a negative test result, getting a negative test result, getting a negative test result, getting a negative test result, getting a vaccine and having had covid before as meaning that they are more protected than they are and this would be disastrous because that's may mean that people relax their protective behaviours so i think my main message is to say there is no silver bullet here. everybody is at risk and everybody is at risk of passing on the virus to their loved ones in their communities and in order to get out of this pandemic as quickly as possible we must keep on with those protective behaviours and support each other to be able to engage in protective behaviours. but the government also needs to do their bit especially with financial and practical support for isolation because getting a good test and traced an isolate system up and running is absolutely keen if we are to get out of this pandemic. thank you very much indeed for speaking to

oui’s. let's take a look at one of our sport stories today. it's fa cup third round weekend when smaller clubs get the chance to line up — and potentially upset — premier league sides. earlier today that happened when crawley town beat leeds united 3—0 and injust under an hour, non—league marine get the chance to knockout tottenham hotspur. richard askam is at marine's ground and has been talking to former liverpool and marine youth player, jason mcateer. welcome player, jason mcateer. to the marine arena. it is cold welcome to the marine arena. it is cold and wet but it isn't going to dampen the spirits at all. such a huge occasion. i am joined byjason mcateer who played for this club and went on to play for liverpool. thanks forjoining us. put into context for us, somebody who knows this club well, how big a day versus four marine. it is massive, for the players is a great opportunity to players is a great opportunity to play against some of the greatest players in europe. from that aspect,

isa players in europe. from that aspect, is a great day for the players and the staff, but for a football club in these current times, the financial rewards, even if it isn't as big as it could have been, it is massive. all round, is a winner.m really is. jersey marine isn't going to put out his first 11 but there are superstars out there. because of the golfing classes, other new risks for spurs? this is the fa cup and i've played in some giant killers. the disparity between the club is the biggest in fa cup history. the rain is coming down, is cold, these players haven't this —— experience something like this. they are just arriving. the fans around the outside, would help them as well. for the bigger team coming and playing a lower league team, it is

about their attitude, is what they do, they are going to sulk if they shy away from the occasion then there is an opportunity for marine. the set pieces, they are going to get some opportunities. you never know. thanks very much. enjoy the game. the game is live on bbc one. kick—off is at five o'clock. now, in this edition of witness history, we look back at some of our most memorable recent stories. we hearfrom the man who invented the polio vaccine, and how hiroshima's trees became a symbol of survival, hello and welcome to witness history in nairobi, with more remarkable moments from the past as told by the people who were there. today, we present five of our most memorable recent stories. coming up, how hiroshima's trees became a symbol of survival. plus, revealing the truth about

a civil war atrocity in el salvador. the algerians who fought with france against independence. and the man who invented the revolutionary prosthetic leg. but first, with a remarkable global effort to create covid—i9 vaccines, we look back at a previous world—changing vaccination breakthrough. in 1955, a group of us scientists led by doctorjonas salk announced the discovery of the first polio vaccine that saved millions from death and disability. his son, doctor peter salk, spoke to us about his father's extraordinary achievement. back in the 19505, people were overjoyed at the fact that here is a vaccine that is going to protect us from this terrible, frightening scourge. polio is a disease that is caused by a virus that gets into a person's mouth.

the virus grows in the intestinal tract and then gets into the bloodstream from which it moves to the brain and the spinal—cord, kills the nerve cells that signal the muscles when to move, and because of that causes paralysis in the muscles. my father, when he was young, just knew that he wanted to do something to help humanity. the vision that he had at that point was that he would then go into medicine. he got a knock on the door from the national foundation for infantile paralysis, would you be willing to participate in a typing programme to determine how many different immunological types of polio virus there are? my father leapt at the opportunity. this would be drudgery, in terms of the kind of work that was done, but it was an opportunity of creating a vaccine against polio.

