drawn that, or think, has somebody drawn that, or has somebody edged it out?- think, has somebody drawn that, or has somebody edged it out? yeah, i thou . ht has somebody edged it out? yeah, i thought maybe _ has somebody edged it out? yeah, i thought maybe somebody... - has somebody edged it out? yeah, i thought maybe somebody... it's - thought maybe somebody... it's popular with fishermen down there, i thought maybe someone has been sat on a rock and etched it out. it wasn't really until we got it home and i showed sally, and even she thought, is it real? and the first archaeologist we showed it to, likewise, he was like, is this a... 7 is this a wind—up, i think you said_ 7 is this a wind—up, i think you said to— 7 is this a wind—up, i think you said to me! _ 7 is this a wind—up, i think you said to me! at ? is this a wind-up, i think you said to me!— 7 is this a wind-up, i think you said to me! at what point did you think you'd _ said to me! at what point did you think you'd find _ said to me! at what point did you think you'd find something - said to me! at what point did you think you'd find something really| think you'd find something really important? i think you'd find something really im ortant7 ~ ., , , important? i think it was when my mum sorry. _ important? i think it was when my mum sorry. we — important? i think it was when my mum sorry, we posted _ important? i think it was when my mum sorry, we posted a - important? i think it was when my mum sorry, we posted a picture . important? i think it was when my l mum sorry, we posted a picture and she said. _ mum sorry, we posted a picture and she said. you — mum sorry, we posted a picture and she said, you need to report it, it looks_ she said, you need to report it, it looks amazing. i put it on a fossil identification facebook page, and it caused _ identification facebook page, and it caused a _ identification facebook page, and it caused a bit of a stir, and that's when _ caused a bit of a stir, and that's when i — caused a bit of a stir, and that's when i was _ caused a bit of a stir, and that's when i was put in touch with the archaeologist, cindy from cardiff museum. — archaeologist, cindy from cardiff museum, so they took over from there _ museum, so they took over from there. ~ ., ., , �* , .,

there. wow, that must've been a ureat there. wow, that must've been a great moment- _ there. wow, that must've been a great moment. lily, _ there. wow, that must've been a great moment. lily, you - there. wow, that must've been a great moment. lily, you have - there. wow, that must've been a| great moment. lily, you have got there. wow, that must've been a i great moment. lily, you have got a dinosaur in your hand, haven't you? let's have a look. do you know what sort of it is? is that the t rex? yeah! that's my favourite dinosaur. is it yeah! that's my favourite dinosaur. is it really? — yeah! that's my favourite dinosaur. is it really? the _ yeah! that's my favourite dinosaur. is it really? the footprint _ yeah! that's my favourite dinosaur. is it really? the footprint you - yeah! that's my favourite dinosaur. is it really? the footprint you havel is it really? the footprint you have found, do you think the looks a bit like that? ., found, do you think the looks a bit like that? ihla. no, welli found, do you think the looks a bit like that? ihla. no, well i got it all like that? no. no, welll got it all wronu. like that? no. no, welll got it all wrong- tiny! _ like that? no. no, welll got it all wrong- tiny! it— like that? no. no, welll got it all wrong. tiny! it was _ like that? no. no, welll got it all wrong. tiny! it was too _ like that? no. no, welll got it all wrong. tiny! it was too small, - wrong. tiny! it was too small, wasn't it? _ wrong. tiny! it was too small, wasn't it? t — wrong. tiny! it was too small, wasn't it? t rex's _ wrong. tiny! it was too small, wasn't it? t rex's footprints l wrong. tiny! it was too small, i wasn't it? t rex's footprints are bi! wasn't it? t rex's footprints are big! there _ wasn't it? t rex's footprints are big! there is— wasn't it? t rex's footprints are big! there is nothing _ wasn't it? t rex's footprints are big! there is nothing like - wasn't it? t rex's footprints are big! there is nothing like being | big! there is nothing like being told off by a — big! there is nothing like being told off by a four-year-old. - time for a look at the weather. hello. we've seen a mix of rain, sleet and snow across many southern parts of the uk so far today and particularly the parts of wales and the midlands, that mix of snow and also some ice developing is leading to a bit of travel disruption. in fact, there could be as much

