering a homophobic attack in cardiff. there's a lot of people out there who want to hurt us, but unfortunately for them,

there's a lot more that want to help us heal. so this, i hope, will be a positive message. president trump visits northern california, following the most devastating wildfires in the state's history. and at 10:30, the travel show goes to lebanon as beiruit tries