the use of two hello. snow and ice continue to be hazards for some as we move covid—19 vaccines. the country's medicines into the final day of 2020. regulator gave the go—ahead still very much in the cold air for the oxford astrazeneca across the uk, temperatures vaccine, signalling a landmark widely well below freezing moment in the fight through the early hours of thursday morning, against coronavirus. with the potential for some half a million doses will be freezing fog across parts of england and wales. made available next week. for new year's eve, it's a cold four and a half years day wherever you are. after britain voted for most, a mixture of wintry in a referendum to leave showers with some sunshine, the european union, both but across scotland chambers of parliament through the morning, in london have approved a more general spell of rain, the new free trade deal sleet and snow sliding its way that was finalised last week. southwards and also into northern ireland as well. borisjohnson said britain as the morning wears on, was marking a new beginning that snow will tend to become in its relationship confined to higher ground, with the eu. just pushing to the far north ten people have been injured — of england through one critically — in a landslide the afternoon. a few wintry showers that buried houses in for parts of northwest, a norwegian municipality north—east of the capital oslo. southwest england, west wales. the further south and east you are, mainly dry with some sunshine once any freezing fog has lifted through the morning. still a cold northerly wind, police say 11 people are unaccounted for particularly biting for parts and it's not clear if some were of western scotland and northern ireland. not quite as cold across caught up in the landslide, scotland and northern ireland or were away when it occurred. compared to wednesday, five or six celsius the top temperature here, compared to just two or three celsius further south. through the final hours of 2020, we see this band of wintry showers just continuing to sink their way southwards, but most of the snow by this stage now it's time for hardtalk. should be over higher ground.

bit of wintry mix across scotland, quite a few showers along the east coast, where temperatures will hold up welcome to hardtalk‘s to around four or five look back at the highs celsius at midnight. and the lows of 2020. head inland, they'll be closer to freezing. a few showers developing across northern england, the lows — well, all of us have had to learn parts of northwest wales, to live with the reality maybe south—west england of a global pandemic. through the early hours it has changed all of our lives. of new year's day. plenty of other stuff happened in 2020, but this year will forever be but also once again, the potential for some freezing fog developing across central, defined by covid—19. southeastern parts of england and wales as we head through the early hours of 2021. another cold night but not quite as cold as recent nights, but some places still getting a few degrees below freezing. so here's how we start 2021, with still a fairly messy picture, low pressure to the east of the uk and frontal systems still just trying to slide their way across. not much on them, but certainly through new year's day, this is my home turf, there will be a fair few showers around, particularly the hardtalk studio. for east and northeast coasts. and a few of those will penetrate their way a little but for more than half of 2020, i couldn't sit here. bit further inland. still the chance they could be covid—19 brought with it lockdown and shutdowns around wintry, particularly the world and the studio? over higher ground. the further south you are across the uk, much more cloud

well, it was suddenly around, and temperatures still not much higher than five off—limits. or six celsius. looking ahead, then, to the first weekend of 2021, 0ur challenge was to it stays cold, we'll see fewer ensure covid didn't showers but still the risk force hardtalk off air. of some ice and snow in places. all we needed was a safe space, bye— bye. some lights, a couple of cameras and a simple laptop. we continued to ask the challenging questions, more necessary now than ever. starting with the pandemic itself. where did this virus come from? how did it spread right across the world? it was first discovered in wuhan, but i can't say it originated from wuhan. it can be found in some countries which has very little connection with china. and also can be found in a group from people who've never been to china, so we cannot say it originated from china. there's no doubt that the first case was in china.

i'm wondering why you're telling me that it spread all over the world and people who've caught it have never been to china. that is clear because it has become a pandemic, but the question that matters so much... crosstalk. where did it start? i think this question is still up for a scientist to decide. i say covid—19 has demonstrated the enormous fragility of our world. we are on our knees with a microscopic virus, and in my opinion, the main reason is because countries were not able to come together and face covid—19 in a close coordination. let's talk about the president of the united states of america, a man, who you know better than i, has in the course of nine months mused about where coronavirus has come from, he's mused about how to treat it, including thoughts about using disinfectant. he's directed some of his critique at you personally, saying that you, his chief adviser on the virus, have made "a lot of mistakes".

