cheering and applause. it's thought if phil spots his shadow, there'll be six more weeks of winter and bad weather, otherwise, it'll be an early spring. this year marks the 133rd groundhog day, dating back to 1887 and is celebrated every february 2nd. now it's time for a look at the weather with mel coles. hello there. there are signs of something a little bit milder as we head through the coming week. but for this weekend, winter rumbles on. we are seeing further wintry showers down the east coast, parts of pembrokeshire and into cornwall and the far north. away from these areas, plenty of crisp, winter sunshine but it does feel cold. that northerly wind certainly not helping the temperatures. by night where we've had those wintry showers, a little bit of snow melt, we've got the risk of some icy patches. under starry skies, temperatures are going to drop away. a hard, sharp frost expected. where we've have that lying snow, we could see temperatures fall as low as —12 celsius in parts of southern england. so a cold start to sunday.

we are going to start to see rain edge its way in from the west, affecting parts of northern ireland and then into north—west england and up into scotland. falling as snow for a time as it hits the cold air, but gradually as we go through the day, it does look as though the snow will be confined to higher ground. away from that, increasing amounts of cloud and temperatures just picking up slightly in far south—west. hello this is bbc news. the headlines: russian president, vladimir putin, says russia is suspending the cold war—era intermediate—range nuclear forces treaty, after a similar move by the united states. freezing temperatures are continuing into the weekend after snow causes more travel chaos overnight. england's minister for schools says pupils should be banned from taking smartphones into school. the president of venezuela, nicholas maduro, is facing another wave of protests from supporters of self—declared interim

presidentjuan guaido. now on bbc news, it's time for click. this week: barriers without walls. can tech trump the border? how microsoft came back from the dead. and the magic behind the avengers. the construction of a wall at the us—mexican border has dominated american politics since donald trump joined

the presidential race back in 2015. we are going to build a great border wall to stop illegal immigration. it reached its crescendo in december, when the now—president announced a federal government shutdown over its funding. we're going to have a shutdown. there's nothing we can do about that. a record 35 days later it was finally lifted, without any real resolution, and it could easily be back on within weeks. as trump tweeted out a new design for his wall, now made of steel rather than concrete, the democrats did offer a potential compromise — to fund a border which used technology rather than physical barriers. but is that feasible, and what would it look like? we sent nick kwek to arizona to investigate. so i'm on my way to the nogales border patrol station,

one of the most technologically advanced control centres on the us—mexico border. the checkpoint itself processes hundreds of thousands of people every month. but today, i'm going on a ride—along with agent dan hernandez of border patrol, whose job it is to keep out those attempting to cross illegally. hey, just be advised i'm going to be around your location. we have 262 linear miles of border fence with mexico, but thousands of miles on the north end on the american side. it's a daunting task, and it's very vast, but with the technology, we're able to get a leg up on our adversaries. dan's patrol zone is larger than the state of newjersey. his sector of duty, tucson, made almost 40,000 arrests in 2017. out in this unforgiving terrain, field agents like him go about their daily patrol.

every piece of technology used by them is vital, and has to be reliable, even down to their radio coms. this one has to have an encryption that's even stronger than most police departments, because of the national security concerns, because of the criminal element. you have a radio that is equipped with gps. so if something should happen, i become incapacitated, i could press that button and help will come. help will come from here, the nogales control centre, where officers can literally see what is going on, thanks to a newly updated surveillance system. their solar—powered integrated fixed towers, also known as ifts, have long—range video and thermal imaging cameras, coupled with radar, to provide high—altitude points of view, with watchful eyes back at base. we have tracking systems that can detect movement,

and it places the camera at the source of the movement. before, we'd see some pixelation. with the cameras, just by the remote nature of their placement, it was very difficult to focus far away. but with technology, we've increased the amount of distances we can see and the accuracy of the images, and we're seeing really crisp, sharp images. so we're able to identify things that come over the fence, people that come over the fence, contraband that comes over the fence, and not only that, but it increases safety. if i go out to an area and i don't know what i'm waiting on, and i don't know what's out there, and i run into an assailant with a firearm, it might be a bad situation. but if i know that, prior to going in there, i might be able to bring other resources with me. as well as saving agents‘ time, and potentially saving them, the ifts have helped secure areas where physical barriers are not. down near mariposa wash, fencing has been raised to prevent erosion from waterflow, but a person could easily walk through here.

