officials in indonesia say they are stepping up the relief operation for thousands of people who lost their homes in saturday's deadly tsunami. there is a promise, too, of a new warning system to try and avert future disasters. the number of people known to have died has risen to 429. a second child has died after being taken into custody while trying to cross into america from mexico with his family. the eight—year—old boy from guatemala had been complaining of a fever. thousands of central american migrants are spending christmas on the streets of the violent border city of tijuana. the pope has used his annual christmas message to appeal for peace in conflict zones. he urged israeli and palestinian leaders to engage in dialogue and called for a political solution to the conflict in syria, and he urged people to view differences between them not as a danger, but a source of richness. britain's security forces now have the technology needed to help

combat the threat of drones, according the security minister, ben wallace. it follows three days of disruption last week at london's gatwick airport. monika plaha has this report. christmas was almost cancelled, with three days of chaos and thousands of flights grounded or diverted. but, after the drone disruption at gatwick, ministers now say they have the technology to curb the problem. taking to twitter on christmas eve, security minister ben wallace announced, "we are now able to deploy detection systems throughout the uk to combat this threat." for the 140,000 passengers whose flights were cancelled or diverted, it is too late. police made two arrests over the incident, but elaine kirk and paul gait were eventually released without charge and cleared of any involvement. but they came home to find their names in some of the sunday papers, along with their photos and details of their private lives. as you can probably imagine, we are feeling very —

feeling completely violated. our home has been searched and our privacy and identity completely exposed. 0ur names, photos, and other personal information have been broadcast throughout the world. we are deeply distressed, as are our family and friends. and we are currently receiving medical care. their experience has raised concerns about the coverage. the airport has offered a £50,000 reward through crimestoppers to catch the culprits responsible for the drama. monika plaha, bbc news. now on bbc news, one of the highlights of 2018 from our documentary series our world. earlier this year, katty kay went to compton in los angeles to investigate whether years of extreme gang violence had taken its toll. a warning — there are flashing images from the beginning of this film. we have a pursuit. sirens wail

..heading eastbound, about 70mph. .. it's a pursuit. they're on the freeway, they're coming east. the crime situation is high. it's very, very busy for law enforcement. but, again, it's a very small percentage of people that are causing the problems. all right, bad guyjust crashed. all right. i'm going to get us a little bit off because we have, like, 17 guns pointed in this direction. radio: they are starting to take the occupants into custody. a night patrol with the la sheriffs

in the city of compton. two suspected members of the southside compton cripps gang are under arrest. it would be really unsafe for them to be in their rival‘s area and if they are there they are going to have to have protection, because it's almost expected for them to be armed. police estimate there are almost 4,000 gang members in compton. 0urarea, ourservice area, is ten square miles. fireworks explode fireworks. ten square miles. so for every square mile, we have six active gangs. 37 gangs compete for control in a city ofjust 100,000 people. it's always gang on gang, gang on gang.

the violence is there, the major, major problem is when we have an innocent person who gets caught in the crossfire, or, and it happens way too often, that case of mistaken identity. sirens wail compton gained its grim reputation for gang violence during the ‘80s and ‘90s at the height of america's crack epidemic. this is a mad man gun. a double barrel. a man's man gun. a man that goes and kills with this is really mad. out of that mix emerged west coast gangsta rap and one of the most influential groups of all time, nwa. 30 years on, the trauma

of that era lives on. yeah, i grew up around here. this was my childhood home. born and raised right here in this house. i had a history of taking things that wasn't mine. if i saw it and liked it, i would take it. i would protect him by any means necessary. i would protect him the same way. even if it means hurting someone else? pretty much. i mean, ultimately, if i had to hurt someone to keep him from being hurt, ultimately, that would be my choice. compton's notorious street gangs,

the cripps, the bloods and the pirus, were formed in the late 1960s. their clothes, their tattoos and even theirjewellery all marked which gang they belong to. wearing the wrong coloured shirt would have and still could get you killed. there'd be all different types of shootings happening on this street. willjoined the cripps when he was just nine years old. i went through this ally, i was going to the store to get some kool—aid and i saw the guy pass me and he looked at me and next thing i hear is a whole bunch of gunfire. right here? yeah, right here, where we're standing. sirens wail trombone music today,