as 15 centimetres of snow above the highest ground of central and north wales. over the next few hours, that rain, sleet and snow will slowly start to slip away towards the south and this evening and tonight, under those clear skies, temperatures will drop quickly. so, ice will increasingly be a problem particularly for wales, the midlands and other parts of southern and eastern england. further north, we are expecting a very cold night and there will be some slippery stretches around to start sunday morning. a sharp frost, iciness, dry weather for many of us on sunday with wintry sunshine. some snow flurries across the far north of scotland and then later in the day, we see the rain moving in from the south—west. increasingly turning to snow over the higher ground of south—west england, wales and northern ireland. it should be dry and bright further east, temperatures around 2 to 8 degrees. goodbye. now on bbc news, global questions. after social media suspended donald trump, some have questioned the power of the silicon valley giants. has big tech gone too far, or is it long overdue? hello and welcome to global questions with me, zeinab badawi. many of us all over the world rely

on social media for information, communication and entertainment, but the reach and power of big tech companies is worrying many. their decision to ban donald trump and decide what can and can't be said on their platforms has reignited the debate about freedom of speech and whether we need new laws to regulate the tech giants. that's global questions — social media, is it more powerful than governments7 well, to bring you this edition of global questions, as always, our questioners and our two panellists join us via video link. so let me tell you who is in the hot

seat this week giving the answers. kara swisher has been described by newsweek as silicon valley's most powerful technology journalist. she's been covering the tech industry for decades. kara co—founded recode, a tech news website, and co—hosts an influential interview podcast for the new york times called sway and pivot. and agnes callamard is director of global freedom of expression at columbia university in new york, which seeks to define and protect freedom of expression. she is also the united nations rapporteur on extrajudicial executions. and in march, agnes becomes secretary general of the human rights organisation amnesty international. welcome to you also, agnes, and to my questioners, and to you, of course, wherever you are watching this programme. don't forget you too can join the conversation at #bbcglobalquestions. let's get down to our first question from alexander from texas

in the united states, but is currently here in london. alexander, what do you want to ask our two panellists7 thank you for having me today, zeinab. . i think my question is, - does big tech pose a danger to society, and if so, _ what should policymakers do to solve this potential problem? ok, let's just keep this one simple, then, at the outset, kara — does it pose a danger to society? well, it is a little broad a question. lot of things pose a... do cars pose a danger to society? in some cases, they do and in some cases they don't. but the first thing i'd like to say is there is no such thing as big tech. i think it's sort of a shorthand that media and regulaters use. there is a lot of big tech companies and some are more dangerous than others and some are more problematic than others. each of these companies, depending if it's facebook or apple or google and also its youtube division, each of them has to be regulated in a different way because they pose different problems. when i'd say, are they danger? a lot of things they do

are dangerous and they need, they are in desperate need of some regulation, largely because there hasn't been any regulation of tech companies, even though we spend a lot of time in this country, in the united states where i am, regulating cars and aeroplanes and wall street and all kinds of things. but the tech industry, for the most part, which is...all the companies in it are the most valuable in the world and the people who run them are the richest people in the world, have almost no regulations. so, yes, they need to be regulated, largely because there is no regulation and the question is how to do it correctly and keep innovation going at the same time. i'm sure we'll talk about that shortly. agnes, does big tech pose a danger to society? they are part of an ecosystem of dangers. so i will say they are one of the actors that can be dangerous to human rights protection, but so are states around the world. while in the western part of the world we may be very focused on what big tech may be doing