do you think that leadership from the very top has been an important problem in the us response? i mean obviously when you have leadership that is consistent on their message, that does make a difference. but we have to work with what we have, and what we have is people like myself and my colleagues out there trying to get the correct information to the american public. the damage done by covid isn't just measured in lives lost, but also the economic havoc caused. here in the financial heart of the city of london, this is bbc news with they're talking about the most dramatic economic contraction the latest headlines in 300 years, and that means for viewers in the uk businesses going bust and around the world. am sally bundock. and thousands ofjobs lost. and the uk isn't alone. this is a massive hit the end of an era — the uk and eu sign their trade to the worldwide economy. deal into law. a new relationship is less than 2a hours away. most people in england are now living under the toughest level this is not a spanish of restrictions as economic crisis, this the new coronavirus strain spreads rapidly.

is a worldwide crisis. it doesn't matter how good your economy was at the beginning of the crisis. and in the us, a new we, for example, in spain daily high in deaths. were growing above eu average. almost four thousand people we were creating jobs, lose their lives to covid—i9 we were making much—needed in one day. reforms, but we've all been impacted by this crisis. this is what we call also in the pogramme — a continent under curfew. from moscow to madrid there's a systemic shock. no easing of restrictions as europe prepares to see in the new year. you and your government have put aside hundreds of billions of euros in a national economic recovery plan. many french people are wondering where on earth this money is coming from? first of all, that is a choice that has been made by all the major member states of the eu because we did not have any other choice but to support our economy, and i really think it was the right choice. then it will be funded by debt, let's be very clear about that. and there will be the necessity at some stage to reimburse the french debt, but it will be later.

the reality is this is actually going to be as crushing a blow for the emerging markets, and the problem for many emerging markets and developing countries, especially in africa, is that they are so dependent on a few commodities, on trade, for recovery that even if they manage to contain the virus and prevent the extensive damage that is likely given they have few resources to bail out firms and people. there is the problem of what happens after. how does the recovery take place ? and they simply don't have the resources for a substantial stimulus. not all the covid news was bad. inside research labs around the world, scientists worked to produce effective, safe vaccines with unprecedented speed. by year's end, mass immunisation had begun in the uk and the us, while china and russia rolled out their own vaccination programs. success, though, depends

on public confidence. there is a mounting scepticism evidenced in the united states, to a certain extent in the uk and other countries as well, from members of the public who no longer trust the government, the scientists enough to believe that a vaccine will necessarily be safe. polls suggest that maybe 50% of the public might not take it. that is going to kill our effort to eliminate covid—i9. well, if it gets worse, it will kill it. if 50% of the population are not willing to have the vaccine and we have one that is safe and effective, that would be a disaster. you are absolutely right. it is notjust here, the vaccine hesitancy, the anti—vaccine movement is also rife and present in africa, asia, latin america. we have to counter that.

three words — black lives matter — resonated through the united states and across the world in 2020. the movement wasn't new, but it gained a new energy, new urgency after george floyd, a black man, died under the knee of a white police officer in minneapolis last summer. protests spread across the us and then around the world. race and racism became a massive issue in the us presidential election. right now, we were all shaken by the eight minutes and 46 seconds of the public execution of george floyd, and it shook people who had never... who had their ears closed or their focus in a different direction. he was murdered by a police officer while three other police officers observed.

that is absolutely wrong, and quite frankly, if george floyd looked like me, he would still be alive today, and that's a real problem. barack 0bama has said that what he has seen is a far more representative cross—section of america out on the streets this time than he has seen before, including, he says, going all the way back to the civil rights campaigns of the 1960s. do you see that broader cross—section of people at work right now? 0bviously, anyone who looks at the crowds can see the difference. lots of young white people who are involved in it, and older ones too, are people who are motivated to get out here and do something about these issues. it all started, in a sense, before the shootings occurred with the election of trump. while america's racial wounds

reopened, two 70—something white men fought a surreal campaign for the white house, defined by covid and mutual contempt. a billion and a half dollars from china... not true. after spending 10 minutes in the office and being in air force 2. you cannot look at this election, no matter where you stand personally, you cannot look at this election and feel good about it. you cannot say to your kids and the next generation this is how they should be waged and this is how they should be won. and you can't be an example for the world if you're such a mess domestically, and i believe it is a mess, and i believe it is a problem, and i believe that donald trump and joe biden should make a commitment, and we know it's going to be either the first of the last question in that very first debate — will you accept the election result? and i pray to god the answer is yes. what if it's not? then god help us. if there is a fair election, he will absolutely accept

