this is the business briefing. i'm sally bundock. an unexpected polluter. shipping is responsible for 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions. what can be done? china's pork crisis. how supplies of the country's favourite meat are shrinking as pig pens empty due to african swine fever. and financial markets — as asia are on edge again, keeping a close eye on pro—democracy protests in hong kong, nissan results are due out soon. we will be live to our asia business hub for the latest.

whether it is cars, clothes, smartphones or the raw material to make them, the vast majority of the stuff we buy is sent around the world by ship, and the greenhouses gases that produces are being targeted at a un meeting here in london this week. in fact, 90% of global trade involves stuff being moved around by sea. but the industry wasn't included in the paris climate agreement, which the us is pulling out of. however, it is signifcant because it creates about 3% of the global greenhouse gas emissions that are causing climate change, and that is why governments want to reduce them. one answer is to slow ships down. it means it would take goods longer to get from factories to shop floors, but one study estimates a 20% speed cut could reduce emissions by 24%.

other solutions include cleaner fuels and more efficient ships, as the un's international maritime organisation's seeks to cut greenhouse gas emissions by at least 50% by 2050 compared to 2008. richard meade, editor of lloyd's listjoins me now. good morning, richard. is it as simple as slowing ships down? certainly not. slowing ships is one of the effective measures the industry is industry of the effective measures the industry is looking at, and obviously it is being discussed. i think politically it is probably not going to float everybody‘s boat, but it is going to be part of the solution. the thing you have to remember with slowing ships down, it can reduce emissions but it is a short—term measure. there are practical problems, ships need to be able to slow down and speed up due to safety reasons. there is also the fa ct to safety reasons. there is also the fact that slowing down distorts trade. it could also be the case that it will keep more inefficient,

older ships on the water for longer, rather than switching to cleaner fuel vessels, which is what the industry needs to do in the long—term. industry needs to do in the long-term. let's talk about the switch. it is a massive investment for anyone who runs a shipping business because they buy these enormous ships. they last for some 20 years or more. the timing of the switch will be important for them, won't it? if they were to put that capital outlay, they don't want to buy something they are going to be told in five years‘ time to get rid of. and this is the key. 2050 was the target you mention. the entire industry has to reduce its output by at least 50%. that sounds a long way off but if you are looking at assets which are in the last 20 years or more, we need to get zero emissions assets on the water very quickly. and the problem is that zero emissions ships don‘t exist right now. we‘re looking at everything hydrogen, ammonia, biofuels as viable options, but right now the best option we have is using things like liquefied natural gas as a dual

fuel option, these are effectively the hybrid options that cars were using before the switch to full electric. electric ships don‘t work ona electric. electric ships don‘t work on a global basis, so essentially we are dealing with technologies that don‘t exist yet, and a very short time period to get this stuff on the water. this might sound like a really obvious question, but when it comes to global trade, ships are here to stay, aren‘t they? the vast amount —— the vast majority of ships will be —— goods will be shipped around the world. exactly, it needs to decarbonise rapidly but it is the most efficient way of decarbonise in 90% of globalised trade. the great beasts of the sea these days, the container ships which are carrying tens of thousands of containers, are far more efficient at containing those goods than any other mode of transport, trucking, aviation. and the trick really is to find a more

efficient way of powering those vessels rather than changing the mode of transport, which would be far more environmentally challenging. richard, thank you very much indeed. of course that event taking place in london next week. now to japan, because carmaker nissan reports its latest results later today. after a year of management crisis, what is expected? let‘s go to our asia business hub, where monica miller is following the story. it has been quite a year for nissan. monica, if you just look at their shared chart, it tells you the sort of torrid time they have had. yes, investors are bracing themselves for some unpleasant news regarding nissan‘s first half earnings report, which is expected to come out after the closing bell in about an hour in japan. it is hard to believe that next week it will mark exactly one year since that shock arrest of carlos ghosn. he has been arrested,

he has appeared in court and is awaiting trial on charges of financial misconduct. he has repeatedly denied all of these charges. if you take a look at this graphic, shortly after carlos ghosn‘s arrest, nissan shares fell offa ghosn‘s arrest, nissan shares fell off a cliff, and that is where they are now. if you take a look at this, you will see they plummeted even further. that is down 30% because of the company‘s earnings. they have just tumbled. it has announced possibly tens of thousands of job cuts. mr ghosn was replaced, but his successof cuts. mr ghosn was replaced, but his successor has announced his resignation over misconduct, so the new guy in charge is due to start december. there are a lot of challenges facing the new boss. it is more than a year since a devastating outbreak of swine fever first struck in china, home to half of the world‘s pigs. the world organisation for animal health has warned that 50% of the herd there could be wiped out. 0ur china correspondent went to meet

with one farmer who has lost almost everything. this is not supposed to be a quiet, lifeless place. but the indiscriminate blight of an incurable disease has wiped out chen‘s livelihood. she is all he has left. down the road from chen‘s piggery,

almost all of his neighbours have shut down. gate after gate is locked. inside, it‘s empty. a village industry wiped out. china has been battling african swine fever for more than a year and it‘s losing. the disease is now everywhere across this vast country. it‘s left this pork—loving nation in a supply crisis. around 400 million pigs a year used to end up like this here, slaughtered and then taken to market. but not in 2019. african swine fever could end up wiping out 20% of china‘s pigs. the effect on price has been dramatic. it‘s tripled in some places. so here in manning, and other parts of the country, the government has capped prices and it is limiting what people can buy.

