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a scientific milestone, as the first vaccine trials for coronavirus in europe get under way in oxford. two volunteers have been injected today. hundreds more will follow in the coming weeks. it seems like the right thing to do, to ensure that we can combat this disease and get over it a lot faster. the team at oxford university have created the potential vaccine in record time — but it will be months before they know if it works.

everybody agrees it's the only way we're going to get out of the lockdown, the social distancing, and really be able to still have people protected as they go about their daily lives. millions of key workers and their families can apply online from tomorrow to be tested for coronavirus if they develop symptoms. living long—term under lockdown — no sign of crowds returning anytime soon, but an indication from scotland's first minister of what may lie ahead. more than 100 health care workers are now known to have died after contracting the virus. and as part of the bbc‘s big night in fundraising programme tonight, the duke and duchess of cambridge, and their children, led the nation in applause for britain's carers and key workers. and in the sport on bbc news — phil neville is going to leave the england lionesses

when his contract ends next summer, but should he go sooner? good evening. the first human trial in europe of a coronavirus vaccine has begun in oxford, in what is a highly significant moment. this afternoon two volunteers — both scientists — were injected. they're the first of more than 800 adults, aged between 18 and 55, who've been recruited for the study. half the group will receive the covid—19 vaccine, and half will get a control vaccine which protects against meningitis. the results won't be known for months. already more than 186,000 people have died because of coronavirus worldwide. in the last 2a hours, 616 more deaths were recorded in hospitals across the uk. it brings the official uk death toll to 18,738.

but that does not include deaths in care homes or in the community in england and northern ireland. here's our medical correspondent, fergus walsh. this could change everything. a vaccine against coronavirus. a way out for all of us. ok, so a needle scratch. the first volunteer to receive it was elisa granato, a microbiologist. she's 32 today. i'm a scientist, so of course i want to try and support science, the scientific process whenever i can, and since i don't study viruses i felt a bit useless these days, so i felt like this was an easy way for me to support the cause, yeah, and that's why i'm here, and i'm excited. half those on the trial will get the coronavirus vaccine, half a different jab. the volunteers don't know which one they have received. i am just basically going to sit here and incubate this thing, and hopefully provide some good follow up data, and we'll see, and hopefully it works.

what would normally take years has been done in three months, by scientists at oxford university. around 80 groups world wide are developing coronavirus vaccines. a few others, in the us and china, have also started human trials. there's no guarantee any of them will succeed. personally, i am very optimistic it's going to work. formally, we are testing it in an efficacy study. there's absolutely no suggestion we are going to start using this vaccine in a wider population before we have demonstrated it actually works and stops getting people infected with coronavirus. so how does the vaccine work? scientists have taken the genes for the spike protein on the surface of coronavirus, and put them into a harmless virus. this forms the vaccine. after it's injected, the vaccine enters cells, which start to produce the coronavirus spike protein. this prompts the immune system

to produce antibodies, and activate killer t—cells which should recognise the coronavirus in future, and destroy it, preventing infection. the scientists will only know how effective the vaccine is if lots of volunteers are exposed to coronavirus. well, at this moment we are chasing the end of this current epidemic wave, and of course, if we don't catch that, we won't be able to tell whether the vaccine works in the next few months, but we do expect that there will be more cases in the future, because this virus hasn't gone away. why not simply infect people with coronavirus after they have had the vaccine, then you would know? at this moment, it would be very difficult to do that with a disease which potentially has quite a high fatality, so i think if we reached a point where we had some treatments for the disease and we could guarantee the safety of volunteers, that would be a very good way

of testing the vaccine. the vaccine is stored in this freezer, at minus 80 degrees. rarely has a medical trial had so much riding on it, for so many people. it is hard to overstate just how important this vaccine could be. if—and itisa big if— it proves to be safe and effective, it would represent science giving us the solution to the coronavirus pandemic. well, i think everybody agrees it is the only way we are going to get out of the lockdown, the social distancing, and really be able to still have people protected as they go about their daily lives. edward, a cancer researcher was next up. there is a theoretical risk the vaccine could make a coronavirus infection worse, but the team here think that highly unlikely, and the volunteers will be carefully monitored.

