pattern and practice of he had a pattern and practice of praising — he had a pattern and practice of praising and encouraging supporters of violence — praising and encouraging supporters of violence and never condemning it. it is of violence and never condemning it. it is not _ of violence and never condemning it. it is not a _ of violence and never condemning it. it is not a coincidence that those same _ it is not a coincidence that those same people, the proud boys, the organiser— same people, the proud boys, the organiser of the donald trump caravan, — organiser of the donald trump caravan, the performers and speakers at the _ caravan, the performers and speakers at the million mega march, all showed — at the million mega march, all showed up onjanuary at the million mega march, all showed up on january six. at the million mega march, all showed up onjanuary six. in donald trump _ showed up onjanuary six. in donald trump behaviour was different. this was not _ trump behaviour was different. this was notiust— trump behaviour was different. this was notjust a comment trump behaviour was different. this was not just a comment from trump behaviour was different. this was notjust a comment from an officiai— was notjust a comment from an official or— was notjust a comment from an official or a _ was notjust a comment from an official or a politician fighting for a — official or a politician fighting for a cause, this was months of cultivating _ for a cause, this was months of cultivating evasive people who were violent, _ cultivating evasive people who were violent, praising that violence and then leading them, leading that violence. — then leading them, leading that violence, that reach straight to a joint _ violence, that reach straight to a joint session of congress where he knew— joint session of congress where he knew his _ joint session of congress where he knew his vice president was presiding. and donald trump had warnings — presiding. and donald trump had warnings about the crowd in front of him on _ warnings about the crowd in front of him onjanuary six, there were detailed — him onjanuary six, there were detailed posts on line of attack plans — detailed posts on line of attack plans. law enforcement learned that these _ plans. law enforcement learned that these were _ plans. law enforcement learned that these were real threats and made

arrests— these were real threats and made arrests in— these were real threats and made arrests in the days leading up to the attacks. there were credible reports — the attacks. there were credible reports that many would be armed and ready to _ reports that many would be armed and ready to attack the capital. and despite — ready to attack the capital. and despite all these credible warnings of serious — despite all these credible warnings of serious threats to our capital, when _ of serious threats to our capital, when the — of serious threats to our capital, when the crowd was standing in front of the _ when the crowd was standing in front of the president, rated take orders and attack, — of the president, rated take orders and attack, he said we are going to the capital— and attack, he said we are going to the capital and we fight, we fight like hell— the capital and we fight, we fight like hell and if you don't fight like hell and if you don't fight like hell. _ like hell and if you don't fight like hell, you're not going to have a anymore — like hell, you're not going to have a anymore. here is a short clip. what you want to call them? give me a name? who would you like me to condemn? stand back and stand by. welcome to the red kingdom. did you see the way our— welcome to the red kingdom. did you see the way our people, _ welcome to the red kingdom. did you see the way our people, they - welcome to the red kingdom. did you see the way our people, they were i see the way our people, they were protecting the bus yesterday because they are nice. they had hundreds of

cars, trump, trump, trump and the american flag. you see trump and the american flag. you see trump and the american flag. you see trump and the american flag. in american flag. you see trump and the american flag-— american flag. in the first million maga march, — american flag. in the first million maga march, we _ american flag. in the first million maga march, we promise - american flag. in the first million maga march, we promise that i american flag. in the first million. maga march, we promise that the american flag. in the first million - maga march, we promise that the gop will not _ maga march, we promise that the gop will not do _ maga march, we promise that the gop will not do everything in their power— will not do everything in their power to— will not do everything in their power to keep donald trump in office. — power to keep donald trump in office, then we will destroy the gop _ office, then we will destroy the gop and — office, then we will destroy the gop. and as we gather here in washington, dc for a second million maga _ washington, dc for a second million maga march, we are going to be done making _ maga march, we are going to be done making promises, it has to happen now, _ making promises, it has to happen now. we _ making promises, it has to happen now. we are — making promises, it has to happen now, we are going to destroy the gop _ now, we are going to destroy the gop. destroy the gop!— now, we are going to destroy the gop. destroy the gop! because you will never take _ gop. destroy the gop! because you will never take back _ gop. destroy the gop! because you will never take back our _ gop. destroy the gop! because you will never take back our country - will never take back our country with weakness, you have to show strength and you have to be strong.