defeat, and i would encourage him to do that. if the election's stolen, then i think we should go to court. would you just accept that there are some potentially dangerous, maybe even some dark days ahead for american democracy? there are ifjoe biden is elected. if donald trump's re—elected, i think that our economy's going to come back, america's going to remain strong and we'll keep having world peace. donald trump has been very transparent, and i think he's a great american and world leader. you thinkjoe biden, in his coming four years, will be able to undo all of the perception change that there has been about the united states? these things don't change dramatically, but certainly the mere fact of biden being president and appointing the people he will appoint, and having the policies he will announce, will give us a window in which to act. we have to seize it.

the us presidential election intensified a troubling question — just how healthy is democracy? specifically, is the internet and the ever expanding power of digital technology enabling authoritarian leaders to undermine genuine democracy? i think what you're seeing both in the philippines and in the united states is very similar to what's happening in many democracies around the world, including in the uk. and this is the role of technology. facebook is our internet in the philippines. there's 71 million filipinos. we spend the most time on the internet and on social media globally, and i think it's the fifth year running. that's hoot suite and that's their number on social. what's happening is this astroturf—type manufacturing of consensus, the manipulation of the public on mass scale using facebook has happened here in the philippines. you asked about the popularity of president duterte, that's partly buoyed by a propaganda machine that we got clobbered

for exposing in 2016. maria, i'm going to have to interrupt because what you are suggesting is democracy doesn't work anymore. if you are talking about, quote unquote, "manipulated public opinion" as you've just done, then you are undermining and delegitimising the notion that the people have a right to choose their governors. if you're saying their opinions are somehow fake or false, then where's democracy? that's exactly what i'm saying. that democracy is essentially dead, and part of what killed it are social media platforms that have become behavioural modification systems. there are governments, both authoritarian and genuinely democratic, who are now united in a conviction that they need a much greater level of surveillance of their populations. is that, in your view, taking the historical perspective, a power that we should right now be happy to invest in our government?

well, i'm not against surveillance per se. i think it's a very important technological tool that can help humanity fight against this epidemic and against future epidemics, and we need to use it. but we need to use it responsibly and carefully, so we don't end up losing our freedoms in order to get protection from epidemics. for the first time in history, it is becoming feasible to monitor everybody all the time, and notjust what we do, but even what we feel. like we already know that corporations and governments can know that you are now watching this show. and they can, and if you watch bbc hardtalk, they can deduce from that all kinds of things about your political views, about your artistic tastes, even about your personality. but this is still limited.

they don't know yet what you're actually feeling as you're watching us, but once you have under—the—skin surveillance, you can know that. if you wear a bionic bracelet that constantly monitors your body temperature, your heart rate, your blood pressure and other biometric data, it can know if you have fever, but it can also know if you're angry or if you feeljoyful, or if you're bored. to go under the skin, collect biometric data, analyse it and understand people better than they understand themselves, this i believe is maybe the most important event of the 21st century. the moment when a system out there knows me better than i know myself. if 2020 put american democracy under enormous strain, it also asked questions of the world's most powerful authoritarian governments.

can repression eliminate dissent? vladimir putin's most high—profile opponent in russia, alexei navalny, was poisoned. his narrow escape from death surely a chilling signal to all opponents of mr putin. in china, president xijinping took a tough line against the pro—democracy movement in hong kong, imposing new security laws on the territory. if you come to hong kong right now, you see that life goes on as always, and nobody‘s in fear, nobody‘s fleeing the country, quite the contrary... i think you may be mistaken, i think people are fleeing the country. because they have every confidence in the government. as you know, nathan lau, who is one of the leaders of the movement for democracy and fundamental reform in hong kong, has fled the country because in his words, he says what we are seeing is the start of a bloody cultural revolution and he cannot continue his political activities

