this is bbc news — welcome if you're watching here in the uk, this is bbc news, the headlines. on pbs in america or around the globe. i'm mike embley. boris johnson has become britain's new prime minister. in his first statement, he said the uk would be leaving our top stories: borisjohnson strides into downing street — the eu — no ifs, or buts. to start life as britain's prime he's also begun a radical overhaul minister — and he made this pledge. of government topjobs. more than half the ministers under it is time to change the record, theresa may have either resigned or been sacked. to recover our natural nature there are fresh concerns over north korea after two missiles were fired as an enterprising, outward—looking into the sea towards japan, according to reports and truly global britain. from south korea. it comes after kim jong un was pictured alongside inside number 10 — a newly—built submarine. he begins building a new team scientists in the united states say the speed and extent to deliver brexit — of the current period of global promising to succeed warming exceeds any similar event where theresa may failed. in the past 2,000 years. the warning comes as western europe swelters in the second heatwave of the summer. as europe's heatwave intensifies — scientists say current global warming is the most extreme change in climate for 2,000 years. fresh concerns over north korea — two missiles are fired

it'sjust after 3:30am on bbc news. you're up to date. now it's time for click. this week, it's the race back to space. we'll hit the road, build a house, and... shh... whispers: lock up some astronauts. theme music plays. jump on in. thank you. so you are not using the steering wheel at all,

you are using...screams. wow! laughs. which way are we going?! i am at nasa in houston, where lucien junkin is taking me for a spin. using both a steering wheel and a joy stick, you can point this vehicle in one direction and drive it in another. you can feel the forces is in your tailbone. oh, i can feel the forces in my tailbone. laughs. and if that seems really confusing, well, it is. but this is drive by wire technology, which means the on—board computer works out which way you want to go and then calculates what to do with the wheels. all right, so we'll just go this way. this is just one of many experiments into how we might live, work and drive on the moon or mars. although this vehicle may also pave the way for smarter cars

in smarter cities back down here on earth where, i have to say, parking may be one of the coolest things you get to do. no way! no way. come on, man. but, before we start driving around celestial bodies, we need to get there first. in the days of the moon landings, only two competing countries were locked in battle, driving space exploration forward. now, in the race back to space, the power is shifting. earlier this year, china's chang'e four probe was the first spacecraft

to land on the far side of the moon. and europe, india and japan are all pushing forward with their own space programmes. back in the us, nasa plans to get back to the moon by 202a. but now it has competition from private individuals. an idea that would've been laughable 50 years ago. rival billionaires, elon musk, founder of spacex, and jeff bezos, who owns blue 0rigin, are racing to populate the moon and mars. but what kind of person would actually be on these spacecraft? the first people to go to mars will be risk—taking adventurers, accepting that they may have one—way tickets, one with a small chance of return and they will be probably financed or sponsored by one of these private companies. at nasa, we discovered a little—known department where these risk—taking adventurers live.

right now, there are four astronauts inside a spacecraft on a mission to phobos, one of mars‘s two moons. whispers: but they're actually in there. yes, in this tiny habitat, volunteers are locked away for 45 days on a simulated mission, with cameras and scientists monitoring their every move. this is nasa's human exploration research analogue. hera for short. inside the module, the crew is poked and prodded in different

psychological experiments, from sleep deprivation to diminished privacy, all to fine—tune a critical component that could make or break any future mission to mars — the humans inside the spacecraft. the primary purpose of hera is to learn about the effects of isolation and confinement on people, so a lot of the studies that we do are behavioural or psychological in nature. looking at the type of isolation from people so you are really only talking to or in contact with the other crew members that are in the vehicle with you, or mission control that is supporting you. yeah, astronauts on future mission to mars have more to worry about them at the toxic soil, the deadly atmosphere and high levels of radiation — they also have to worry about each other and it is hard to say which of these will be more likely to result in someone‘s death. and it's consistent low

level stress over time, little things start to grate on you because the stress heightens how you react to the things around you. so the sound of somebody chewing cereal next to you, might be fine at first, and then 45 days later you really, really don't like that sound. even for an astronaut, the psychological demands of a journey to mars will be extraordinary.