senators, the violence onjanuary the 6th— senators, the violence onjanuary the 6th was demonstrably foreseeable. at 6:01 p:m., the day of the _ foreseeable. at 6:01 p:m., the day of the attack, the last thing he said before he went to sleep quote. these _ said before he went to sleep quote. these are _ said before he went to sleep quote. these are the things that happened. end guote — these are the things that happened. end quote. he foresaw this and he admitted — end quote. he foresaw this and he admitted as much. that brings me to my final— admitted as much. that brings me to my final point. the insurrectionist, defence _ my final point. the insurrectionist, defence counsel is suggested these people _ defence counsel is suggested these people came here on their own, the brief states — people came here on their own, the brief states of the insurrectionist did so— brief states of the insurrectionist did so for— brief states of the insurrectionist did so fortheir brief states of the insurrectionist did so for their own accord and for their— did so for their own accord and for their own — did so for their own accord and for their own reasons and are being criminally— their own reasons and are being criminally prosecuted. it is true that some _ criminally prosecuted. it is true that some insurrectionist are being prosecuted but it is not true that they did — prosecuted but it is not true that they did so of their own accord and for their— they did so of their own accord and for their own reasons. the evidence makes _ for their own reasons. the evidence makes clear— for their own reasons. the evidence makes clear the exact opposite, that they did _ makes clear the exact opposite, that they did this for donald trump at his invitation and at his direction

and at _ his invitation and at his direction and at his— his invitation and at his direction and at his command. they said this before _ and at his command. they said this before the — and at his command. they said this before the attack, during the attack — before the attack, during the attack. he said after the attack, leading — attack. he said after the attack, leading up to january the 6th after post after — leading up to january the 6th after post after post, the president confirmed this was for donald trump, this is— confirmed this was for donald trump, this is at— confirmed this was for donald trump, this is at his _ confirmed this was for donald trump, this is at his direction. in one person— this is at his direction. in one person wrote that if congress illegally — person wrote that if congress illegally certifies joe biden, donald trump would have absolutely no choice _ donald trump would have absolutely no choice but to demand us to storm the capital— no choice but to demand us to storm the capital and kill, slash beat them — the capital and kill, slash beat them up — the capital and kill, slash beat them up for it. they even say publicly— them up for it. they even say publicly openly that president trump would _ publicly openly that president trump would help them commandeer the national— would help them commandeer the national guard and so all they have to do— national guard and so all they have to do is— national guard and so all they have to do is overwhelm 2000 capital police _ to do is overwhelm 2000 capital police officers. during his speech, donald _ police officers. during his speech, donald trump supporters chanted his words _ donald trump supporters chanted his words back— donald trump supporters chanted his words back to him, even life tweeted his commands during the attack, the insurrectionist of the capital

chanted _ insurrectionist of the capital chanted donald trumps words from his tweets. _ chanted donald trumps words from his tweets, rallies and his speech on the sixth — tweets, rallies and his speech on the sixth. they held signs that said enchanted, — the sixth. they held signs that said enchanted, fight for trump, stop the steel _ enchanted, fight for trump, stop the steel they— enchanted, fight for trump, stop the steel. they richest tweets over bullhorns, _ steel. they richest tweets over bullhorns, amplifying his demands. another— bullhorns, amplifying his demands. another writer, while livestreaming this from _ another writer, while livestreaming this from the capital said quote, he'll be — this from the capital said quote, he'll be happy, we are fighting for trump _ he'll be happy, we are fighting for trump. what's more is of the insurrectionist were not hiding, they— insurrectionist were not hiding, they believed they were following they believed they were following the orders from our commander—in—chief, they felt secure enough _ commander—in—chief, they felt secure enough in _ commander—in—chief, they felt secure enough in the legitimacy of their actions _ enough in the legitimacy of their actions to— enough in the legitimacy of their actions to take selfies, to post photos— actions to take selfies, to post photos on— actions to take selfies, to post photos on social media after the attack, — photos on social media after the attack, right after writer confirmed this too _ attack, right after writer confirmed this too. later accused in her role of the _ this too. later accused in her role of the inspection said quote, i thought— of the inspection said quote, i thought i_ of the inspection said quote, i thought i was following my president. i thought we were following what we were called to do.