for all intents and purposes, we consider this defence the wall. so we don't want to think this is the only thing keeping america safe. we have the fencing as a tool, as another system we can utilise, but it by no means is supposed to keep anybody in or out. we are the force, with the agents, in conjunction with the technology, and this being utilised as a tool, that seamless integration of all three components is what makes the border secure, is having the agents to make an arrest, the wall, and then the technology to supplement both. this could be just a couple of miles, or it could be a couple of hundred yards. five minutes down the road, dan shows me a border section where technology is already having to do most of the work in keeping people out. just looking at this, this is completely not what i was expecting to see, i guess, when people have visions of the wall or, you know, the mexican border, the us—mexico border.

like i said, the presence of the fence isn't here. it's not a very powerful fence, by any means. it's just meant to keep vehicles out. whilst these sticks won't stop determined individuals, i'm told scattered sensors buried in the ground all around the area could catch them off—guard. technology is intended to help agents do their duties. but, of course, it is not always criminals that get caught in the net. the recent migrant caravan crisis highlighted how many families make the perilousjourney in hope for a better life in the us. many have been torn apart, and some children have died since being detained by authorities. for dan, he says he is just doing hisjob. no matter on what side of the spectrum you fall on, border security is important for the entire country. we're law enforcement officers. we don't dictate the law, we just enforce the laws, so the best way to enforce the laws is by doing it in the most effective and most efficient way.

in 2017, border patrols seized over 890,000 pounds, or 400,000 kilos, of smuggled drugs across the us—mexico divide. drug mules, they try to camouflage themselves into the natural environment, so a lot of times you may not be able to see them. but the cameras can detect body heat, and infrared technology allows us to see them in the middle of the dark night. so our technology is usually one step above the criminal element. as well as giving agents eyes—on from a long range of rural terrain, imposing structures have also been used to mitigate crime in urban areas. nogales is a city divided in two. 0n the us side — 20,000 residents. 0n the other — 210,000. so up that hill there is a rvss tower, or remote video surveillance system, which is keeping a close

eye across this area, which historically has been quite dangerous. but having that eye in the sky has helped improve safety — or so i thought. on top of that tin roof there. yes, those are rocks. yes, those are all rocks thrown at agents. 0k, we got to get out of here. yeah, you got to go, you got to go, you got to go. so actually — we actuallyjust heard a rock land on the top of that garage there, so obviously people up there are throwing stones at us. so we're heading out. no—one is hurt, just be advised it's for safety. this is an area where usually scouts or people involved in human smuggling are perched, and i believe there's one person underneath that tree. so he's a human smuggler scout. how does that feel, knowing there is a guy who is watching you? it's a constant.

they're there all the time. you get more and more used to it. while scouts may sit for hours at a time, people crossing the desert move from place to place, so border patrol have mobile surveillance trucks to reach remote areas. they're equipped with thermal rangefinders, enabling operators to measure the distance between themselves and people crossing, and laser pointers, to give agents in the field wearing night—vision goggles a heads—up. 0ne multiple surveillance capability truck can do the work of six people, orfour people. customs and border protection has also begun testing drones with facial recognition cameras to help monitor the border from an even higher vantage point, and border patrol is trialling a new mobile—based navigation tool so agents can keep track of each other‘s live whereabouts. the border is changing every single day, and technology or investment in technology allows us to keep up with the trends, with the smugglers, with counteracting any kind of negative action

towards the united states at the border. whilst trump's wall continues to be a bone of contention, maintaining the border stretches beyond simply erecting more steel fencing. as i have come to learn, communication tools and surveillance systems play a pivotal role in everyday operations. whether technology can replace a wall altogether here is something which will be debated in the coming weeks. hello and welcome to the week in tech. it was the week that samsung announced a giant, 1 terabyte internal storage chip for smartphones. apple acknowledged the flaw in its facetime software which allowed eavesdropping. and the us justice department filed criminal charges against chinese company huawei and its chief financial officer. the company and its cfo deny the charges, which include bank fraud, obstruction ofjustice and theft of technology. the facebook research app paid 13 to 35—year—olds for almost complete

access to their smartphones. the app is now no longer available on apple's app store. previously, the social network could let people install apps without going through apple. meanwhile, mit has made an inflatable pills to monitor the interior of your stomach. the sensors inside the ingestible tablet can potentially monitor problems inside the tummy for up to 30 days. it rapidly absorbs water once inside the body, and to deflate, patients simply drink a calcium solution to shrink the jelly—like pill back to a size which can go...out the other end. one more robot story for you from the italian institute of technology. it has unveiled a soft robot which mimics plant tendrils. the plastic tube stretches when electricity passes through it and coils when the voltage is removed. researchers hope it could eventually help develop wearable devices that can change shape.