the worst year was 1952. there were 58,000 cases of polio. nobody would ever know when was the epidemic going to come? when was it going to strike? this disease caused a huge amount of fear. there was a lot of pressure. every year there were these devastating epidemics. first there were the studies that were done on animals in the labratory, that all pointed in the right direction. then my father undertook some preliminary tests in children who were at a home for crippled children outside of pittsburgh. these were kids who had already been affected by polio. the early studies had gotten far enough that he knew that this vaccine was going to work. the day that he came home from his office bearing syringes and needles which he boiled on the stove in one of our kitchen

pots to sterilise, loaded up the experimental polio vaccine that he was working on and then lined us kids up and administered the injections. i'm going to say to you, i have no words in which adequately to express the thanks of myself, all of the people i know, and all 164 million americans, to say nothing of all the other people in the world, who will profit from your discovery. i am very, very happy. there was absolute jubilation. church bells rang, factory whistles blew. it was such a relief. the polio vaccine had a huge impact on society. we have moved into a situation where people are feeling

what dangers vaccines might have in and of their own right. it's important to be aware of the problems that can take place with vaccines, but it is disadvantageous teaches to be so hyper reactive to the whole notion of vaccination that the baby gets thrown out with the bath water. doctor peter salk on a vaccine that change the world. now, 75 years ago, in 1945, the first atomic bomb was dropped on the japanese city of hiroshima. hundreds of thousands of people were killed and injured, yet, amid the devastation, remarkably, some trees in the city survived and they have since become a symbol of hope and recovery around the world. translation: these are the real witnesses. these trees have seen everything.

explosion translation: at 8.15am on august the 6th 1945, an american bomber plane dropped an atomic bomb on hiroshima. it exploded 600 metres above the hospital. it didn't explode on the ground, but in the air. i've heard that the bomb was dropped from this height to kill as many people as possible. the radiation burnt all living things in hiroshima, particularly in the two kilometre radius of the epicentre. people were burnt alive.

this garden is about 1.5 kilometres from the epicentre of the bomb. i heard from many people that at the time there was no colour in hiroshima. there was only black, white or grey. some people said that no plants would grow here for the next 75 years. everybody believed that rumour. they thought this town was dead. at the time, the trees looked like charcoal. a stick of charcoal, like this. but on some of the trees, buds emerged. when people saw that the green buds had come out, they thought they could survive as well. it was comforting. i can just imagine the vividness of the tiny green bud in that colourless world. it must have given people some comfort and hope.

my friend and i established the green legacy hiroshima project as co—founders. green legacy hiroshima tries to plant the seedlings of these trees in places with nuclear power, places under the nuclear umbrella, and those places who have experienced various natural disasters. we hope the trees can deliver the message that we as people have the power to recover and survive. trees have a magical power to tell each person what they need to hear.

they speak to each human being as well as the whole of humankind across the world. that was the co—founder of green legacy hiroshima. what a remarkable story. and now a story about the daring to speak the truth to power. in the 1980s, el salvador was in the grip of a civil war. rebels were fighting against a us—backed military regime. one night in 1989, sixjesuit priests were dragged from their beds and murdered, along with a housekeeper and her teenage daughter. the government blamed the rebels, but one woman risked her life to tell the world what really happened. the priests' funeral took place at the university where they were murdered. they were el salvador‘s leading left—wing intellectuals. thousands came to mourn, not just for the dead men, but because they symbolise the hope

that el salvador might become a country one day where power came from the ballot box and not from the barrel of a gun. translation: the priests were always on the side of the poor. that's how they were. it still hurts to remember them and to remember what happened. i will keep telling this story until my dying days. i can never forget it. the government troops are fighting the biggest guerrilla offensive since 1981. the rebels appear to have moved into the capital in force and have held positions for more than 12 hours. translation: there were soldiers and rebels shooting all over the place. we couldn't go out and food and water were running low. | was very nervous.

i worked as a cleaner at the jesuit university. i called one of the priests and asked if we could come and shelter on the campus with my husband and daughter. he said, yes, of course, come. it all happened just after midnight. we were awoken by the sound of gunfire near the entrance to the university. i got up and went to an open window to look out. i could see the shadows of men at the entrances of the rooms where the priests slept. they were soldiers. i heard one of the priests calling out that it was an injustice, a disgrace. then i heard shouting and more shooting. after that, there was just silence.