compton is on the up. a quarter of the population lives below the poverty line, butjobs are coming back and there's a sense that things are starting to turn around. will works as a community activist, trying to stop youngsters from ending up in gangs. i see you! you know i'm going to come over there and give you a hug. i love you! i love you too, girl. keep up the good work! this is really nice! imma definitely do that. i'm a mother who lost sons and when my kids got killed and other mothers' kids got killed, they came here and he helped us. i didn't have no money. she lost two sons within 60 days

and that's where her motivation comes, to get out here. she's also out here in the trenches with us. compton's youthful mayor, aja brown, has made it her mission to transform the image and the economy of the city. in 2013, early into her first term, and after 16 killings injust four months, aja brown decided to hold a crisis meeting. she put a call out to the bloods and cripps to try to bring about a truce. it was rocky at first. you know, we had a few people threatening to leave and i said, the ground rules are we have to stay

until we're finished. what gave you the confidence to do that? this is my community, i'm not afraid of my own people. it was just really interesting to hearfrom them. but they are very pragmatic. they talked about the need for employment opportunities that they can access, they talked about the barriers to their employment because of their criminal records. but i told them, it's not aboutjust what can i do for you, i told them, "i'm willing to work with you if you all can make a commitment as well." compton has switched from a majority—black to a majority—hispanic town. but half the gangs are still african—american, and it was to these gangs that aja brown turned first. once upon a time, like he said, we wouldn't be sitting at a table together, but she did it. it was over... how many of us? 50, 60, 300 in a room together.

so you were all there at the first meeting, when everybody got together? to be in there with 300 guys... that's disrespectful. ..that‘s terrible. terrible to sit down and listen. a lot of men wouldn't do it. why is she doing it? she came in the room and it was disarray when she came. and they got it in order and we got to business. did they listen to her, cynthia? yeah, they listened to her. they listened to her, yeah. because this is a first. this is a mayor where if it's the middle of the night and you need to call her, she'll say, what's wrong? what's going on? she's there. you don't get that, not even in other cities, from people that i spoke with. so you don't get that from a lot of mayors. and then, like he said, in the room with a bunch of men. i'm gang banging! i'm in there looking at 'em sometimes, thinking, they crazy! don and fred are from rival gangs. don's a blood, fred's a cripp. fred, if you had come across don in the street ten or 15 years ago? well, there would

have been a problem. what do you mean a problem? it would have been a fight or a stabbing or a shooting. one of the three. because you are on rival gangs? because, like i said, you know what i'm sayin‘, i was young and dumb. you know what i'm sayin‘, i didn't have an understanding of life or nothin‘ else. all i cared about was my gang and representing my gang to the fullest and didn't nothin‘ matter but my gang. so you would have hurt him? he'd have tried. yeah. he would have tried, you know? is it still the same today? no, it's not like it used to be. it's not... no, it's watered down. it's not like it used to be, but it's crucial. the majority of these guys don't like the way they're living. they don't like having to watch their back, worry about getting shot, can't go here, can't go there. they don't like that lifestyle. they're in it because they're caught up in their comfort zone and they don't know how to go outside of the box. i remember when i was working

custody, some of the gangsters, just because i would see them every day, i had a rapport with them, a lot of them were so, so afraid of the one thing that you and i love, and theirfear is being out here. one of them, who was a very, very important person when it came to the structure, he told me, "i have a son, i don't know how to be a father," and he goes further and tells me, "i wouldn't know how to survive out there, "i don't know how to have a job, i don't know how to be "a regular person, all i know is violence and i promise you, "if i get out

of here, i'm going to hurt someone else, "and i don't want to do that anymore, i'm tired of it." regardless of whom is in the white house, there is not going to be a helicopter that comes and descends into compton to fix all of our issues. that's just not happening. the height of the crack epidemic saw an explosion in violence as rival gangs fought for control of the drugs market. 87 people were murdered in 1991 alone. in 2017, that figure was 19.

