a global network of networks now consists of over 1.2 million kilometres of submarine cables, sometimes laid as deep as mount everest is high. these connect massive server buildings and immeasurably more smaller cables connect those to individual computers. an interconnected network that vint cerf and robert kahn named the internet. it's important to understand that the internet is not the world wide web. the web is a great invention — it's the way that data, webpages, services and documents are arranged, accessed and addressed, but all of that sits on top of the hardware that is the internet. which allows many, many networks to talk to each other in a really clever way. so, say you want to watch a cute video of a cat. well, your request to see the video

shoots out of your device, along regional networks, and at some point races through telehouse north, and off across the globe to where the video is stored. and this is where is gets really clever. see, sending the whole video in one go down one route will likely mean that it will get stuck in traffic and take ages. so the video is torn apart, broken up, split into little packets, and each one makes its own way back down different routes. and when they start arriving back at your device, they're juggled into the right order. and once enough of the start of the video has arrived, there is your cat, as cute as you want it. ah! my name is vint cerf. i am vice president and chief internet evangelist at google, but some people know me as one of the co—inventors of the internet.

first of all, the good part. as the world wide web emerged, there was this enormous desire in the general population that had access to the internet to share information that they knew. and the world wide web was a tremendous facilitating means by which this could be done. then in the 20005, we start to see the arrival of social networking. but those platforms have been essentially subverted by some people who like to use them as a way of injecting misinformation and disinformation into the system, for either political or pecuniary or other nefarious purposes. so we have a tough problem ahead of us, which is to try and help people distinguish good quality information from bad quality information.

some people hope that this could be done algorithmically. i am not as sanguine about that. algorithmic detection of misinformation and disinformation is not so easy. the expectation that artificial intelligence and machine learning and computer programmes will somehow solve all these problems is an expectation which can't be fulfilled. some people will say "well, the country should have rules — enforceable rules — that suppress misinformation and disinformation. just make all that bad stuff go away." that particular practice has a very, dark abusive side. it is called "censorship," which is intended to suppress access to information that the general public should have. there are regimes in the world that view any information which is critical of the regime is unacceptable and therefore,

should be censored. i actually think that the best tool we have for dealing with misinformation and disinformation is called wetware and it's up here. and it's exercise in what is called critical thinking, where you ask questions like "where did this information come from? does it have any corroborating references somewhere from legitimate sources?" all of those things should be top of mind, should be part of the digital literacy we need to have as we use these online technologies that are so global in scope. one thing that we know you will see — i'm sure you will see — is the expansion of the internet off the planet. way back in 1998, we began asking ourselves "what would happen if we had a network that was the size of the solar system that could support manned and robotic space exploration?"

so we now have a set of protocols that together create an interplanetary backbone network. it's in operation between earth, mars and the international space station. so you can anticipate there will be an evolving interplanetary backbone over the next several decades to support manned and robotic exploration. this exhibition at london's barbican provides an insight into ai data training. huge numbers of pictures like these are needed to create artificially intelligent algorithms. from ‘apple‘ to ‘anomaly‘, it attempts to show visitors how something so simple to categorise —

for example, an apple is an apple, we all agree on that, but some concepts are a lot harder to explain. and the algorithms that we create have to deal with these abstract ideas. even as a human, it can be quite tricky to identify what an artist model or a creep may look like or, in fact, many of the concepts that are up here. yet, people are having to create these categories and then teach what they believe to be the right answers to the machines. a training set is a database that is organised into concepts, and each of those concepts have pictures associated with them. but as you go further through the installation, the concepts get more abstract. we move through apple picker, other things having to do with apples, but at the end, we arrive at concept of an anomaly. the concept of an anomaly seems very abstract and yet, abstract concepts like this are still built into technical system. you have a concept like a bad

person, for example, that indicates a certain worldview. the whole point of this is that we may think that al is all about technology, algorithms and statistics, but actually, it has human bias at the heart of it. take the search term 0bama, for instance. 0bama shows up as a figure in many, many different categories. it's almost like a where's waldo? kind of thing. been labelled by the people that made the training set as good person, a bad person, a greedy person, a leader, a loser. what you find — and i think what the example of 0bama speaks to — is that you have a kind of underlining bedrock of sludge and contradictions and absurdities quite often that the ai systems are built on. to make this installation, i pretty much sat down and looked at about 1k million images that

were organised into tens of thousands of categories. imagebet, the data base that the installation is drawing from, was made by researchers who went and scraped the internet, so they collected tens of millions of pictures, they put those images together, and then hired online workers on the amazon turk platform to sort those pictures into many, many thousands of categories. all of this just leaves me feeling that there are so many different ways of seeing the same thing and as a person, you add some contextual and cultural judgement to that. but the question is can we train a machine to do the same? and i'm afraid that's it for the shortcut of click this week. the full—length version is up on iplayer and it's waiting for you right now. this isjust a quick reminder that you have less than one week left to register for tickets for click live. it's in dundee in scotland this year. and if you can be there on november

19, we would love to see you. the website you need is bbc. co. uk/showsandtours. that's it for now. thanks for watching, and we'll see you soon. i hope you had a chance to enjoy some of the centring on other quite widely during the course of sunday. there's been quite a transformation in the weather from since of the site of the week and in the next few days, it continued in a similar vein thanks to this area of high pressure. drier, brighter, but noticeably colder across all parts of the british isles. quite a few

isobars across the north part of britain on that particular chart, so we will see a continuation of those breezy conditions through the rest of the night. a chance of some showers coming down through the northern isles and into the north of maine in scotland as we get on through the night, notice how those colours really begin to drain away. blue more widespread and perhaps —— than perhaps we have seen them. monday starting fairly chilly, in many inland areas with quite a widespread frost. you could be scraping the car for perhaps the first time this season. 0nce scraping the car for perhaps the first time this season. once that is off and running, it translates into a gloriously sunny day, dry and crisp. it is that phase of autumn that many of you experienced on sunday. still one or two showers across northern and eastern shores, all the while cloud of thick enough for the odd bit of a piece of rain in the far south. temperatures close to where we were on sunday. not a great deal of changes on monday into tuesday other than opening up those isobars are still a better chance of it being a chilly start, yes, there

are fewer showers to report as that high pressure begins to really dominate across northern parts of britain. still all the while, the sunshine tempered, to see the very least, across the south wales and south—west of england, down towards the channel islands. could be bits a piece of rain from that, but otherwise, again, i dry and fine day for the most part, but the temperature is nothing to write about. nine, ten, 1112. fairly wet and windy weather on wednesday on the western side of the british isles. after a chilly start through western and eastern areas, staying dry for western and eastern areas, staying dryfora western and eastern areas, staying dry for a greater part of the day but overnight, the band of weather will move from west to east. there it is on thursday and there is the chanceit it is on thursday and there is the chance it will bring more frontal systems into the south—western quarter to provide a spell of really quite wet weather, some windy conditions. in between those weather fronts, thursday is going to be a murky old day with a lot of cloud around, but especially so in the

west.

this is bbc news. the headlines at 8: president trump says the leader of the so—called islamic state group abu bakr al—baghdadi has died after a military operation, by us special forces. a brutal killer, one who has caused so much hardship and death, has violently been eliminated. the us says al baghdadi detonated an explosives vest after being cornered in a compound, in north western syria. his brutal self—proclaimed "caliphate" lasted five years and attracted thousands ofjihadists from around the world. the government presses ahead with attempts to get a december general election. ministers will put a vote before parliament tomorrow. vigils are held in vietnam by families who fear their loved ones are among the 39 people found dead in a lorry in essex.