to democratic principles and human rights, we need to recognise that in other parts of the world, states continue to be the violator, in chief. states continue to be the censor, in chief. i think it is important to replace the role of those corporate actors within an ecosystem, and some of which are unregulated, aspects of which are unregulated, but they are not the only source of danger to the online world and to society. right, alexander, what do you think about what you've just heard? i definitely would have to agree with a lot, i with what they are saying. when i posed this question, i i believe that in some senses it has, especially social media - and facebook, instagram and twitter, has somewhat exacerbated polarisation and kind - of radicalised some users, -

and i feel like we have definitely seen that in american - society, especially today. all right, ok, thanks very much indeed. i should say, the biden administration is considered to be quite disdainful, isn't it, of big tech and wants tougher regulation7 all right, let's go to uganda now to kwehangana hamza. kwehangana, what is your question, please? thank you so much, zeinab, for the opportunity. - my question is do you think. government censorship solves the issues at hand regardless of who it affects? _ agnes, the role of governments in censorship, does that help at all? does it solve the issues at hand is what kwehangana is asking? no. well, of course, states have to be part of a regulatory system, but as i havejust pointed out, states remain a main source of danger for human rights online, either on their own or in collision

——collusion and complicity with the so—called big tech companies. i don't think we... i need to remember the situation in china, in iran, in saudi arabia, where the states are censoring legitimate expression online and are creating a very dangerous environment online and off—line, and they are doing so either on their own or with the complicity of the big tech companies. so we need to think, i think, outside the notion that states are going to be the solutions as states. kara, how would you answer this? is there a place for government censorship sometimes7 it depends on where you are, right? nobody loves the internet more than an authoritarian government or a fascist. there's absolutely nobody who thinks it is better

and they use these tools. you look at duterte in the philippines, and across the world, in saudi arabia, they abuse these tools. as agnes was saying, what happens is, the issue isn't necessarily the tools themselves, it is how they are used and deployed and how they're monitored and managed. i think one of the things i always think about is that hitler didn't need twitter to do what he did, mussolini didn't need instagram. i know it sounds crazy, stalin didn't need reddit. these people used the tools of the time, whether it was newsreels or other means of propaganda ans so we have to be thinking really hard about how to figure out how to not let this come down to companies deciding these things. with regards to censorship in the united states, impossible with government doing anything around that. we have a thing called the first amendment and most people misread it badly, but it is congress shall make no law abridging freedom of press among other rights that they give

the citizens of the united states, so it couldn't even ever happen here, the idea of the government having a speech regime that it would impose. that said, because we are so in love with free speech in the united states, or at least the idea of it, we don't understand that some speech is not free and we can't say anything we want, especially when it comes to private companies. kwehangana, you're from uganda and of course president museveni during the presidential elections in january suspended all internet gateways during the election for four days and there are still some restrictions which are continuing. just give us an idea of what the state of affairs is as far as the internet is concerned. well, it is basically, - like after the four—five days of the internet shutdown, - it was rolled back on and ideally, at the moment, it is censored. we can't access some l social media platforms, like facebook, twitter, _ youtube, which is actually my main platform that i use to create and publish content. - and basically, even the internet - speeds have been kind of suffocated.

all right. thanks very much indeed for telling us that. all right, let's go to hong kong to samantha cheung. samantha, what is your question, please? thank you, zeinab. so obviously, tech firms can't make |the decisions for users but we seenj they have the power to remove users like donald trump, my question - | would be do you think they shouldj decide who can go on the platform and who can't? this has generated a great deal of discussion. are these commercial, private outfits or do they operate in the public interest? how would you answer, for samantha? it is important to keep in mind these are private, profit—making companies owned by some of the richest people in the world and are some of the most valuable companies in the world. they can do whatever they want. people for some reason decided

