this is bbc news. the headlines. the chancellor threatens to resign if borisjohnson becomes prime minister. philip hammond tells the bbc he would then campaign to prevent a no—deal brexit. i understand that his conditions for serving in his government would include accepting a no—deal exit on the 31st of october. that is not something i could ever sign up to. violence erupts again in hong kong as police use tear gas on pro—democracy protestors. jump on in. iran hoists its flag thank you. on the masthead of the captured uk—registered tanker in the gulf. so you are not using the steering wheel at all, you are using...screams. irish golfer shane lowry wins the open at royal portrush — wow! laughs. full details coming up in sportsday. which way are we going?! i'm at nasa in houston, where lucien junkin is taking me for a spin.

using both a steering wheel and a joystick, you can point this vehicle in one direction and drive it in another. you can feel the forces in your tailbone. oh, i can feel the forces in my tailbone. laughs. and if that seems really confusing, well, it is. but this is drive—by—wire technology, which means the on—board computer works out which way you want to go and then calculates what to do with the wheels. all right, so we'll just go this way. this is just one of many experiments into how we might live, work and drive on the moon or mars. although this vehicle may also pave the way for smarter cars in smarter cities back down here on earth where, i have to say, parking may be one of the coolest things you get to do. no way! no way.

come on, man. but, before we start driving around celestial bodies, we need to get there first. in the days of the moon landings, only two competing countries were locked in battle, driving space exploration forward. now, in the race back to space, the power is shifting. earlier this year, china's change 4 probe was the first spacecraft to land on the far side of the moon. and europe, india and japan are all pushing forward with their own space programmes. back in the us, nasa plans to get back to the moon by 202a. but now it has competition from private individuals. an idea that would've been laughable 50 years ago. rival billionaires, elon musk, founder of spacex, and jeff bezos, who owns blue origin, are racing to populate the moon and mars. but what kind of person would

actually be on these spacecraft? the first people to go to mars will be risk—taking adventurers, accepting that they may have one—way tickets, a small chance of return and they will be probably financed or sponsored by one of these private companies. at nasa, we discovered a little—known department where these risk—taking adventurers live. right now, there are four astronauts inside a spacecraft on a mission to phobos, one of mars‘s two moons. whispers: but they're actually in there. yes, in this tiny habitat, volunteers are locked away for 45 days on a simulated mission, with cameras and scientists

monitoring their every move. this is nasa's human exploration research analogue. hera for short. inside the module, the crew is poked and prodded in different psychological experiments, from sleep deprivation to diminished privacy, all to fine—tune a critical component that could make or break any future mission to mars — the humans inside the spacecraft. the primary purpose of hera is to learn about the effects of isolation and confinement on people, so a lot of the studies that we do are behavioural or psychological in nature.

looking at the type of isolation from people so you are really only talking to or in contact with the other crew members that are in the vehicle with you, or mission control that is supporting you. yeah, astronauts on future missions to mars have more to worry about them at the toxic soil, the deadly atmosphere and high levels of radiation — they also have to worry about each other. and it is hard to say which of these will be more likely to result in someone‘s death. in its consistent low level stress over time, little things start to grate on you because the stress heightens how you react to the things around you. so the sound of somebody chewing cereal next to you, might be fine at first, and then 45 days later you really, really don't like that sound. even for an astronaut, the psychological demands

of a journey to mars will be extraordinary. the spacecraft will only be the size of a small flat, and the round—trip will take almost three years. add in four different personalities cooped up together, and you may run into some problems. and with a range of characters needed, you never know who you could end up with.

the habitat and workload are designed to mimic a real mission as closely as possible. and nasa's scientists throw in lots of elements to try and ensure that the volunteers forget that they are actually part of an experiment. if mcc talks to the crew, they ask a question, it takes five minutes to get to the crew and then they answer, it takes five minutes to get back. so a ten—minute round—trip for a question and answer. so the whole idea of creating a mission scenario — you're going to phobos, you're going to do an eva, you're going to pilot a small spacecraft on the surface — all that keeps them excited and engaged in the simulation. the goal here is notjust to study the effects of isolation and confinement but also to work out how to put together the perfect team for extreme space travel. it's all about the mix. and that's one of the things that we're looking at. what is that right mix or, given the particular mix of people.