it seems like the right thing to do, to ensure that we can, you know, combat this disease and get over it a lot faster. do you have any concerns at all about safety? i think you can neverfully exclude any potential risk, but i think you have to, i guess, walk in faith in these things. you have to trust in what they, that the work is being done as best they can, and know that the cause is important. the oxford team are hoping to have a million doses of vaccine ready by september, with a huge scale up in manufacturing after that. it is not clear, though, who would be prioritised to get the vaccine first, and for now, we have to wait and see if it works. and fergus is with me now. extraordinary how quickly they have turned this all around put your assessment of how successful it could be? we've got to be careful not to overpromise just because we are desperate for this vaccine to

work, but the team in oxford have a really strong record going back 30 yea rs really strong record going back 30 years and they have developed a successful proto— type vaccine against another type of coronavirus, mers, which has done well in clinical trials. they've developed vaccines against plague, malaria. if they don't get early quick results in the uk they are considering a trial in kenya where the epidemic of coronavirus may well be on the rise and this virus is known, this vaccine is known to produce a strong antibody response but that doesn't necessarily equate to protection. we are going to need many vaccines. there are dozens and development. so then we will need millions of doses and expect a huge debate over which countries and which groups of people get the vaccine first sight fergus walsh, thank you. from tomorrow, up to ten million key workers and their families will be eligible for a coronavirus test if they develop symptoms. the health secretary, matt hancock,

announced that they would be able to book a test online. more testing centres are being opened, and the army will be helping with mobile testing facilities across the country. here's our health editor, hugh pym. home testing for coronavirus. kits are sent out and people take their own swabs and send them back to be tested. it's part of a new plan for england along with the expansion of drive—through centres available for essential workers and then mobile testing facility is going to work places. we are also currently working with the army on a new pop—up mobile testing option, which was developed for us by the army and is really working very well. so we are going to have 48 of these pop—up facilities which can travel around the country to where they are needed most, for example, in care homes. key workers and their families with symptoms will also be able to book tests online,

but a government target for testing still looks difficult to meet. the number of tests on hospital patients and key workers has not moved up much in the last couple of weeks. it's now about 23,000 a day, but ministers have set a target of 100,000 by the end of this month — just a week away. three so—called mega labs, staffed partly by volunteers, have been set up to handle the big expansion in virus testing, including this one in glasgow, which opened this week. it hopes soon to be doing thousands of tests each day. at the moment there are a large number of manual processes we are doing. we are going to bring in automation and further scale up our capacity to meet what will inevitably be significant demand. but a survey of one group of doctors found nearly 40% of respondents said they were struggling to get access to testing. we want to be able to go to work and if we have symptoms and we cannot access a test, then we are required to stay at home. we are also, we are i'iei’vous of infecting others, particularly family and loved ones.

and expanded list of workers and theirfamilies, including and expanded list of workers and their families, including those and expanded list of workers and theirfamilies, including those in supermarkets and transport, will be able to book from tomorrow, potentially up to 10 million people. the challenge will be to ensure that the technology delivers, that those eligible can book a test easily, get it done, then get the lab result back reasonably quickly and that leaves the question, will the government hit its target of 100,000 tests daily in a weak‘s time? hugh pym, bbc news. the current lockdown restrictions across the uk are due to be reviewed again in two weeks today. downing street is not giving any indication of options that are being considered. but today, scotland's first minister, nicola sturgeon, gave a glimpse of what could be ahead as she outlined possible ways forward in scotland. they include classrooms being

designed and not all children in school at the same time. businesses would have to ensure that staff could work two metres away from colleagues. and she said there might have to be different approaches for different areas of scotland. the first minister warned that any or all of these options might have to reversed, and she was, of course, setting out proposals for scotland. here's our political editor, laura kuenssberg. that was then, this is now. busy streets, now empty avenues. traffic lights, strange statues on roads with hardly any cars. but what might be the long route out of lockdown? in one part of the uk today, the sketch of the beginning. i'm seeking today really to start a grown—up conversation with you, the public. talk of lifting the lockdown as if it's a flick of a switch moment is misguided. our steps, when we take them, will need to be careful, gradual, incremental and probably quite small to start with. schools and some firms

could start to open up, but in limited ways, with different days for different staff or children perhaps, so everyone can keep their distance. some kinds of outdoor pursuits might return, but forget anything like a normal match day where thousands cram together. and for the most vulnerable, those in ill health or very elderly, the instruction is likely to remain for a long time, stay at home. you have said today it is only right you treat people like grown—ups. do you think the government in westminster risks treating the public like children if they don't share their thinking in the way that you have today? these are horrendously difficult decisions for all governments, notjust across the uk but all governments across the world. there are no absolute rights and wrongs in this and it is incumbent on all of us to try to involve the public in that as much as possible. that is what the scottish government will do every step of the way and i believe that is what other governments will seek to do as well. i would encourage governments

everywhere to do that. ministers here are reluctant to give much away for now, although they've set out five tests. but they're being pushed by labour and some of their own mps to open up. there is broad public support for the lockdown, but the scottish first minister, the opposition, and some of your own mps, think you should be more transparent about what might come next. are they all wrong? i understand the thirst for knowledge, but the tests that we've set out, which are the basis from which others, for instance, the scottish government have then developed their plans, those tests are the critical tests for when changes can be made. we haven't met them yet and therefore we must keep the social distancing measures in place. on the way in, as the faces of our towns and cities started to change, different administrations in the uk stuck more or less together, seeing the same data, sharing the same scientific advice. but on the way out?