and president trump requested that we'd be _ and president trump requested that we'd be in _ and president trump requested that we'd be in dc. when it was clear that donald trump is going to protect— that donald trump is going to protect them, they said they felt duped _ protect them, they said they felt duped listen to some of the evidence here~ _ duped listen to some of the evidence here. , ~ duped listen to some of the evidence here. , ,, ., . here. even if they think for a second that _ here. even if they think for a second that they _ here. even if they think for a second that they are - here. even if they think for a second that they are going i here. even if they think for a | second that they are going to here. even if they think for a - second that they are going to get away— second that they are going to get away with— second that they are going to get away with it — second that they are going to get away with it today, _ second that they are going to get away with it today, they - second that they are going to get away with it today, they have - second that they are going to get away with it today, they have gotj away with it today, they have got another — away with it today, they have got another thing _ away with it today, they have got another thing coming. _ away with it today, they have got another thing coming. because l away with it today, they have got - another thing coming. because today isiust_ another thing coming. because today isiust a _ another thing coming. because today isiust a day— another thing coming. because today isiust a day and _ another thing coming. because today is just a day and today _ another thing coming. because today is just a day and today is _ another thing coming. because today is just a day and today is just - another thing coming. because today is just a day and today is just the - is just a day and today is just the beginning — is just a day and today is just the beginning they— is just a day and today is just the beginning. they have _ is just a day and today is just the beginning. they have not - is just a day and today is just the beginning. they have not seen . is just a day and today is just the beginning. they have not seen a | beginning. they have not seen a resistance — beginning. they have not seen a resistance until— beginning. they have not seen a resistance until they— beginning. they have not seen a resistance until they have - beginning. they have not seen a resistance until they have seen. beginning. they have not seen a | resistance until they have seen a patriot— resistance until they have seen a patriot fight _ resistance until they have seen a patriot fight for— resistance until they have seen a patriot fight for their— resistance until they have seen a patriot fight for their country! . patriot fight for their country! polemic— patriot fight for their country! polemic parties, _ patriot fight for their country! polemic parties, parties- patriot fight for their country! polemic parties, parties will. polemic parties, parties will withhold _ polemic parties, parties will

withhold. the _ polemic parties, parties will withhold. the evidentiary. polemic parties, parties will- withhold. the evidentiary record is closed _ withhold. the evidentiary record is closed describing _ withhold. the evidentiary record is closed describing the _ withhold. the evidentiary record is closed describing the scope - withhold. the evidentiary record is closed describing the scope of- withhold. the evidentiary record is i closed describing the scope of those things— closed describing the scope of those things as _ closed describing the scope of those things as those _ closed describing the scope of those things as those referenced - closed describing the scope of those things as those referenced in - closed describing the scope of those things as those referenced in trial. l things as those referenced in trial. new evidence _ things as those referenced in trial. new evidence is _ things as those referenced in trial. new evidence is not _ things as those referenced in trial. new evidence is not permitted - things as those referenced in trial. new evidence is not permitted in. new evidence is not permitted in closing _ new evidence is not permitted in closing arguments, _ new evidence is not permitted in closing arguments, preferencesl new evidence is not permitted in. closing arguments, preferences to and such— closing arguments, preferences to and such new— closing arguments, preferences to and such new evidence _ closing arguments, preferences to and such new evidence will- closing arguments, preferences to and such new evidence will be - and such new evidence will be stricken _ the slide will be withdrawn, but the statement _ the slide will be withdrawn, but the statement wasn't. they told you themselves that they were following themselves that they were following the presidents orders, and you will see something clearly, donald trump knew who _ see something clearly, donald trump knew who these people were as the slide shows, the people he