they have to operate in the public interest. they absolutely do not have to operate in any interest but their own and their shareholders' interest. that's one thing to keep in mind. it is really hard to separate out what happened with donald trump from the actual issue, which is about concentration of power, that there are too few tech companies running most of the game going on. that is the problem we face, concentration of power. in this case, two people, jack dorsey of twitter and mark zuckerberg of facebook, and in part google and youtube, made the right decision to remove donald trump. he had been violating their rules constantly. the problem is, they were arbitrary with him and others, making baby steps, adding on disputed links, which is very confusing. donald trump said, which any troll would do, he continued to push the line, until he pushed too far around the attack on the capitol. they were waiting for this chance

to do this, because they have some very bright lines, even though they are arbitrary all over the place. you can't incite violence, child pornography is a red line and so is terrorism. you could argue donald trump violated two of those very bright red lines, domestic terrorism and inciting violence. so it was the right decision, but should — so it was the right decision, but should the _ so it was the right decision, but should the decision be in the hands of so _ should the decision be in the hands of so few— should the decision be in the hands of so few people is the issue. agnes, your answer on this question? i would slightly disagree, just in terms of the nature of those companies. yes, by the legal construct they are private corporations and are answerable to their shareholders. by virtue of their size, by virtue of their role, by virtue of the fact they are powering the most important technology for global economy, for the world, at all level, including peace and conflict, for all those reasons i think those

corporations are taking a different persona. and i think we need to replace their legal constructions within the era we live in, which is founded very largely by that technology. second, the fact there are so few of them means that they exercise such a strong monopoly of such a crucial aspect of our private and social life, our access to information, government services and so on and so forth. so i personally think that we need to think more of them as, at times, if not all the time, exercising public services. it does not mean that they work in the public interest, it does not mean they are not answerable to their shareholders, but we need to understand them as exercising some or a lot of public services, and that is why

the nature of the regulation that we impose or we think or, in fact, we create, need to take into account those dimensions. can i make a point? go ahead. we regulate differently in this country, but they are not. we wish it so, it is not the waiters. -- it is —— it is not the waiters. the government has to act to make them into utilities, but right now they are absolutely private, profit—making companies. let's go to berlin in germany. my question is, should i the government be online to enforce content regulation? or should this come from the social media companies themselves? - and if there is a problem with- content, how do you regulate that? both of you have hinted at

regulation in some of your answers, but be explicit now. how would you regularly and who does it? agnes7 look, let me personally make a very short and important point. we are in a very unsettled era when it comes to regulations on technology, and the reason we are having so many debates is and to technology, and the reason we are having so many debates is because it is changing all the time. the technology evolves, the action evolves, the behaviours evolve. it is extremely unsettled, and what it means, in that kind of environment, to create institution and laws is extremely difficult. they are likely to be completely outdated. possibly within a six month period. let's be part of a very dynamic movement. right now, let's not think that we will get the final stage of the regulation now. i think it is going to take at least a good decade. second, i do think that there are a number of actors who have a role to play. they are exploring those roles.

when it comes to the corporate actors, i believe in self—regulation. i don't think they have taken it seriously so far, those so—called big tech. meaningful self—regulation is far more stringent than those little steps that they have taken. kara, this question of regulation, how and what and who? obviously it is coming in the united states, but it has been extraordinarily slow, — they will not self—regulate properly. when i say there is no such thing as big tech, the problems are different. the problems of amazon are different from facebook and the others. each must be dealt with in a different way. it did slow them down and allow for

innovation — and anti—trust is one way to do that, to make them less strong and to create movement for other innovative companies to come up. there are also fines, ftc in this country, and across the world, the eu has done in the ftc here on that. that can happen and it's good, and in the case of facebook was like a parking ticket, $5 billion, seems a lot to you and me but nothing to facebook, they make that in five minutes essentially. then there are ways to have policy you can pass, whether it is privacy laws, data laws and other things. the one way i think will be most important, besides global shame or reporting or things like that, or consumer advocacy, is the idea of liability. at least in the united states we have something called section 230 which is under a lot of debate, which has brought immunity to these platforms for what is on them. if there is some liability attached to the things, the toxic waste which blows over,