there is no avoiding the big red banners here giving details on some of the rationing of pork. there is also details on price. everyone knows the new rules, and it is different to what it was a year ago. farmers like chen, though, are a long way off being able to provide again. his wife and children have moved to work in the city. for now, it‘sjust him, his chickens, and all his hopes resting on his one and only sow. robin brant, bbc news, nanning. now let‘s brief you on some other business stories: formula i has launched a plan to become carbon—neutral by 2030. the intention is to wipe out the carbon footprint of activity at race tracks, including road and air transport of staff and equipment to the events. fi says it will move to ultra—efficient logistics and travel and 100% renewably powered offices, facilities and factories, and offset emissions that cannot be cut. tesla has unveiled its first cars that have been built in china. assembled in the electric carmaker‘s

new shanghai gigafactory, the first model 3s came in blue and with the brand name in chinese characters. it marks a milestone for elon musk‘s company, as it prepares to start sales of domestically made electric sedans in the world‘s largest car market. that‘s it for the business briefing this hour. but before we go, here are the markets. this time yesterday hong kong was down over 2%. we had quite a significant drop—off in trading on the hang seng. today it is up just slightly, but i have to say investors in this region are very focused on what is happening in hong kong, and where the protesters — what might happen next in terms of authorities clamping down on protesters. up 0.5% injapan. looking at the next board, we have the commodities on the move as always. the price of gold edging down a little today, but oil headed

upwards. that is your business briefing. doctors have issued a warning about vaping after a teenager almost died from serious breathing problems linked to e—cigarettes. public health experts say the case shows vaping is not completely safe, but maintain it is still better for you than smoking. here is our health correspondent james gallagher. ewa n ewan fisher is a keen boxer, but vaping left him fighting for his life. he was 16 when he first used e—cigarettes. getting hold of them was easy, despite being underage, but around four months later he started finding it hard to breathe. something in the e—cigarette vapour

was causing a catastrophic immune reaction in his lungs called hypersensitivity pneumonitis. his lungs were failing fast, and he rapidly ended up in intensive care. doctors had to connect you in‘s blood vessels to an artificial lung in order to keep him alive. it works, but you and‘s recovery has been slow. i urge everyone not to vape, because i don‘t want them to end up how i have been. i don‘t wish it on anyone, not even my worst enemies. around 3.6 million people in the uk vape. severe reactions like you and‘s are rare, but doctors told the bbc has is not an isolated case. so how safe is vaping? it's a difficult question, because on the one hand nobody who doesn‘t smoke should consider vaping, in my view. it would be madness. but somebody who already smokes should switch. so where young people are taking up vaping as an alternative to smoking, despite the bad experience that this particular young man has had, i

would endorse that. ewan says he is back to 80% of his former self and wa nts to back to 80% of his former self and wants to go into accountancy. his experience is a reminder that vaping is not completely safe. coming up at 6:00am on breakfast: dan walker and louise minchin will have all the day‘s news, business and sport. this is the briefing from bbc news. the latest headlines: as weather conditions worsen in australia‘s new south wales, the fire service has warned it is now too late to leave in some areas. activists in hong kong have again blocked roads and clashed with police a day after some of the most violent unrest during five months of pro—democracy protests. now it‘s time to look at the stories that are making the headlines here and around the world. the financial times says borisjohnson has been given a boost

after nigel farage‘s announcement that the brexit party would not contest any of the 317 seats won by the conservatives at the last general election, while hinting he might withdraw even more parliamentary candidates. the wall streetjournal is reporting that the search giant google is engaged with one of the us‘s largest healthca re systems on a project to collect detailed personal health information from millions of people across 21 us states. but according to them, the patients have not yet been informed. abc news australia says the predictions of "catastrophic" bushfire conditions in new south wales have materialised, with properties destroyed, lives under threat and communities on sydney‘s fringes being told it‘s "too late to leave." and staying with weather—related stories, the washington post says up to 400 weather records could be

broken this week as temperatures continue to plummet across much of the central and eastern us. and then the daily telegraph is asking how ‘woke‘ are you going to be this christmas? as environmental charities suggest you swap glitter and excess for rented trees and e—cards. with me is 0liver cornock, editor—in—chief of the oxford business group. welcome back. let‘s get stuck in. many of the papers in the uk are focused on the general election and nigel verizon in particular, his announcement yesterday that the brexit party, some 300 candidates would not be going against the conservatives —— nigel farage. would not be going against the conservatives -- nigel farage. this has been billed by the financial times and the other papers as a boost for the conservative party, and in some ways it is helpful. the argument of course is that it is contested labour seeds, marginal seats in brexit, pro brexit areas in the midlands and north of england which would be a much more