so i get the jazzy bright yellow headphones. i'm in seattle with amos miller and his guide dog, trevor, and i'm about to try soundscape, a navigation app that uses no visuals, just 3—d sounds. ok, so i'm hearing voices. the 0verla ke transit center is 200m that way. as i turn around, the phone adjusts the stereo sound so that the speech appears to keep coming from the correct direction. having it in 3—d space in that way makes it really effortless to know where things are. you don't have to do calculations in your head, and engage with them. you can just hear where it is. this 3—d audio is called dynamic binaural sound, and we're now going to use it to find our way to our destination. now, instead of giving you step—by—step instructions,

the way that soundscape works is it will place an audio beacon, a virtual audio beacon, on the destination. so you can hear where it is, and we can decide how to get there. beacon, 210 metres. i'm hearing it. which side are you hearing? and it really is quite instinctive — just head in the rough direction that the sound is coming from. i think it's in this direction here. 0k. so do we just walk in the direction? so now, we use our analytical skills to pay attention to what's around us. right, we don'tjust walk into that tree there. we don't walk into that tree. trevor, my dog, is pretty good at avoiding trees. so should we go? i don't know, dogs and trees, they kind of — you know. what is incredible, if you have never tried dynamic binaural sound, as i turn my head around, the trapping stays in the direction the tapping stays in the direction

it should be coming from. i'm sorry, trevor, i overshot. this is augmented reality in audio and it's a really great idea. the sound is instinctive and unobtrusive which means we can have a chat without stopping and listening to spoken instructions. three steps, here we go. one, two, three. find the doll, boy. we have arrived. that is, in the true sense of the word, that is a beacon. an audio beacon that we've just followed, as if someone was calling us. exactly. so, you may be asking, whose headquarters am i at? which cheeky start—up has come up with this idea? remember these guys? yes, microsoft. go on, admit it. you thought they were so last century, didn't you? paul allen and bill gates‘s company defined an era with their all—conquering windows

operating system for pcs. but now we all use google and apple phones, which have left microsoft way behind. microsoft are, by the time the iphone and other smartphones came along, very complacent. they had this really successful software business with office and windows and the xbox, and it couldn't manoeuvre the way a smaller, more focused company kind of could. you get an established business doing one thing, you put all your efforts into doing that one thing and then you struggle to manoeuvre or anticipate the new technology that is coming along, and that may disrupt you. about 25 years ago, they were on top of the technology industry, and now where are they? it turns out they are back on top of the technology industry. never mind apple, forget google and facebook — at the end of november 2018,

microsoft became the most valuable company in the world for the first time since 2002. so where did it all go right? well, i'd say about here. five years ago, satya nadella became the boss and he was able to turn this super tanker around. any ceo of the company sets the tone, the direction. steve clayton is microsoft's chief storyteller, realjob title, and he's well versed in explaining microsoft's resurgence that has seen its value more than triple since nadella took over. where this guy caught the wave of personal computing, and this guy missed and the sky missed the wave of portable computing, this guy was determined to catch the next big one — cloud computing. it turns out it's not devices that are mobile, it's people that are mobile and what the cloud has allowed us

to do is to put software anywhere on any device. nadella seemed to accept that to move with the times, the company was going to have to do what it did in the beginning and be guided, at least in part, by the youngsters. let me show you a demo of the hypezone. young employees like lenin hsivalingam, whose passion for games streaming led him to win the compa ny‘s fourth internal hackathon in 2017. so our idea, they are going to run computers on these live streams, pixel by pixel and finding interesting moments and showing them to people. the result is the hype zone. that means fans of the most popular games in the world such as fortnite, mean they can use microsoft's games streaming site, mixer, to find the best battles. the game is kind of boring during the start. it gets really interesting.

during the endgame, there are only two or three players left so we try to use this technology to identify these super exciting end games. and any microsoft employee with an idea can come to this space, the garage, to hack, to build and work on new ideas. and is there anywhere cooler than a garage? yes, that would be the batcave. i'm looking at a visualisation of global earthquakes over the last 50 years or so. microsoft changed the way we worked once with windows, and here is one possible workspace of the future. using its augmented reality headset, hololens, this is a glimpsejust of how our computing workspace may one day be all of our physical space. so today, we havejoining us, some of my team—mates. peter andjinna.