the content that blows over these corporations, they are going to do something about it. they have not needed to. to me, if they have to pay more, they will behave better. that is the way it is with mose corporate citizens. what do you think about what you just herad7 thank you. iagree. i think that actually technologyl develops so quickly it is difficult for regulation and legislation to keep up _ i personally do think there could be a role for government _ around online regulation, in terms of the laws - and the legislation they can set up, but this has to be done in a way- that can protect citizens and stop the spread — that can protect citizens and stop the spread of— that can protect citizens and stop the spread of misinformation. - as opposed to censorship - like we have seen in the past. now to new delhi, india. should we have toughter laws - on what constitutes hate speech?

kara7 we don't have any for the most part. yes, absolutely. i think what agnes was talking about, we have left it to these companies to make the decisions. it is like someone who owns a city that has no stop signs, has no sewer systems, has no water system, has no police and things happenjust the way they happen. so i think getting some laws in place that are stronger and have some teeth to them is really what we have to do. there is no question regulators have let us down, for the most part, in dealing with these big tech companies over the decades that they have become so powerful. agnes, do we need tougher international laws on hate speech? the key word here is international, because at national level there is plenty of laws on hate speech, incitement of violence and so on, but the problem at international level, there is no agreement as to what constitutes hate speech.

we have an article under the international covenant that prohibits incitement to violence, but that about it. and for the last a0 years, there has been no agreement as to what hate speech constitutes online or off—line. so while i agree, i'm not sure it is going to be a very easy solution to get. now we will go to princeton outside new york in the united states. my question is how can the us - and other countries work together to prevent the misuse of technology? for example, the use of data to target ethnic minorities? i when i say data, i refer- to the expansion of big data, facial recognition and ai - tools and their potential to be misused by more actors getting into this space,| agnes7 ifully agree.

we have a fundamental problem in terms of the algorithm and the technology itself. on one hand it needs to be de—colonised, in terms of being far more equitable in its handling of how people use it, in how people use it and have access to it, and on the other hand, it also needs to be far less biased and discriminatory. i am not sure that this needs to be done through a government—led process at the moment. i think there is more that can be done through the technology itself, in terms of unpacking and ensuring that it is not as biased as it is at the moment. but in situations where the use of data becomes a source of legally defined discrimination, or is at the heart of the use of violence, then of course there is a space for government to intervene.

ok, thank you. kara7 the problem with all these tools is it depends on who is using them. you try to think of brad smith of microsoft, his book, he calls it tools, and depending on who has them, they will be used in different ways. in areas like facial recognition and things— in areas like facial recognition and things like — in areas like facial recognition and things like that, it should require enormous — things like that, it should require enormous government regulation and push back— enormous government regulation and push back against countries like china _ push back against countries like china and — push back against countries like china and others who are using it as a surveillance economy and spending enormous _ a surveillance economy and spending enormous amounts of money spying on their own _ enormous amounts of money spying on their own citizens. how to be then enforce that in any way? that is the real difficulty. whatever tool you put in people's hands,

just like a knife, they can kill you with it or make a sandwich. i think ithink we're i think we're going to see many more actors _ i think we're going to see many more actors getting — i think we're going to see many more actors getting into _ i think we're going to see many more actors getting into the _ i think we're going to see many more actors getting into the space - i think we're going to see many more actors getting into the space and - i think we're going to see many more actors getting into the space and so. actors getting into the space and so i am actors getting into the space and so i am curious— actors getting into the space and so i am curious what _ actors getting into the space and so i am curious what we _ actors getting into the space and so i am curious what we can _ actors getting into the space and so i am curious what we can do - actors getting into the space and so i am curious what we can do in - actors getting into the space and so i am curious what we can do in an. i am curious what we can do in an international— i am curious what we can do in an international sense, _ i am curious what we can do in an international sense, maybe - i am curious what we can do in an. international sense, maybe through the un _ international sense, maybe through the un and — international sense, maybe through the un and other— international sense, maybe through the un and other agencies - international sense, maybe through the un and other agencies to- international sense, maybe through the un and other agencies to with l the un and other agencies to with preventing — the un and other agencies to with preventing that _ the un and other agencies to with preventing that issue. _ the un and other agencies to with preventing that issue. —— - the un and other agencies to with preventing that issue. —— misuse. | ourfinal question is from nairobi. thank you very much. conversations going on about big |tech giants are being essentiallyj too big to an extent where th . they have too much power over economy, society and democracy. is breaking them up - an idea worth considering? thank you very much indeed. so, agnes first. then, kara.