will served 12 years in prison for a string of offences, including car—jacking and gun possession. in december of 1999, he decided to try to turn his life around. i was significantly depressed, emotionally distraught, you know, i was suffering from a lot of the traumatic experiences i've suffered, you know. you were thinking of killing yourself? definitely, i was thinking about killing myself. i mean, that was the solution to the pollution. i'd decided i needed to go see my mom, it was two days after christmas, i decided i needed to go see her at least one more time before i came back and did what i felt i needed to do. i sat right on the street around the corner with an ak—47, ready to just end it all. he didn't.

he went to see a preacher. he was basically saying, "you're not the first one who's felt this way, "you're not the first one who are going through what you're going through." "but the difference you can make is to hear what i have to say and make a change." you'll find a lot of the kids, they're looking for something when theyjoin gangs, there's something missing. and the gangs have learned to cater to those things that are missing. the steady fall in crime since the '90s is partly due to smarter policing. more significantly, as drug markets stabilised, there were fewer turf wars between the gangs. but there are worrying signs. hi, captain thatcher!

how are you? i'm doing great, how are you? have a seat. 30% less gang shootings this year than we had last year... oh, wow, that's significant. a lot of your older gang members now, or people who had gang membership in the past, are having a hard time directing the activities of the younger gang members. it's not like it used to be. right. right, they consider the younger gang members lawless. we had an understanding with the gang members as to what was and wasn't within boundaries as to how we treated each other, and we've lost control of that. i appreciate your hard work, sir. 0ur crime rates are below the rest of the county, for the most part, so. well, isn't that a great success? laughs thank you. we're getting an emergency call. it's a vehicle collision with injuries. siren wails

who was driving? i was driving. you were driving. you 0k right? just a little shaken up maybe? yeah. ok. do you have your driver's licence? as far as the violent crimes, it goes up and down. there are times where gangs, they'll have a truce and they'll kind of settle down, and then out of nowhere, like if someone turns on a light switch, they're at it again. the reason why the homicide rate has dropped, it's not because the violence has gone away, someone didn'tjust sprinkle fairy dust on the city and it's gone. it's there. the reason why the homicide rate has dropped significantly is because of the advancements in medical science — doctors right now, more than ever, more than five years ago, they're saving more and more lives. siren wails

why you filming me? 'cause you in trouble, that's why. this is handy‘s. i've been coming to this store since i was going to that elementary over there, so... all this has changed, we got a lot of homeboys get killed up here, just hanging out, because this was almost a shared store between two rival gangs, and so, in the process of that, a lot of people lost their lives up here, you know, a lot of shooting, a lot of drive—bys would happen here. will now spends most of his nights out on the streets,

trying to stop conflicts from happening or getting out of control. you know, wejust all hitting corner to corner, communicating with those that are always out, you know, a lot of times we need that ourselves, so we can understand what's going on in the communities. because they out here, sometimes they see stuff we don't see, you know, it helps us determine who we need to go talk to. bye! can i get a cigarette? in order to survive, many families had to leave the city altogether. of course, this is my mom, my beautiful mother deborah. when will's mum saw things getting out of control, she uprooted her family and fled to nearby san bernardino. my uncle lester,

he was killed in 1987. in compton. yeah, in comptom, shot in his face. so we've been victims of the violence too, you know. i think this was our family's first experience of the violence in compton. i'm willing to bet you there's not a family in compton that didn't lose somebody or someone nearand dearto them... to gang violence, in some shape, form or fashion. we lived through a war. it was a war. it was like a war zone. i seen a lot, and it's weird because, i always tell my friends, like i'm a nurse now, but i kinda think i seen more death as a child than i have as an adult. there were plenty of days, you know, i'd be playing outside, and we knew, "oh, that car don't look familiar",

we probably got about two seconds to get into the backyard and sure enough, by the time we get in the backyard and lay down... bang, bang, bang. come out, and here come my mama, driving down the street, "get in the car, got to get in the house!" it'd be like, all right. but it became a way of life. itjust became... it was not normal, but then it was normal, you know what i mean? i know, as a young kid, i didn't show that as much, but i always loved my mom and it hurts to know that she went through that, to know that she had to suffer, that we put more on her table than she should have had on her table. that's something i have to live with, 'cause the thought occurs every now and then and it makes me cry, it hurts me, even though i've been living like this for 20 years, good, doing good work, great work, it still hurts me to know that 20 something years ago, i took my mom through what she had to go through and suffer, you know, and so it's something that i'll have to live with for the rest of my life, because i can't change that. but it hurts, it hurts, you know?