the killing that has caused the greatest outrage is the murder of the six catholic priests dragged from their beds and shot yesterday morning. translation: in the morning, we went to see what had happened. even from a distance, you could see the bodies of the priests laid out on the grass. in a small side room, there were two women lying dead in an embrace, full of bullets. they were the housekeeper and her daughter. the soldiers didn't want to leave any witnesses. the government said it was the guerrillas who killed them. but i said, no, it was the army, and that i had seen the soldiers. they didn't like me saying that. after that, i was taken with my husband and daughter to the airport and put on a plane.

the jesuits said that they couldn't protect me in el salvador. when i got to miami, i was interviewed for a week by the fbi. they wanted me to change my story. eventually, i told them, you can believe me or not. i really don't care. i guess that i was there for a reason that night. another person might have kept quiet and not spoken out. but as god says, you have to do something in this life. and i did something. what a remarkable woman. two soldiers were eventually prosecuted for the murder, but were later released under an amnesty law. remember you can watch witness history every month on the bbc news channel or you can catch up on our online archive.

just search for bbc witness history. next, a part of african history that is often overlooked. in the 19505 and 60s during algeria's bitter war of independence against france, thousands of algerians actually fought on the french side. for that, after the war, many would pay a high price. this person was one of them. translation: the harki localforces were on the side of the french army in algeria's independence war. we gave everything for france but what we didn't know was that france would abandon us. as tension rises in french north africa, france arms her algerian supporters for defence against rebel raids. in this province, weapons

are being handed out personally to muslim recruits, where hundreds are being enrolled daily. translation: i was about 17 and a half, 18 years old at the time. you had to choose between france and the rebels. my father had been in the french army and had fought in world war i. my brothers were also in the french army. so i chose france. translation: i was proud of what we did. proud of saving france. we were always sent out in front of the french troops. if there was an attack, the harki would be the first to die.

we had to get rid of the fighters who are terrorising the population. translation: we always knew that one day algeria would gain its independence. what general de gaulle should have done was take all the harki and theirfamilies to safety in france. but in 1962, the french disarmed the harki and left us defenceless. the other side took advantage of this and began to round us all up. they took me to a barracks where there were about 50 other harki prisoners. there was blood everywhere. they stripped me naked and started

torturing me with electric shocks. each time a new group of soldiers came on shift, they began again. the same thing every day. the fln even made us dig our own graves. some people were thrown in alive. some were thrown into the river. i was arrested onjuly the 8th, 1962. i escaped in september the 10th, 1962. it took me a long time to feel welcome here in france. i decided to change my name and to convert to catholicism. i wanted to make a fresh start.

i could say that i was born under a lucky star and that i am lucky. but not all the harki were so lucky and that is the fault of france. finally, a story about a remarkable invention built out of adversity. as a young man, this man lost his foot in an accident and designed a prosthetic leg to allow him to keep running. the invention revolutionised the world of parasports. when you lose body part, it's different from any other experience because it's gone. it'sjust gone. that was the hardest part, knowing that it was irreversible. i had my accident in the spring of 1976 when i was 21.

winter had just broke and it was now time for spring water skiing. i havejust taken a big cut to the left and the boat quit. then, all of a sudden, over my right shoulder, i turn around, and another boat came right at me. and the odds are, my ankle's that wide, and that's what it hit. the propeller. had i not had a wet suit on, i would've bled out. major arteries were cut. but my knee was bent, the wet suit was tight, itjust stopped blood flow. they put a cast on the stump. on the bottom was a pink, rubber foot. i was sitting there, looking at my pink foot and ijust felt like my life was gone. the artificial limb, especially if it is a leg, is the most important thing in their lives. they ought to get, and it seems now that they will get, the best that technological modern skills can provide.