cultivated an violence he praised were _ cultivated an violence he praised were all— cultivated an violence he praised were all there onjanuary cultivated an violence he praised were all there on january six. cultivated an violence he praised were all there onjanuary six. the proud _ were all there onjanuary six. the proud boys — were all there onjanuary six. the proud boys are donald trump told to stand _ proud boys are donald trump told to stand back— proud boys are donald trump told to stand back and stand by and september of 2020, to fully organise the trump _ september of 2020, to fully organise the trump caravan to try to drive the trump caravan to try to drive the biden— the trump caravan to try to drive the biden campaign bus off the road, katrina _ the biden campaign bus off the road, katrina pearson, the second million maga _ katrina pearson, the second million maga march. they were all there. the video you are about to see is in

the record — the video you are about to see is in the record. correction, the record did include — the record. correction, the record did include appropriately the last video _ did include appropriately the last video so — did include appropriately the last video. so we will keep that in the record _ video. so we will keep that in the record and — video. so we will keep that in the record and i— video. so we will keep that in the record and i will keep it in my closing — record and i will keep it in my closing remarks.

i'll be with you for the next couple of hours as we follow all of these and the procedures and what none of the culmination of this impeachment trial against former president donald trump. you just heard from one of the house managers, madeleine dean, she was the third house manager or prosecutor to talk in the summation of the case. from what we can tell, she has not yet entirely finished her presentation and she is still standing in the well of the senate and there is clearly a discussion going on by the number of people involved in the discussion, it may not simply be about who's got

the right plug for the video that she had wanted to show and there might be discussion about whether or not new evidence is appropriate at this time. you'll see right at the top of your shot on the main chair, the senator place a number of roles in this. he is the presiding judge of this is also a senator and so he gets to vote gives also witness to the events and he is being advised in this trial by experts, constitutional experts in impeachment and so what we're seeing throughout this confusing day and thatis throughout this confusing day and that is confusing for us but confusing for many senators as well is the endless discussions about procedures which people will know the answers to these technical questions in impeachment trials of this case, a former president. it is worth saying that this is only before the impeachment trial of either a president or former president in american history and

so, not everyone has done this before. and therefore they have to go reasonably slowly through some of the procedures and very clearly have some discussions and i would not get a call this an argument but it looks like that little conference might have ended or at least the first round that conference and, it has been a day which even senate experts in washington, capitol hill experts in washington, capitol hill experts in correspondence have had to call upon other expertise. it looks like he is now about to continue.

senators will take their seats and they will — senators will take their seats and they will be — senators will take their seats and they will be in— senators will take their seats and they will be in order. _ the representative may continue. thank— the representative may continue. thank you — the representative may continue. thank you mr— the representative may continue. thank you mr president _ the representative may continue. thank you mr president i - the representative may continue. thank you mr president i have - the representative may continue. thank you mr president i have to| the representative may continue. i thank you mr president i have to say that out— thank you mr president i have to say that out of— thank you mr president i have to say that out of all of the trials i've been — that out of all of the trials i've been a — that out of all of the trials i've been a part of, this is one of them. as the _ been a part of, this is one of them. as the slide — been a part of, this is one of them. as the slide shows, the people he