the habitat and workload are designed to mimic a real mission as closely as possible. and nasa's scientists throw in lots of elements to try and ensure that the volunteers forget that they are actually part of an experiment. if mcc talks to the crew, they asked a question, it takes five minutes to get to the crew and then the answer, it takes five minutes to get back. so a ten—minute round—trip for a question and answer. so the whole idea of creating a mission scenario — you're going to phobos, you're going to do an eba, you're going to pilot a small spacecraft on the surface — all that keeps them excited and engaged in the simulation.

the goal here is notjust to study the effects of isolation and confinement but also to work out how to put together the perfect team for extreme space travel. it's all about the mix. and that's one of the things that we're looking at. what is that right mix or, given the particular mix of people. let's say you have one strong personality and three less strong personalities, what would we expect that to play out like? what kind of roles do you need to have a successful team for a space mission? and they were looking notjust at the functional roles, you know, a commander, a medic, an engineer, but they were also looking at the social roles, and found that they were just as, if not more, important for those long duration missions. having somebody that's providing humour and entertainment for the crew, that's way more important. and it won'tjust be down to humans to decide what the right social mix would be.

masses of data is being generated from these experiments, making successful social interactions quantifiable. one of the research studies that is actually going on is looking at a way to get a little bit ahead of the personality problem by developing an algorithm where you can take the background information on an individual‘s personality test, that sort of information. plug it into the system and, based on the characteristics of all the people that you're putting in that team, figure out how they are going to work together, whether it's the right mix of people. unlike these potential martian voyages, we may think that three years in isolation is a bit bonkers. however, from jeff bezos to buzz aldrin, many are dreaming of trips to and even living on the red planet. but lord martin rees, britain's astronomer royal, doesn't actually think that most of us are suited to space.

nowhere in the solar system anywhere is as comfortable as the top of everest or the south pole. and so that's why i think the idea of mass immigration is a bit crazy. you have to bear in mind that space is not a place for human beings, except for adventurers, the kind of people who do go to the south pole and the top of everest. what do the hera crew think about the experiment? we got up with them, unsurprisingly out in the fresh air, shortly after they left the habitat. you know, since we're all really similar, if we had one very extroverted person, that has maybe a strong personality that was slightly different than the group, that might have negatively effected the outcome. if you put four extroverts in there together, they are going to drive each other crazy eventually. maybe four introvert are not going to be able to come together as a team as much, 'cause they're more inwardly focussed. you want to get people who are adaptable to not only a situation but to each other's personalities.

you have a mission to mars — the goal is so huge, you know that you are extremely motivated. i mean, the aim of the analogue is to be one step closer to put humans on mars. i can barely imagine being in such a situation. the motivation is so huge that i think you can overcome anything. hello, and welcome to the week in tech. it was the week that facebook came under attack in the us senate over its plans for cryptocurrency, libra. the us air force have warned people not to go near nevada military base, area 51, after more than a million people rsvped to a storm area 51 event created on facebook. and computer pioneer and celebrated codebreaker, alan turing,

was revealed as the new face on the british £50 note. elsewhere, elon musk announced more detail of the work being carried out by his neurotechnology company, neuralink. the company plans to insert threads into paralysed people's brains. and said that the technology has already enabled a monkey to operate a computer. new emojis featuring disabled people wit ha range of impairments have been announced for apple and android. smiley face thumbs up. the new emojis, which include wheelchair and guide dog users among others, were shown off on world emoji day. if your satnav got you more lost than usual this week it might have been the satellite‘s fault, not your device's. galileo, europe's gps network of satellites, has had a fandango and has been

off—line for a week, no word as yet on when it might be switched of and back on again. mit have developed a new way to make drones seem even more minister. existing drones are either fixed—winged, like aeroplanes, or propeller—driven, like helicopters, researchers have created a new type of hybrid craft with benefits of both. they can both hover and glide and take off vertically. those jetsons hovercraft get closer by the day. this is how the apollo astronauts got about on the moon. it seems pretty racy, even by today's standards, but the next time we go to the moon and mars, our vehicles will look a bit more like this. with six wheels, all of which can turn independently, this is the latest nasa prototype of the vehicle that could be crawling over the lunar surface very soon. we are designing the next vehicle and the next vehicle goes up in 2023. that's pretty aggressive. we love it. it's like apollo. to make the drive as safe as possible, the active suspension keeps equal pressure on each wheel at all times. that means you can cover some

