this is bbc news, the headlines: millions of people in england and

wales are told to stay at home as tough new coronavirus restrictions come into force. we cannot continue with christmas as planned. in england, those living in tier 4 areas should not mix with anyone outside their own house christmas. the prime minister's announcement last night prompted a to london stations. footage on social media showed large crowds trying to get onto trains. similar restrictions will follow in scotland. suedes of the country will be placed under the toughest restrictions from boxing day. it makes me want to cry, as i am sure it will make many of you wa nt to am sure it will make many of you want to cry. i know how harsh it sounds and i know how unfair it is, but this virus is unfair. the netherlands bans passenger flights from the uk as it detects its first case of the new variant surging to southern england. there will be no post brexit trade deal between the

eu and the uk unless there is a substantial shift from brussels in the coming days. now on bbc news, for thousands of years the inuit people lived off the land. nomadic hunters, chasing targets season dependant. now those weather patterns have utterly and irreversibly shifted. vocalising. climate change came along and changed everything. due to the ice melting, we have seen all of these changes. it's affecting us up here in the arctic circle. i am worried about the future.

we don't have any room to give. we don't know what's going to happen. we have been here for thousands of years but now my children really have no idea what's ahead of them and it's scary. kotzebue's population is about 3000 people. it's a nice place, very isolated, no roads.

the only way we go to the village is by commuter planes. summertime, we go by boat. wintertime, we go by snow machine. we originated about 35 years ago. four sons and two daughters, i have 14 grandchildren and two great grandchildren. we like to be called inupiaq, not eskimo. inupiaq means real people. eskimo is a non—native description of us. we know our land, it is like a heartbeat. we know how to survive, how to control the high waters, the low waters. we are oui’ own almanac. but then climate change came along

and it changed everything. suddenly, we get a tropic warm up and everything starts to melt. but we dealt with this for the last ten or 15 years. we learned to keep the frustration at bay. we know we are in danger today. we know it's there. we just have to learn how to deal with it. you are listening to kotz, with a news update. summer temperatures were three degrees warmer on average this year, on top of a record spring that was 6 degrees warmer than the previous record. those temperatures mean warmer waters in the sound, which could mean changes. in the winter...

i have always loved being outside with my dad, just hunting and trapping and fishing. once you are out there, you kind of feel super insignificant, which maybe a lot of people wouldn't like to feel. you are kind of at the lands mercy, the mercy of the weather and the animals. my dad was blessed with three girls at first! and typically it is the guys who go out hunting. he had to kind of work with what he had. when i was younger, i didn't want to be, like, native, you know? i have some lighter skin friends and i wanted to be lighter skinned. but now it's so celebrated.

hunting and fishing and living a subsistence lifestyle, i feel it's a huge part of my identity, who i am. are you ready to pull up the traps? see if there's any beavers in there. worried is an understatement... when my family is out on the ice, anything can happen. we live in a place where nature rules. things can turn quickly. the weather can turn quickly. the ice breaks up. they can fall through. and they have, you know, before. it can be pretty nerve—racking for a mum at home waiting for her crew.

you never know what you're going to get... nothing in that one either. it is important to store food for the winter. make sure you can get as much as you can of a certain meat, berry, when it's in season. we only a few hours of daylight per day. over the past years, we have seen all of these changes. there will be a little less of an animal, maybe they won't come at all. caribou is one of our main food sources. this year, we didn't get any caribou. usually they come pretty close in before. we usually go out there by boat and shoot some caribou,

and stock our freezers full. but we weren't able to do that this year. due to the ice melting, there are a lot of new waterways opening up. this will be used for shipping vessels to make their routes easier. the problem with this is that there is a lot of noise the ships make. this can have a big effect on our animals, our marine wildlife. it's like we're trying to have a conversation and there is construction happening outside. we're going to want to move to a different room to have a conversation. that's what the animals are doing. in a few years, i'm afraid that we won't have this subsistence lifestyle, we won't have a connection to the land like we used to.

and my children in the future won't be able to feel this connection. in terms of climate change, earlier today when we left, it was all solid ice. in a couple of hours, a storm surge broke up all these pieces of ice and it is moving them back in. the danger that we live in nowadays, you know, it can change just like that. if you can't predict the weather, you can't predict your safety. mum doesn't want you guys to... get all seal—y. we notice all of these changes because we are part of it, we see it.