the question is, when? i knew that there was a better way. several years prior they had just put a man on the moon. so my early attempts at creating something that would spring and push off was, you know those insoles on the side of your shoe? that was my first concept. let's build one of those. those early ones weren't too bad. i had a block of foam in the toe and heel. but then i got blessed. one of the world's leading aerospace graphite engineers helped me. that night, we drew up the drawing of what the leg was to look like and within two, maybe three weeks, i built a leg and i attached it to my sock. i ran down his hallway, i mean, fast. that was freedom.

that was a real inner freedom. i probably built 50, maybe 60, more legs. different types, different arrangements, broke them, fell down. we finally launched our first foot. the first carbon graphite, energy storing running prosthesis ever. so, if you look at the structure, it is millions of tiny little hair—like fibres. those fibres stretch just like our tendons do. so that energy can be stored in those fibres. that's how we came up with the c shape foot. my foundation's name is called second wind. i'm involved in developing a foot for landmine survivors. they have to go to work. they are labourers, they're planting fields they don't have the luxury of sitting down. for asia, a lot of

people work with rice. you can't wear a standard foot in water, they rot. in afghanistan, iraq, they are on rocky hillsides going up and down mountains. we built a design that has increased function, decreased weight, and increased strength. the foot has to be able to endure all kinds of different climates. we are calling it the world foot. the world foot for all countries, all peoples, everywhere. when i think of all the amputees in the world, that i can actually share that, there was never a greater joy than that for me. that is all for this episode here in nairobi. you'll be back next time with more first—hand accounts of extraordinary moments in history. but for now from me and the rest of the team, goodbye.

hello, there. after what has been very cold week both by day and by night, we start to see some changes to our weather now, particularly across northern and western areas with some less cold air moving in, outbreaks of rain. though it's still pretty chilly for the rest of today across the south and the east of the country, which started off frosty bits of dense fog around. the cloud is thickening up out west with patchy rain and drizzle, persistent rain affecting the north and west of scotland, a bit of snow over the high ground. the breeze picking up too, temperatures recovering, 8 degrees there for stornaway and for glasgow. further south, low single figures for most. though a degree or so up on what we had yesterday. as we head through tonight, those temperatures continue to climb, more cloud pushes

in from the west, the breeze picking up from the south—west as well. it is very wet indeed across the north and west of scotland. perhaps a bit of localised flooding in places. you can see temperature—wise, away from the south—east, it's a mostly frost free night. lows of around 7 or 8 degrees for parts of scotland and northern ireland. for this upcoming week, it's going to be an milder certainly than the weekjust gone. there will be quite a bit of rain at times, mainly across northern and western areas, a bit of snow likely particularly over the hills in the north. this is the pressure chart for monday and you can see low pressure to the north of the country, lots of isobars across the chart. these whether fronts bringing outbreaks of rain. the milder air making inroads across most of the country, cold air still looms to the north of scotland and that is likely to turn some of the rain into snow across northern scotland, certainly over the high ground, but even down to lower levels and it could be quite heavy. further south and west, a lot more cloud around, most of the rain will be across western areas. some drier interludes across the south east. temperatures much higher than they have been of late, 7—11 degrees.

the milder air holds on as we go into tuesday across southern and western areas. that plume of cold air in the north spreads its way southwards across much of scotland, northern ireland and into northern and eastern england. here, it'll be dry and bright with some sunshine, maybe just a few coastal showers but a strong northerly breeze making it feel quite raw. the weather fronts and milder air loom across the south and west so here rather grey, damp but 1—0 11 degrees here versus 3—6 for the north and east. that rain spreads across the country on wednesday, turns a bit drier by the end of the week but you can see the temperatures for this upcoming week much milder than the weekjust gone.

this is bbc news. i'm tim willcox. the headlines at 5:00. fresh warnings that the nhs — under increasing pressure — could soon be overwhelmed by coronavirus cases. the health secretary says people should all play their part in helping stop the spread amidst calls from some that the rules are not tough enough. we can all do something to help, which is to stay at home because every time you try to flex the rules, that could be fatal and we all have a part to play. ——and we all have a part to play. we ought to have more rather than fewer restrictions than in march so it doesn't make sense and it is completely illogical that we have got a much more lax set of rules. so before we begin