pretty extreme terrain. oh my word! are we about to go down that? we can if you'd like. i would like. it's not worth it though. it's not worth the enjoyment. laughter. i have children at home. oh my goodness! this vehicle is already being used to test the practicalities of future moon missions. four astronauts take two vehicles out for two weeks at a time, living and working on board, to work out the amount of food they'll need and the kind of living conditions they can expect. by the way... by the way, we're on a slight incline right now. laughter. so what i can do is i can actually put my head in this little bubble here and i can investigate the rock, which is a great design feature. all right. i'm examining lunar rocks.

it's like a glass bottom boat. progress across the terrain will be slow and steady, because this will be a really harsh environment. and moon dust is really rough, sharp. yeah, it's really shardy. those are things that we definitely know from apollo. think of taking a glass and just slamming it down and then crushing it with your feet, and those shards, that's kind of how it is on the moon since there is no erosion or wind to tumble those little pieces. and that's one of the reasons we are pushing to have suit ports with the spacesuits on the outside of the vehicle. so on the back of, at the end of these beds back here, there's a door to the vehicle. so you open the door to the vehicle and you're now staring at the back of your suit and you climb into the back. so now your suit and your

cabin are pressurised. you seal it up and then you close the cabin door, so you can go climb in a spacesuit while i stay in here and we don't have to deal pressurise the cabin or anything. and that means all of the moon dust that collects on the spacesuit never gets into our atmosphere. yeah. the whole suit stays on the outside of the vehicle. yeah. that's genius. mind you, moon dust may have its uses — as a building material. and that's something that lara lewington has been investigating at the european space agency in the netherlands. this structure has been 3—d printed using a combination of elements that could be found on earth that replicate the qualities of moon dust and that means that things can be tried here before actually being attempted on the surface of the moon.

and the hope is that one day creating something like this, inhabitable by humans, could be possible. this moon regolith, or stimulant, is hoped to be able to create an inhabitable structure that's temperate and can block radiation. we have actually the powder in a layer and then you spray with the nozzle and bind the material. to bind the material here was an inorganic salt and water. and then it comes to a chemical reaction like concrete, if you like. and then you build, more or less, a solid structure — layer by layer. this substance isn't quite perfect, though. so at some point testing on the real precious moon dust needs to happen. but 3—d printing on the moon could go beyond putting a roof over astronauts' heads. we can print polymers, metals, ceramic materials. and you can print food, you can print stem cells, you can, for many applications, there is almost no limit of what you could not print. and even more important,

what you can do is you can recycle. so you could actually then have a very sustainable operation by reusing stuff you have used other purposes before. so a robotic version of this 3—d printer could make use not only of substances found on the lunar surface, but also raw materials transported there in as low a volume as possible. exploration in the past has always been about taking everything you can with you wherever you go. now this is possible, but it's very expensive, it's very difficult to do. so what we're looking at now is in the longer term we want to make exploration sustainable and permanent. 0xygen, for example, is something we need on the moon for propulsion, for rocket fuel, and for breathing. we can get that out of ice at the lunar poles and from lunar rocks which are made about 40% oxygen. we're also left with metals. and those metals can be

used to make equipment, make materials, the moon is also the only place we can go, it's only three days away, to start to understand what it means to live and work away from the earth. so if we want to learn how to use resources locally in a responsible and clever way to prepare us for going onto mars and elsewhere, the moon is where we have to do it. of course this won't happen tomorrow. but technological advancement is starting to push forward the possibilities of learning more about the moon, followed by mars and beyond. that was lara at the esa. back at nasa i've been meeting one of the semiautonomous robots which may be sent to help build and then maintain our living quarters in preparation for our arrival. this is valkyrie. the robot is currently here. the robot is currently there. and you want it to go there. that's where you want