cultivated — as the slide shows, the people he cultivated was violence he prays were _ cultivated was violence he prays were all— cultivated was violence he prays were all there on january the cultivated was violence he prays were all there onjanuary the 6th. the proper— were all there onjanuary the 6th. the proper boys her donald trump told to _ the proper boys her donald trump told to stand by in september of 2020, _ told to stand by in september of 2020, chiefly, the organiser of the dawn— 2020, chiefly, the organiser of the dawn from — 2020, chiefly, the organiser of the dawn from caravan to try to drive the joe _ dawn from caravan to try to drive the joe biden campaign bus off the road, _ the joe biden campaign bus off the road, katrina pearson the speaker at the second _ road, katrina pearson the speaker at the second million maga march, they were all— the second million maga march, they were all there. here the second million maga march, they were allthere. here is the second million maga march, they were all there. here is one final clip, _ were all there. here is one final clip, also — were all there. here is one final clip, also submitted in the record. senators, some of the insurrections are facing _ senators, some of the insurrections are facing criminal charges. donald trump _ are facing criminal charges. donald trump was — are facing criminal charges. donald trump was acting as our commander—in—chief, he was our president— commander—in—chief, he was our president and to use his office and his authority at commands to incite an attack — his authority at commands to incite an attack. and when congress and the constitution _ an attack. and when congress and the constitution were under attack, he abandoned his duties, violated his

oath, _ abandoned his duties, violated his oath, failing to preserve, protect and defend. that is why we are here because _ and defend. that is why we are here because the — and defend. that is why we are here because the president of the united states. _ because the president of the united states, donaldj trump, incited and directed _ states, donaldj trump, incited and directed thousands of people to attack— directed thousands of people to attack the legislative branch. he knew _ attack the legislative branch. he knew it — attack the legislative branch. he knew it is — attack the legislative branch. he knew it is supporters are capable of, knew it is supporters are capable of. he _ knew it is supporters are capable of, he inflamed them, sent them down pennsylvania avenue, not on any or day, _ pennsylvania avenue, not on any or day, bound — pennsylvania avenue, not on any or day, bound the debris recertifying the election results as they were banging — the election results as they were banging on her doors, he failed to defend _ banging on her doors, he failed to defend us — banging on her doors, he failed to defend us because this is what he wanted _ defend us because this is what he wanted. he wanted to remain in power~ — wanted. he wanted to remain in power~ for— wanted. he wanted to remain in power. forthat wanted. he wanted to remain in power. for that crime against the republic— power. for that crime against the republic you must be held accountable, senators, the insurrectionist are still listening and before i end, i must admit that until we _ and before i end, i must admit that until we prepare for this trial, i did not— until we prepare for this trial, i did not know the extent of many of these _ did not know the extent of many of these facts. i witness the horror but i _ these facts. i witness the horror but i did — these facts. i witness the horror but i did not know. i did not know how deliberate the presidents planning was, how invested he was in it. planning was, how invested he was in it how— planning was, how invested he was in it how many— planning was, how invested he was in it. how many times he incited his supporters—

it. how many times he incited his supporters would be his life, how carefully— supporters would be his life, how carefully and consistently he incited — carefully and consistently he incited them to violence on january the 6th _ incited them to violence on january the 6th. while many of us may have tuned _ the 6th. while many of us may have tuned out _ the 6th. while many of us may have tuned out his rallies, i also did not tuned out his rallies, ! also did not know— tuned out his rallies, i also did not know the extent of which his followers — not know the extent of which his followers were listening, or hanging on his— followers were listening, or hanging on his every word and honestly, i did not— on his every word and honestly, i did not know how close the mob actually — did not know how close the mob actually came to their violent ends, butiust_ actually came to their violent ends, butjust steps away actually came to their violent ends, but just steps away from all of us and that— but just steps away from all of us and that the death toll could have been _ and that the death toll could have been much higher but for the bravery of men _ been much higher but for the bravery of men and _ been much higher but for the bravery of men and women who protected us. but now— of men and women who protected us. but now we _ of men and women who protected us. but now we know the bravery of people — but now we know the bravery of people like officer goodman and also the men _ people like officer goodman and also the men and women of the capitol police _ the men and women of the capitol police of— the men and women of the capitol police of the custodians who with pride _ police of the custodians who with pride and — police of the custodians who with pride and with a sense of duty in their— pride and with a sense of duty in their work— pride and with a sense of duty in their work cleaned up shattered glass. _ their work cleaned up shattered glass, splintered wood and blood stained _ glass, splintered wood and blood stained floors. we know the sacrifice _ stained floors. we know the sacrifice of life and limb, we know what _ sacrifice of life and limb, we know what donald trump did and we know what donald trump did and we know what he _ what donald trump did and we know what he failed to do. though it is