jinna in new york, hi. and there is peter. from san francisco! spencer, how's it going? and they can see us as well. this is spatial, a prototype environment where people can appear to be in the same room and share the same images, videos and even 3—d models. so you have a big model of mars here. oh, my goodness. amazing though this is, it might seem a bit too futuristic right now, but i wonder how futuristic those early graphical user interfaces like windows seemed way back in the ‘80s. whichever way you look at it, microsoft seems to be thinking differently to its previous incarnation. it is really interesting, the difference that a ceo makes to even a massive company like this. ok, the previous ceo, steve bulmer, once called open source a cancer,

and yet here we are with a company that is embracing all things open source, actively embracing other people's ideas, other people's software and the numbers don't lie. microsoft is back in the game. it's february and that means it's awards season, and the one award we really love here at click more than any is the one for best visual effects. last year, we talked to the visual effects teams behind all the most amazing looking movies, and the next four weeks, we are going to be speaking to some of the biggest names in the industry as they tell us how they made some of the biggest films of past year. and frankly, no movie was bigger than avengers: infinity war, so big in fact it needed several effects houses to work on individual sequences in the film in order to bring's earth's mightiest

heroes to life. in time, you will know what it is like to lose, to feel so desperately that you are right, yet to fail all the same. it's 3,500 vfx shots, which is a huge number for a film. hear me, and rejoice. it was a major sequence, so it's the part of the film where ebony moore comes down to try and get the time stamp from dr strange. we have a capture lab here who collect data and do motion capture and that sort of thing and they went out to greenwich village and i think pretty much photographed all of it. in terms of the actual set, they were acting on the stage at pinewood atlanta, mainly blue screens. brief was that it was war—torn,

the trees were on fire. so all the trees on atlanta had their leaves on them. everything you see, that's close—up and burning. it's fairly immersive. because we were on the show fairly early, in a preproduction phase, all of the designs of the suits were really only in a 2—dimensional form. marvel had worked those up. part of our brief was to try to realise them in cg and realise them in terms of motion, how they actually would move and work. its nano—tech. robert downey, jr had quite a bit of input into how that worked. it has a couple of cords that you pull. and the suit tightens and allows the nano—tech to come

out and spread over it, which was his idea. spider—man has got his own problems as the character because he is so bendy, and i think quite often, the dislocations in his anatomy that would occur if you got into that position are quite often hidden artfully. a lot of the effects are defined by the story and the storyboard. down to what happened to bricks, making darts out of bricks. he is an alien so it's hard to find a reference. the character is old in quite distinguished, he is a wizard, so we looked a distinguished looking english actors. like peter cushing and christopher lee. took their hair, what does their skin look like? try and infuse some of that character. bring me the stone.

don't forget, we are all over social media. you will find us on facebook, youtube, instagram and twitter where we live at @bbcclick. thanks for watching and we will see you soon. hello there. winter has been flexing its muscles recently but there are signs we are going to see something a little bit milder as we head through the coming week. many areas though seeing scenes like this through the day today. and while there are some good spells of sunshine around,

we've also got further wintry showers affecting parts of pembrokeshire and down into south—west england, along the east coast and the far north. away from these areas, more crisp, winter sunshine on offer but it feels cold, particularly in that northerly wind, which certainly isn't helping the temperatures. as we head into tonight, where we've seen a bit of snow melt, a few showers, there's the chance of some icy stretches. it is going to be cold under those starry skies, temperatures will plummet. through parts of south england, we could have the coldest night of the winter so far. where we've got the lying snow we could see temperatures fall as low as —12 celsius. a few wintry showers continuing to feed in across the far north. so a cold start to sunday morning but a change is afoot. we start to look to the atlantic for these weather systems that are gradually, over the week, going to introduce something a little bit milder. through tomorrow, we will see some cloud and outbreaks of rain and snow initially as it bumps into that cold air, working its way through north—west england and up into scotland. as the day goes on though, that snow will become more

confined to higher ground. and away from that, we'll see increasing amounts of cloud, the far south and east hanging on to the best of the brightness. still feeling cold but temperatures just starting to recover in the far south—west. and that will continue to be the trend as we head through the coming week. we gradually start to see our temperatures recover as weather systems begin to draw in slightly milder air each time. but a windy start to monday morning, particularly among irish sea coasts we can locally have gales with outbreaks of rain. with snow for the highlands and the southern uplands, and some of the rain will persist through the day through eastern scotland. but temperatures back up into double figures for some areas. so yes, it is going to be turning milder but it won't be plain sailing. we will see rain at times. some of that will be heavy, mainly out to the west but certainly not exclusively and at times it will be windy. and a snapshot of our capital cities over the week shows how those temperatures recover by day, but by night we could have some frost still.

this is bbc news. i'm lukwesa burak. the headlines at 4. thousands gather in the streets of caracas in opposition to the president of venezuela, nicholas maduro. to the president of venezuela, nicolas maduro. russian president, vladimir putin, says russia is suspending the cold war—era intermediate—range nuclear forces treaty. translation: our american partners have announced they are suspending their participation in the deal. and we are also suspending our participation. freezing temperatures are continuing into the weekend after snow causes more travel chaos overnight. england's minister for schools says

pupils should be banned from taking smartphones into school. scotland are leading italy 33— 8 in the six nations rugby. and in half an hour, inside out will bring you a special report following rough sleepers on the streets of newcastle.