let's say you have one strong personality and three less strong personalities, what would we expect that to play out like? what kind of roles do you need to have a successful team for a space mission? and they were looking notjust at the functional roles, you know, a commander, a medic, an engineer, but they were also looking at the social roles, and found that they were just as, if not more, important for those long duration missions. having somebody that's providing humour and entertainment for the crew, that's way more important. and it won'tjust be down to humans to decide what the right social mix would be. masses of data is being generated from these experiments, making successful social interactions quantifiable. one of the research studies that is actually going on is looking at a way to get a little bit ahead of the personality problem by developing an algorithm where you can take the background information on an individual‘s personality test, that sort of information.

plug it into the system and, based on the characteristics of all the people that you're putting in that team, figure out how they are going to work together, whether it's the right mix of people. unlike these potential martian voyages, we may think that three years in isolation is a bit bonkers. however, from jeff bezos to buzz aldrin, many are dreaming of trips to, and even living on the red planet. but lord martin rees, britain's astronomer royal, doesn't actually think that most of us are suited to space. nowhere in the solar system anywhere is as comfortable as the top of everest or the south pole. and so that's why i think the idea of mass emigration is a bit crazy. you have to bear in mind that space is not a place for human beings, except for adventurers, the kind of people who do go to the south pole and the top of everest. what do the hera crew think about the experiment?

we caught up with them, unsurprisingly out in the fresh air, shortly after they left the habitat. you know, since we're all really similar, if we had one very extroverted person, that has maybe a strong personality that was slightly different than the group, that might have negatively effected the outcome. if you put four extroverts in there together, they are going to drive each other crazy eventually. maybe four introverts are not going to be able to come together as a team as much, 'cause they're more inwardly focussed. you want a good blend of people who are adaptable to not only a situation but to each other's personalities. you have a mission to mars — the goal is so huge, you know that you are extremely motivated. i mean, the aim of the analogue is to be one step closer to put humans on mars. i can barely imagine being in such a situation. the motivation is so huge that

i think you can overcome anything. and i'm afraid that's all we have time for in this short version of click in space. there is much more in the full—length version which you can see on iplayer right now, and if you have any comments on this fascinating journey, we would love to hear from you. we're on social media — on youtube, facebook, instagram, and twitter @bbcclick. thanks for watching. and we'll see you soon. good evening. well you've probably heard that we've got something of a heat wave on the way through much of the week ahead. and it's certainly going to be the case that temperatures and humidity are going to be on the rise through to

the middle part of the week. it's not going to be dry everywhere though, we have got some rain in the northwest over the next 2a hours or so. later in the week, we will start to see some thundrydownpours developing with all that heat and humidity around. now through the middle of the week, that's when we see our hottest weather. we have got some very high temperatures developing across the continental parts of europe, affecting london, 3a celsius, but in paris, we could see highs up to 41 degrees. that would potentially be the highest temperature ever recorded in the french capital. now what we have had out there today, well we had this frontal system moving in from the atlantic, bringing quite a lot of clouds, so it still a fair amount of cloud, and some outbreaks of rain, especially across northwestern parts of the uk. so for northern ireland, and northwest england, and much of scotland, through the course of tonight, we are set to see that rain continuing. quite windy here too, gusts of 40—50 mph, further west england and wales, you should stay dry overnight, and it's quite it's quite mild, quite humid with those temperatures overnight sitting in the mid teens. but monday it will be an improving picture, particularly for parts of northern ireland and northern

england after the rain we saw on sunday and overnight, that should clear to the north, but we keep heavy rain across the western half of scotland, so there could be some localised flooding here. meanwhile, for the rest of the uk, the sunshine reappears. it's going to be significantly hotter, those winds coming in from the south or southwest, so towards the southeast, 29—30d in one or two spots. even further north for the likes of belfast, 25 degrees, just a bit cooler across the northern half of scotland, where you have still got the cloud and rain. heading on into tuesday and quite widely looking at dry hot weather, just the far north of scotland, i think, seeing a few showers. in the sunshine, it's going to feel very hot. temperatures in the southeast up to about 33—31id across scotland, northern ireland, looking at the mid to high 20s. so a hot day think on tuesday, really wherever you are. hot notjust by day, but overnight as well, so about 10pm, if you are heading towards your bed, i think temperature is still sitting in the high 20s towards the south, so that is really going to feel quite muggy through the course of tuesday night.

we keep the heat, i think, into wednesday and possibly into thursday as well, but there is a chance of some heavy thundry showers, especially in the north and the west. 00:14:07,911 --> 4294966103:13:29,430 goodbye for now.