you could well see different parts of the united kingdom move in a different time to other parts, because it will be criteria led. but that's the when, not the how. as limits on our lives have slowed the loss of life everywhere, the economy is in jeopardy in every corner of the country, too. all parts of the uk could look different on the other side. laura kuenssberg, bbc news, westminster. so, any attempt to ease the lockdown will only happen when ministers and their scientific advisers are convinced that the spread of the coronavirus is under control. our science editor david shukman has been looking at how that might be achieved. everything hinges on how rapidly the coronavirus spreads, and on how we try to stop it. that is what all the restrictions are designed to do. as we keep hearing from the scientists tracking the pandemic and now from the scottish government as well, the key factor is the rate of infection. at the height of the outbreak

it was running at about one to three, meaning if one person is infected they could pass it on to up to three others. since then that rate has been driven right down below one to one and may 110w stand at something like 0.7. no—one is entirely sure. if you ease any of the restrictions, for example reopening schools, you nudge the rate up a bit. if you get above one to one you run the risk of the virus taking off again. keep it low and the outbreak is contained, so how do we move forward from this? essential in any strategy is mass testing to discover where the virus is spreading. there are different ways of doing this. researchers in munich are checking people for antibodies. it's a blood test to see if they have had the virus. a similar project is starting here. then there is testing for the virus itself with a swab. 20,000 households are being asked to take part, a crucial way of tracking the outbreak. alongside the testing there is the job of tracing contacts.

in the chinese city of wuhan, 18,000 people checked everyone infected and followed everyone they were close to, and a similar number will now do the same in the uk. that is how environmental health inspectors work when they track down infections from contaminated food, it is vital for a quick response. it is detective work. actually it sounds as though covering a country like ours would be an enormous feat and impossible, but actually our first cases of coronavirus were picked up by our flu surveillance team, so this is a routine that goes on. it is obviously on a much larger scale. another strategy could be encouraging the public to wear face coverings. this animation shows how far a cough can linger in a supermarket. wearing some kind of mask could limit the spread. government advisers think there could be benefits.

for people who are coming into contact with a large number of people during the day, such as shop workers or people working on public transport, there probably on balance would be a case for them to wear a cloth mask. on the other hand, those of us walking round the streets and the parks with every day business, the balance of probability goes the other way. but for the moment the lockdown remains the central strategy. a crude, but reliable way of reducing infections, and that will continue until the virus itself is brought under much firmer control. david shukman, bbc news. the impact on the economy has been dramatic already. figures out today give a clearer idea of what it means — both for the government and businesses. our economics editor faisal islam is with me. it is pointing towards something swe haven't seen for a century, maybe even longer? we have had some

sectors allowed to stay open that are slow will i re—opening, diy retailer, home builder, car factories but the bigger picture is some of the dire forecasts we have been telling you about. we are starting to sina in the harder data, the real data. let me show you one example of that, which is a measure of economic activity, that is closely watched and basically above the black line, the blue bit it is above 50, it means the economy is growing, below it is on recession watch. that is april. notjust a record low but down at 12, and the dip you see at the top of the graph there, that is the great recession which was no small recession, it gives you some context to that. that is why we are hearing from bank of england figures saying things like, the speed and the how fast it is fallen is the sharpest in a century, perhaps several sent, it is why we

are seeing the treasury borrowing so much, and it is notjust the uk, we are seeing in the states extraordinary unemployment figures 26 million losing theirjobs in the past month or so, that is more than the population of australia, so this isa the population of australia, so this is a health crisis but a serious economic crisis too. thank you. more than 100 health workers, from heart surgeons to nurses, porters and volunteers, have now lost their lives to coronavirus. they came from across the uk, in both the nhs and the private sector — that's according to bbc analysis. our special correspondent allan little reports. they have known from the start that they would be more exposed to the danger than most of us. their vocation places them in harm's way for our benefit. sadeq elhowsh was 58, an orthopaedic surgeon from st helens. a husband and father of four. you can see the esteem and affection in which he was held in the quiet poignancy

of this moment. applause. it's family to me. it's a big loss for me and a big loss for the trust, a big loss for his family. it will be very difficult for me as well, because in every corner of the hospital we have a memory. it is striking how many health care workers who have died are from black and minority ethnic communities, or are themselves immigrants. josephine peter, who was 55 and from west london, was an agency nurse. she grew up in apartheid south africa. she was planning to go back there to be near her grown—up children. her husband said "she was my heroine". khulisani nkala, who was a6, was a mental health nurse in yorkshire. one colleague said he was a man of integrity, honour and wit with an astounding ability to put people at ease in difficult situations.