difficult _ what he failed to do. though it is difficult to — what he failed to do. though it is difficult to bear witness and face the reality of what happened in these _ the reality of what happened in these halls, what happens if we do not confront these facts. what happens — not confront these facts. what happens if there is no accountability? for those who say we need to _ accountability? for those who say we need to get _ accountability? for those who say we need to get past this, we need to come _ need to get past this, we need to come together and we need to unify, if we do _ come together and we need to unify, if we do not — come together and we need to unify, if we do not set this right and call it what— if we do not set this right and call it what it — if we do not set this right and call it what it was, the highest of constitutional crimes by the president of the united states, the past will— president of the united states, the past will not be passed in the past will become our future. from my grandchildren and for their children. senators, we are in a dialogue — children. senators, we are in a dialogue with history, a conversation with her past and a hope _ conversation with her past and a hope for— conversation with her past and a hope for our future. 234 years from how. _ hope for our future. 234 years from now. it _ hope for our future. 234 years from now. it may— hope for our future. 234 years from now, it may be that nobody here among _ now, it may be that nobody here among us— now, it may be that nobody here among us is remembered and yet, what

we do _ among us is remembered and yet, what we do here, _ among us is remembered and yet, what we do here, what is being asked of each _ we do here, what is being asked of each of— we do here, what is being asked of each of us — we do here, what is being asked of each of us here in this moment will be remembered. history has found us and i be remembered. history has found us and i ask— be remembered. history has found us and i ask that you not look at the other— and i ask that you not look at the other way — and other house manager now speaking. mr and other house manager now s-ueakin. ~ , speaking. mr president, distinguished _ speaking. mr president, distinguished senators. | speaking. mr president, - distinguished senators. there is speaking. mr president, _ distinguished senators. there is an old quote from henry clay, son of kentucky. his small trivial character is the one that strikes

deepest in the plateful and appreciating hard. iwant deepest in the plateful and appreciating hard. i want to say on behalf of all of the managers, we are very gratefulfor the behalf of all of the managers, we are very grateful for the courtesies and you have extended to us in the presidents council during the course of this trial. you have heard my colleagues manager didn't go through the overwhelming evidence that makes it clear that president trump must be convicted and disqualified for his high crime. i'm not going to repeat that evidence. it speaks for itself. earlier in this trial, you might recall a few days ago that i mentioned my expectation that president trump lawyers might do everything they could to avoid discussing the facts of this case. and i can understand why. i mean, the evidence that all this presented, the manager deanjust summarised, is pretty devastating. so rather than the truth, the

president is offered up distractions. excuses. anything but actually trying to defend against the facts. they said things like president trump is now a private citizen and so the criminaljustice system can deal with them or, we have not set a clear standard for incitement. he talked a lot about due process and that all politicians say words like fight. i'd like to take a minute to explain why each of those distractions are precisely that. distractions. and why they do not prevent in any way the senate from convicting president trump. number one, every president is one day a private citizen again. so the argument that because president trump is left office that he should

not be impeached for conduct committed while he was in office doesn't make sense. i mean, why would the constitution include the impeachment power at all if the criminaljustice impeachment power at all if the criminal justice system impeachment power at all if the criminaljustice system serves as a suitable alternative? once a president leaves office? it wouldn't. impeachment is a remedy separate and apart from the criminal justice system and for good reason. the presidency, it comes with special powers, extraordinary powers. not bestowed on ordinary citizens and of those powers are abused, they can cause great damage. and they have to be dealt with in a separate forum. this forum and it would be unwise to suggest that going forward, the only appropriate response to constitutional offences

committed by a president or criminal charges when the president returns to private life. that's not the political system many of us want. it's not the kind of constitutional frame that they intended. it is true, we have incited criminal statutes with elements of incitement because this is not a criminal trial. it's not a criminal case. president trump is charged with a constitutional offence and you are tasked with determining whether or not he committed that high crime is understood by our framers. not he committed that high crime is understood by ourframers. the relevant question, which president trump lawyers would have you ignore is what our framers have considered a president inciting a violent mob