yes. i mean, why not? i'm not sure it will solve all of the problems. the european union has been trying to break some of those corporations in one way or another and has used anti—trust law repeatedly to address the lack of competitiveness and the implications for the consumers. not with great success so far. the second issue is that we need to question independently of the fact that those companies, because they are so powerful now, may be preventing competition from emerging. it is, of course, where we need to go to, we need to have far more competitions and more choices. but we need to reflect on how we do it, and what it means about creation, innovation and continuing exclusion. that sounds like you're saying, yes, do break them up. if i can summarise it like that?

kara7 i think it will be depending on the company you're dealing with, whether it is with facebook, apple or amazon. they are all very different. i think it is probably the slowest way to deal with companies, and usually the most ineffective way, because it takes the longest. i think there's other ways to get them to a different place. they are also incredibly willing to fight these things. the fact of the matter is, in this country, for example, we did fight big oil, we did fight big telecom and stuff like that. it has happened before, there have been trespassers and a lot of politicians here and abroad can do this. i think the question is, we have to use all these tools, including our own ability to, as citizens, press these companies to do better and press our regulators to do better. that is the real question, if we can spur innovation anywhere around the world, that should be our... but should they be broken up? there are conversations being had in the united states, some in the biden camp saying a break up google. i don't think they will be.

that is a very tough. the idea that governments cannot do this, they can do it _ they have done it in the past and they will do it again. that is all from this edition of global questions. . social media, more powerful than government7 we are the programme that brings you the trend lines behind the headlines. i hope we have brought you some of the issues being grappled with. thank you to questions my and two panellists and to you, wherever you are watching or listening. if you want to be part of the programme or submit a question, please e—mail... till the next time, from me and the rest of the global questions team, goodbye.

that mix of snow and ice developing is willing to travel disruption and could be as much as 15 centimetres of snow over the highest ground of central and north wales. over the next year was, that rain, sleet and snow will start to slip away towards the south end this evening and tonight, angelo is clear skies, temperatures will drop quickly. i is increasing they will be a problem, particularly through wales, the midlands and some other parts of southern and eastern england. further north, we are expecting a cold night and there will be sleet searches around to start sunday morning. a sharp frost, some iciness, lots of dry weather on sunday for many of us and some wintry sunshine, some snow across the far north of scotland and then we see this rain moving on from the south—west, increasingly turning to snow over the high ground of south—west england, wales and

northern ireland. trying to right for the ease with temperatures around a this is bbc news. the headlines at six. the government calls for a reset in relations with the eu — following a row over the supply of vaccines and the now—abandoned attempt to override part of the brexit agreement. i think the european union recognise they made a mistake in triggering article 16, which would have meant the reimposition of a border on the island of ireland. we we re we were told that under no circumstances could the european commission countenance a border between _ commission countenance a border between northern ireland and the repubiic— between northern ireland and the republic of ireland, but yet, 29 days _ republic of ireland, but yet, 29 days into — republic of ireland, but yet, 29 days into the protocol, they are quite _ days into the protocol, they are quite happy to invoke it, whether it is in their— quite happy to invoke it, whether it is in their interest and the interest— is in their interest and the interest of the european bloc. the prime minister publishes an open letter to parents, saying he's in awe of the way they're coping with home schooling.

confusion over coronavirus rules in maternity wards —