sophie fagan came to britain from india to train as a nurse nearly 60 years ago. latterly she ran a carers' support network at a hospital in hackney. she was 78, but refused to retire. my mum was all for the nhs, that's all she knew. she didn't want to retire. she wouldn't. she said to me a little time ago that if she retired, that would be it for her, so she wanted to keep going and keep going and that is what she loved. she loved doing it. she was an absolute gem, a diamond. if you ever met sophie, everyone would fall in love with her. kirstyjones was a healthcare support worker from lanarkshire and a mother of two. she was a1. her husband said she was a constant source of happiness who devoted her life to caring for others. julie penfold was 53 and had four children and two stepchildren. she was a nurse in merseyside. she had also fostered more than 20 children. "she was always checking on other people," her husband said.

"i was really proud of her." barbara sage was a marie curie nurse. she had begun as an ambulance driver at the age of 18, then worked in palliative care for a0 years, and was still working at 68. her daughter said something that surely applies to all of them — that she was a very warm person, dedicated to caring for people. "i guess you have to be like that in their line of work, don't you?" allan little, bbc news. the world health organization has warned that the number of deaths this year from malaria in sub—saharan africa could be double the annual rate — due to coronavirus. it says that disruptions to the supplies of bed nets and medicines could — under a worst case scenario — lead to a return to mortality levels last seen 20 years ago. the department of health is warning of a shortage of fluids and kit needed in intensive care for coronavirus patients with severe kidney problems. it's thought around a third

of patients with the virus who are on ventilators require this type of treatment. our health correspondent sophie hutchinson is here. the treasury borrowing so much, and it is not just the treasury borrowing so much, and it is notjust the uk, we are seeing in the states extraordinary unemployment figures 26 million losing theirjobs in the past month 01’ losing theirjobs in the past month orso, losing theirjobs in the past month or so, that is more than the population of australia, so this is a health crisis but a serious economic crisis too. thank you. explain what is needed and what can be done about this? it's a very serious situation, the government has said there is a severe disruption, in the supply of certain products needed, in intensive care for treatments that are potentially life—saving, which give patients, who have problems with their kidney function, we know a bit more about patients who are critically ill with covid—19. the latest figures in the uk suggest almost 30% need some kind of kidney support, and that has led toe a sharp rise in demand for something that is called home mow filtration, now that is a delicate process that mimics the kidney function and it cleans the blood of

toxin, the machine that does that requires fluids and other types of kit in order to run and it is that equipment that is now in short supply. now, the faculty of intensive care medicine says it is very stressful at the moment, and doctors are being told on a regular basis about daily shortages, it says stand of having good back up stocks if you like, hospitals are living it said, hand—to—mouth. the government's asked hospitals to minimise the use where ever possible, clearly that can be very difficult in some circumstances, and also, those hospitals that actually do have stocks, to share that with those who don't. sophie, thank you. up to half of all coronavirus—related deaths in europe have occurred in care homes, according to the world health organization. its european regional director has called the continent's care homes a scene of "unimaginable human tragedy", and said that even elderly, frail people with multiple chronic conditions had a good chance of recovery if they

were well—cared for. the emotional and physical strain of looking after a relative who is elderly, sick or disabled can be challenging at the best of times, but carers uk says the coronavirus outbreak is adding to the pressures on millions of unpaid adult carers in britain. the charity has found that many carers are unable to get any respite because of reduced support services. our disability correspondent, nikki fox, spoke to one mother in cambridgeshire, who's been keeping a video diary. it's day 30 of lockdown. another day at home for sarah and her mum, debbie. sarah needs full time care. she has a rare genetic disorder. this is our bathroom. we're having to wash with a bowl. she would normally spend much of the week at a local respite centre, but her mum has made the decision to keep her at home so she can protect her from coronavirus. debbie, why did you decide to have sarah with you and not allow her

to stay in the respite centre? i wouldn't be able to visit her if she was unwell, i wouldn't be able to visit her if she was unwell, touch her or have any connection with her at all. i suppose in a way i felt that although i know that it is harderfor me, you know, obviously i felt that she was safer here. would you have it any other way?|j would worry if she wasn't with me. let's put it that way. so, you know, i wish i could... i'm sorry. oh, debbie, ididn't mean to upset you. are you 0k? yeah, sorry. as strong as she is, the strain is showing. the charity carers uk says in a survey 55% of unpaid carers said they are feeling overwhelmed by their responsibilities, and are worried they'll burn out in the coming weeks. we estimate that there are 8.8 million people caring unpaid for a loved one in this country. they need recognition, they need financial support, they need to be included in the contingency plans that the government is making. we need to make sure that services

come back as soon as is humanly possible when all this is over. carers really need to know that they will. .. this will come to an end and they will get respite. i'm totally responsible for sarah now. i have to do everything for her. it's very stressful.