it's almost like having thousands and thousands of scientists out here every day. it's a fact, it's right before you, you can't deny it, you know? it's important to use every part of the animal because it gave itself up for you to eat and for your family to eat, and for your community to eat. 0k, remember how to do this? yes, take the flippers off first. in our culture, we are very communal, we make sure that we give a good portion of our catch especially to elders, who taught us how to do all of this. we want to make sure

they are eating well. singing. i talk to my daughters a lot, and i have 16 grandkids. when i'm around them, i try to share what i've learned, my life stories, and how we were brought up. we call it our crusade, how we lived. if you want to live a good life, grasp some of that. anything domestic, i never really learned as a kid. i'm taking the time to learn it now because you need to know all of these skills to survive, and i want to be able to pass down those domestic skills to my kids. do it from this way?

you hold the fur. make sure this fur is under. make sure the fur is back lot back in the day, they strive for perfection, because a lot of times the stitching was important. they have to go out in 40 below. and make sure that everything was just right. when i was growing up, the environment was very different. cold. it was extremely cold, lots of snow in the wintertime. some of the snow would cover as far as the roof of some homes. so it was very different. you would be hard pressed to find anyone who lives in this area that doesn't believe in climate change, global warming or anything, because we live it every day. we see the effects on the ice, from year to year.

we see the difference in the migration of the animals. the ice underneath the tundra, permafrost, it's supposed to be frozen 365 days a year. we have to have our houses on stilts because the heat from your house will melt the permafrost. the temperature is rising in our area, and with the glaciers melting, water is more than it used to be, the the storms are different than they used to be. the erosion is happening. some of the villages are in danger of losing the entire village. kotzebue is projected to disappear at some point because of global warming, and the water is rising.

we are right on the ocean, at sea level. there is a fear that at some point, our life is going to be moved, drastically changed or nonexistent. my children really have no idea what's ahead of them, and it's scary. you are listening to this news update. as climate change hits coastal communities in alaska, many tribes are being forced to consider moving from their ancestral lands... the house that we live in now, my family, is the house my parents built, my dad built this entire house. so it's the house that i grew up in. chickens!

they kind of look at you with one eyeball. we're here, you know, we are at the back side in our house. it's shallow all the way over... it's like four feet deep out here. even when we go to camp, we have to go around the sand bar. it's only four feet. i am worried because we are on a small spit. we have lagoon on one side and the sound on the other. we don't have any room to give... if the water was to come up i don't know how many feet, it would come over the road. my house is close to the lagoon. it looks cool. show daddy first. let me see! it's not easy living here.

but the sense of community and the closeness that we have with people in our community is how i feel i want my children to be raised. this is my mum and me when i was a baby. she made everything that i'm wearing. the front sea wall was put up to preserve that front street. from the time that i was a kid until the time it got put up, it narrowed a lot. there were spaces where it was only a one—way street. i don't know much about permafrost, you know. i'm not a scientist, but i can tell you what i have seen with my eyes.

when i was in high school, we would take trips down the coast, we could go all the way down. but now, even this summer, whole sides of the tundra were falling, and you could see the melting. there was like a stream of melting permafrost, you know, going out to the ocean. so i know it's melting. i know it is. people make, like, knife handles and stuff. you don't leave anything, you take the whole head and use it. john took this and made a drying rack. now we have deboned moose.

in the summer we do strips because it is a four—day process. it is like extreme free range. 0ur food comes from out there, it's roaming all those thousands and thousands of untouched acres of tundra and mountains. i believe that eskimos, inupiaq people need to eat the food that their ancestors ate. get out of the kitchen while i'm cooking! we don't have anything that connects us to a road system. so the only way to get groceries and every item that you can physically see, it got here by air. that inflates the cost of your item, because you're having to pay for the freight to get here. it's crazy how expensive things are.