to attack our government while seeking to stop the certification of our elections, with the f considered that an impeachable offence? who among us, who among us really thinks the answer that question is no? third, due process. so, just to be absolutely clear, the house with the sole power of impeachment determines what the process looks like in the house and the senate does the same for the trial. during this trial, the president has counsel and they have argued very vigorously on his behalf. we had a full presentation of evidence and adventitious motions and the president was invited to testify and he declined and he was

asked to provide evidence, he declined. you can't claim there's no due process and you cannot participate in the process. —— don't. and this is not one that requires a complicated legal analysis. you have lived it. the managers, we lived it. our country lived it. the president in public view right out in the open incited a violent mob. a mob that temporarily stopped us from certifying an election. and if there were ever an exigent circumstance, this is it. numberfour. we all exigent circumstance, this is it. number four. we all know that president trump stiffens as we predicted spent a lot of time, a whole lot of time comparing his

conduct to other politicians, using words like fight and you saw the hours of video. as i said on thursday, we trust you to know the difference because would you will not find in those video my charges is any of those speeches, those remarks culminating in a violent insurrection on our nations capital. that is the difference. the president spent months inflaming his supporters to believe that the election had been stolen from him, from them. which was not true. he summoned the mob, assembled the mob and when the violence erupted, he did nothing to stop it. instead, inciting it further. senators, all of these arguments offered by the

president have one fundamental thing in common. one. they have nothing to do with whether or not factually, whether or not the president incited this attack. they've given you a lot of distractions so they don't have to defend what happened here on that terrible day and they do that because they believe those distractions are going to work. that you will ignore the presidents conduct instead of confronting it i think they're wrong. some of you know this already, i'm the youngest member of the team by quite a few years and so perhaps, i am a bit naive but ijust cannot believe that. i do not believe their effort

is going to work and here's why. i know what this body capable of. i may not have witnessed it, but i have read about it in the history books. i have seen the c—span footage, archives sometimes watch them for hours and yes, i've actually done that in the history of our country in those books and in those tapes, the history of this country has been defined right here on this floor. the 13th amendment, the amendment abolishing slavery was passed in this very room. in this room, not figuratively. literally. where are you all sit and where i stand. in 1964, this body with the help of senators likejohn sherman cooper in so many others, secured

passage of the civil rights act. we made the decision to enter world war ii from the chamber. we have certainly had our struggles, but we have always risen to the occasion when it matters the most. not by ignoring injustice or cowering to beliefs and threats but by doing the right thing, by trying to do the right thing, by trying to do the right thing, by trying to do the right thing and that is why so many nations around the world aspired to be like america. they stand up to dictators and autocrats and tyrants because america is a guiding light for them. because america is a guiding light forthem. in north because america is a guiding light for them. in north star. they do so, they look to us because we have been a guiding light, a northern star in these moments. because the people who sat in your chairs when confronted with choices that define us, wrist to the occasion. i want to

offer one more example that resonated with me. the first day i stood up in this trial, i mentioned that i was the son of immigrants like many of you in many graciously approached me after my presentation asked me where my parents are from. i told those who asked that my folks are from east africa. in 1986, 1986. this body considered a bill to override president reagan's veto of legislation imposing sanctions on south africa during apartheid. two senators who sit in this room, one democrat and republican voted to override that veto. that vote was not about getting political favour

in fact, it was made despite potentially losing political favour and i have to imagine that vote was cast like the decisions before it because there are moments that transcend party politics and require us to put country above our party because the consequences of not doing so are just too great. senators, this is one of those moments. many folks who are watching today's proceedings may not know this but house members like me and manager raskin, ourfellow this but house members like me and manager raskin, our fellow managers, we are not allowed on the senate floor without express permission. no one is. certainly the senators are aware of that. this floor is sacred. it's one of the reason why i like so many of you weren't so offended to see it desecrated by that