in your territory. i think it's a political ploy. he is free to go and free to come back, there is no law against him as such and nobody persecuting him or prosecuting him, but he would like to make use of what he's doing as a political ploy. the secret police agency just started to operate in hong kong, and we still don't know how far they will go, how many political activists they will arrest. maybe one day they could use the national security law to arrest all the leading figures in hong kong, so i think this is not something that we fantasise, the threat does exist. the respected levada institution, which does polling in russia month on month, at the moment, they say that their polls show he has

about 60% support amongst the russian people. do you accept that? it's a little bit tricky to make polls in any authoritarian state. it's a little bit like trying to make polls in nazi germany, and saying, "0h, everybody loves hitler. " if you're saying no, you will be killed the next day. right now as we're talking, one member of pussy riot is in jail and possibly facing criminal charges, there is no official charges yet, but there were two searches of his apartment and the cops were talking to him because this is about him organising our riots. no, i don't approve vladimir putin when they make a poll. give me a yes or no answer. do you believe you can make a peace deal with vladimir putin that gives you back all of your territories, including crimea ?

so, if you fail in your term as president, will you walk away and say to your people, "do you know what, i failed, i can no longer represent you."

three years ago, i went to venezuela to see for myself one confrontation between an authoritarian government and a determined opposition. this year, i was able to talk freely to one of my interviewees who's previous words to me were shouted from a prison cell. i spent four years in a military prison, then i spent a year and a half in house arrest, and then i spent another year and a half in the spanish embassy while i was under asylum. i never wanted to leave venezuela, but the circumstances at the moment led me to take the decision which i did not want to take for many years, to go out and work towards the freedom of venezuela from exile. it's something that many venezuela ns have been forced to do. you are in madrid.

nicholas maduro is still in the presidential palace. your capacity to engineer change is now lower than it's ever been before. have you lost hope? no, i've never lost hope, stephen. and as i said before, we fall down and we rise up again because this is about our lives, and they will not beat us because we will not surrender, and i can assure you that, and that's not me saying this, it's millions of people that are committed to this fight until the end. this year will forever be remembered for covid—i9, but in truth, it's been very far from the worst pandemic the world has ever seen, and thanks to the roll—out of vaccines, hopefully next year we will put it behind us. but perhaps we should see the coronavirus as part of a wider wake—up call. 0ur relationship with the natural world is increasingly fragile and unstable, and you can see it in our ecosystems and in climate change, and the consequences will be with us long after the virus has been tamed.

the figures suggest that there are around 170,000 chimpanzees in the wild today, and at the turn of the 20th century, it's believed there were more than i million. do you think we humans have completely failed chimpanzees and so many other species? well, we're certainly failing them, but in the same way we're failing our own future generations of human beings. we've been for a long time stealing the future of our children, grandchildren, we're still stealing it today. we have terribly harmed this planet. this has led to the climate crisis, which if we don't get together around the world and do something about it soon, will lead to the end of life on this planet as we know it,

and that includes us. it's our disrespect of nature, of the natural world and of animals that's led to this pandemic, this covid—i9 pandemic, and it's led to climate change. and let's face it, as best we know at the moment, this whole pandemic is a result of the fact that we were abusing the natural world, we were perhaps trafficking animals from different parts of that world alive, into markets where we were mixing them in an unnatural situation, and this disease has crossed into humans, which is something we have feared for a long time. well, how far do you take this thought? it strikes me the danger is that a lot of people watching this programme around the world will have lost theirjobs, will find their own families in an economic crisis, and will be saying it's fine for this guy who's obsessed with nature to talk about seizing the positives, but frankly, the negatives are overwhelming, and i need my job back, i need the economy to kick start again, i need, frankly, the old ways to come back, so don't tell me

that they can't come back. i'm with you all the way until you got to old ways. cos i'm saying here's an opportunity to generate new ways, new jobs, new economies, here is an opportunity to say we can create a more sustainable existence for ourselves and other species on this planet, we have the knowledge and technology, and now we have been forced into an opportunity to think about taking that, and here, we have an opportunity to put in play all of those jobs, to generate those economies, retrain people so that they can experience a similar quality to life that they had before, but one which is not a result of damaging the very world that they want to prosper. let's be honest, many of us will be glad to see the back of 2020, but let's end with a positive thought. this year has taught us valuable lessons about the importance of preparedness, priorities and strategic planning. maybe next year we can

take a better path. 00:25:01,651 --> 4294966103:13:29,430 happy new year.