milk is like $11 a gallon. money makes the world go around, i guess. spicy? no. 0k. 0ur predictable winters where we could say by october or whatever, 15, it's going to be frozen, i can do this, it's not happening any more. it's different every year. it's like a weird sliding scale. we don't know what's going to happen. what if i don't get fish, what if i don't get something i was counting on getting? i wanted to go fishing today. i called my aunt and she said, "let's go fishing," and then she called me, maybe 7:00, last night and said,

"i don't know if we can go fishing, it's supposed to be high water." we had one of the roads blocked because the water was going up on it at six this morning. when it's like this, it means the water is high, it's all the way up here. you can see the water. i don't feel safe going out here because they can't see where the dark spots are because it snowed, it stormed over the ice and then we had the high water that came all the way up here, so i don't know if there is water in between the ice that was already established, and the snow that snowed on top of it. you could lose your feet to frostbite you step through this right here, it's dangerous. you have to have multiple ways of deciding what you're going to do. you can'tjust go, "oh, it's cold, i'm going to go on the ice." was there high water, did it freeze? did it snow?

you can't see, there could be dark spots. it's kind of dangerous. i was born and raised here in the middle of winter. i can't imagine not knowing what snow and ice is. mother nature is our mother. she cares for us, she supplies for us. why is there climate change? because of the human people, the very people that mother is nurturing.

humans are abusive. man can be the culprit behind greed to ruin the first peoples, people that thrived with the heartbeat of mother earth. why? why can't they ask us? it's a hard pill to swallow. we don't just want to survive, we want to thrive on this land. i can't imagine having to relocate your whole home just because the water is coming

up over it. it's devastating as a community. my ancestors have been living off this land for a long time. they passed on their knowledge about the land. the inupiaq are connected as a community, so i think if we really stick together, we'll be able to adapt to the changes. i think the rest of the world needs to learn from indigenous people because they learn throughout their lifespan to know how to survive. people have hearts. doesn't matter if you are a billionaire or if you live in a pitiful home, the logic is we are connected to the land. so there is time to rejuvenate hearts.

this new generation, they can change their energy to fix mother earth. hello. big, billowing clouds which could threaten thundery downpours at times. but like yesterday, there will be some sunshine around. and eastern parts of scotland and eastern parts of scotland and eastern england there could be very few showers through the day. some of you will stay, if not largely dry, com pletely you will stay, if not largely dry, completely dry. southernmost counties of england and the west, theseis counties of england and the west, these is where it will be heaviest.

it will be a windy day, strongest winds towards the west of scotland, may be a0 to 50 mph. by and large, temperatures down a degree on yesterday. this evening and overnight, showers will fade for a time ofa overnight, showers will fade for a time of a western scotland and northern ireland. temperatures could dip to two or three degrees. lifting a little bit later, particularly in the south where more persistent rain moves in and great news, ground still saturated and river levels high at the moment. keep up—to—date with the latest flood warnings. this is where the mildest air will be, wrapped in this area of low pressure and the strongest of winds to the south and east of that. further north, we will be stuck in cooler conditions denoted by the blue colours. they will fight their way back as the low pressure pushes eastwards, bringing early rain across parts of england and wales. some of that will be heavy at times, turning dryer through the afternoon. wet for a while in northern ireland and eventually across southern and eastern parts of scotland. wintry

over the howard ground because this is where the coldest of the air will be. as we go into monday evening, there could be clear skies in the north. north and south split on tuesday with more rain across southern counties. more wet weather with this area of low pressure, the further south you are as we go into wednesday. dundee stays dry and by thursday, christmas eve, most places becoming dry again, most places feeling cold as well. that is a chilly night into christmas morning with a widespread frost, particularly across england and wales. there will be a few showers a first light across the east. for most it will not be a white christmas except for the white frost in the morning, but it could be a fairly sunny one. take care.

this is bbc news with the latest headlines for viewers in the uk and around the world. millions in england and wales are told to stay at home, as tough new coronavirus restrictions come into force. we do not know how long these measures will be in place. it may be for some time, until we can get the vaccine going. last night's announcement prompted a rush to london's stations — footage on social media shows large crowds trying to board trains. the transport secretary says extra police officers will be deployed to enforce the rules. similar restrictions will follow in scotland — swathes of the country will be placed under the toughest restrictions from boxing day. the netherlands bans passenger flights from the uk, as it detects its first case of the new covid variant surging