the whole neighbourhood is totally different. and it's sad when you see, because you know, that dude used to live over there, but he's dead. 0r next door, they all died. it'sjust sad. 0rthey injailfor the rest of their life. the ones that ain't dead, they injail for the rest of their life. and there's only a handful that made it out. it's sad. it's really sad. down this quiet street in compton is aja brown's former family home. my grandmother was a registered nurse, and so she worked overnight and her schedule was a little bit different, and there was a home intrusion and then someone raped and murdered her.

no—one else was home when this happened? no, just my grandmother. she was all alone? yes. i don't ever remember not knowing what happened to my grandmother, because i remember my mother at the holiday time being really sad, and i would ask my mother, "mommy, why are you so sad?" and she was like, "i just miss my mother." no—one was ever brought to justice and the case remains open. the loss of a life is not a moment in time, the loss is for a lifetime, and there are holes that are created that can never be filled, and so, it gives me a level of compassion, respect and even insight and a perspective into what most people are dealing with in my community. aja, when you look at this house in this street, what does it make you feel? it's bittersweet for me. it's nice to be able to know where my family spent a lot of their time growing up, but at the same time, it's such a place of despair for my family. it's like a solemn place, i would say. the mayor's story isn't uncommon.

there's a level of post—traumatic stress in this town that comes from decades of extreme violence. but maybe it's that shared experience that could also drive people to end the violence. hello, i hope your christmas day was more festive than the weather, when the temperature rose to 14 celsius in scotland, in the north—west highlands. high pressure in control,

so most places, most not all, will be dry for boxing day. it's looking pretty mild as well, even where temperatures were on the chilly side across some eastern spots on christmas day, they will come up for boxing day. so there's the area of high pressure that's keeping things quiet for most. there's the weather front arriving just into the north—west of scotland, so that will be the focus of some outbreaks during the day and a very mild start here, whereas in north—east scotland, temperatures will be close to freezing. so there will be a frost here, the vast majority, though, will be frost free. cloud, misty weather again throughout the day, maybe drizzly in places outside this area of northern scotland. where will you be seeing some sunshine? parts of north—east scotland, the central belt, north—east wales, the central and southern counties of england, maybe into the channel islands. most of us will be seeing something a bit brighter in the day ahead, and almost across the board

temperatures are perhaps into double figures. wednesday night and thursday morning, still that patchy rain in scotland, though continuing to ease off as the night goes on. we are bringing in some colder air across southern england and south wales, so this is where we could well see a frost going into thursday morning, under clear spells, and maybe a few fog patches as well, that could be dense in some spots and slow to clear on thursday. when they do, we will get to see some sunny spells, and parts of north—east scotland favoured to see some occasional blue sky. cloudy and perhaps a little drizzle from the thicker cloud. there'll be parts of england and wales turning a little bit cooler for thursday, but still across northern ireland into scotland will be achieving maybe ten or 11 degrees in places. again, as we go into thursday night into friday, there could be some frost across southern parts with a frost, and then another front coming in the north—west. a brief bit of rain through northern ireland, more especially scotland, northern england, weakening considerably as it moves its way south—west though. again, you will get some sunny spells, and again, those temperatures are on the mild side of average. that's where they're expected to say

through the weekend. it looks like there will be another spell of rain affecting north—eastern parts of scotland, before it clears away. for most places, it is high pressure in control. it is quiet out there, it is dry, it is mild. welcome to bbc news, broadcasting to viewers in north america and around the globe. my name's mike embley. our top stories: indonesia steps up the relief operation for thousands who lost their homes in saturday's tsunami. 0fficials plan a new early warning system for next year. spotlight on the plight of migrants at the us—mexico border as an 8—year—old boy dies in custody on christmas day. chinese human rights lawyer wang quanzhang goes on trial on charges of state subversion. we'll be live from the city of tianjin. and the pope urges people to celebrate their differences, not be suspicious of them, in his annual christmas address from the vatican.