it to go there. and then you just ask the robot to plan a path to get there. and using information about its environment it plans its footsteps uniquely, figures out where to step safely to get across this debris field. controlling robots at a distance means that the operator needs the robot to handle the fine detail of its environment. after being told where to go and what to do, valkyrie analyses the terrain and works out for itself where to step and where to put its hands. also there are a variety of applications here on earth for putting a robot in a place that really needs the human hands, the human shape. there it goes. getting in the pickup truck on the moon. david masten, chief technology officer. the reason i started this company was so that i could go walk

on the moon. we got them and rewired those. we did, yeah. we did. 0k. masten is delivering payloads to the surface of the moon. we'll buy a big rocket launch we'll then have our vehicle, navigate the rest of the way to the moon, put it on the surface, and then that soft landing that has your payload right there on the surface. i started this company for a number of reasons. the major reason was the idea that i think we could do better than we had been doing in aerospace, working stuff that i'd done, being the automotive industry, bringing the methodologies that we'd started developing in silicon valley. we have a bunch of spare cryogenic containers valves , we just grab more and turn it into a methane... masten right now is about 15 people

full—time, the majority of them engineers that are both designing and installing and turning wrenches and flying. and the majority of the team is based here in mojave. throw away everything that's just, you know, nice to have but not required. we're one of the few companies that was awarded a master contract by nasa for delivery of payloads to the surface of the moon. this is all—inclusive. it's lab to surface. the biggest thing for competition with spacex, blue 0rigin, other billionaires is to find other niches in the marketplace. stay away from the big, huge launch vehicles, stay away from human landing vehicles for the time being, until we can get into a much better situation where we could possibly stand toe to toe with a billionaire who doesn't care how many billions he throws at the project.

the answer of why go now is that we have reached the inflection point where the ecosystem is able to offer us access to the moon at a price point that is reasonable to unlock the potential that exists on the moon. six seconds to start. six, five, four... when are we looking to land on the moon? as early as 2022. and i'm afraid that's it for our mini exploration of space. these folk have a few more days to go yet, i have to say.

bit i hope you've enjoyed the journey. it's been fascinating, hasn't it? and if you have any comments, then get in touch. we're on social media — on youtube, facebook, instagram, and twitter @bbcclick. thanks for watching. and we'll see you soon. thursday looks like being a day of extraordinary, perhaps even unprecedented, heat across some parts of the uk. thejuly record looks like it will be broken but this is the one also in danger, the uk all—time record from the heatwave of 2003 because we could beat that and get very close to 39 celsius somewhere around the london area.

not guaranteed but there is a good chance that that is going to be broken. that is the temperature that will make the headlines but there is plenty of hot weather to come elsewhere. plenty of sunshine from the word go and we know it is going to be a very warm and muggy start and those temperatures will just rocket as we go on through the morning. we are keeping more cloud close to northern ireland with the weather front here and breezy as well. chance of a bit of rain the further west you are and it will be breezy elsewhere as well butjust coming from a hot direction, that breeze, so there will not be a lot of relief. and, yes, the temperature close to london will make headlines but we will be close to 30 celsius if not above elsewhere in england. eastern parts of wales, up towards the central belt in scotland as well with the low 20s into northern ireland and a little more cloud around. there are some storms around to end the day. central and eastern parts of england could see them. they will be hit and miss, more likely through parts of northern england and scotland. the risk of torrential rain, hail and disruption. still warm night going

into friday morning, of course, after the heat of the day so bear in mind that the later stages of thursday into the night there could be some disruptive thundery downpours in places. but then it is all change. this weather front moves through and this is the cold front. colder stretch but it is the leading edge of cool air coming in on friday. there will be some cloud moving east and the chance of seeing some showers. they may turn heavy on thundery towards parts of eastern england later in the day. it will still be warm if not hot and humid towards east anglia but most other places will see lower temperatures in some spots by quite a large margin. going into the weekend, that weather front looks like it will reinvigorate and hang around the eastern side of the uk in particular with the zone of cloud and pulses of rain. still some uncertainty in the exact positioning of that and could still be there affecting some of us into sunday as well

so we will keep you updated on that. but where temperatures have been close to a0 celsius, they come back to the more comfortable 20 degrees. and relax. 00:29:19,006 --> 2147483051:51:24,218 our vehicles will look 2147483051:51:24,218 --> 4294966103:13:29,430 a bit more like this.