which tries to improve the way government works. here in the studio, james landale, the bbc�*s diplomatic correspondent. could to have you with us. we begin, though, with the death on friday of prince philip. greek by birth, a royal who became a refugee as republics emerged from the wreckage of europe's war—ravaged monarchies. philip spent 73 of his 99 years as consort to elizabeth, the princess who became britain's longest—serving monarch. thomas, you met him quite a long time ago now in a different guise. tell us about that. it time ago now in a different guise. tell us about that.— tell us about that. it was an amazing _ tell us about that. it was an amazing encounter- tell us about that. it was an amazing encounter along i tell us about that. it was an i amazing encounter along time tell us about that. it was an - amazing encounter along time ago in my earlier years when i was a teacher at cardiff university, a language instructor, lecturer, and in those years, the prince philip

was the chancellor of the university of wales so in the summer he would come to cardiff and meet us and interview sections of the university. we were the german department, we lined up a knee came past us and we should cancel with him and after he passed the german department figures, he suddenly stopped himself. he had a brainwave when he turned and talked to the professor who had been teaching at the university for many years with a rather, worn gown, prince philip looked at the end of the gown and said you have been teaching here for a long time, haven't you professor? it was a typical moment where people would usually say his remarks were politically incorrect and funny, are supposed to make it easy for people to make them relax, but it did the opposite. the professor went bright red in the face, couldn't quite answer and he was put out as it were but that was the philippi came to know quite early on. he was a court jester, occasionally the buffoon,

who follows the british instinct for comic relief as we used to call it in this shakespeare's time, because there is something in the british character, it's an interesting mix of feelings. the british people like royalty, pomp and circumstance, but they also like to deconstruct all p°mp they also like to deconstruct all pomp and all delusions so this is the role of philip. he is consort to the role of philip. he is consort to the queen in many ways, he is complimentary to her. it's a double act, it was a division of labour between two. she represents the more stiff and formal and traditional role of a discrete monarch and he is anything but discreet. and he speaks openly and that's what the people like about him. he is part and parcel of the british nature to go for comic relief and say something funny. you often rather stiff and serious circumstances. that's what i

encountered earlier on and i did not need many more lectures to understand the interesting and intriguing double nature of the british character.— intriguing double nature of the british character. bronwen, let's talk a bit about _ british character. bronwen, let's talk a bit about his _ british character. bronwen, let's talk a bit about his the - british character. bronwen, let's talk a bit about his the sense - talk a bit about his the sense thomas alludes to, he had status but he had no power. arguably, that is the role for a modern constitution monarch in democracy anyway although the queen has perhaps had some powers we can talk about later. he was never formally made powers we can talk about later. he was neverformally made prince consort. how did he carve out some identity of value to britain? it consort. how did he carve out some identity of value to britain?- identity of value to britain? it was his personality — identity of value to britain? it was his personality apart _ identity of value to britain? it was his personality apart from - identity of value to britain? it was | his personality apart from anything eisa _ his personality apart from anything eisa he _ his personality apart from anything else. he made it very clear he wanted — else. he made it very clear he wanted to— else. he made it very clear he wanted to be his own person and that seems _ wanted to be his own person and that seems to— wanted to be his own person and that seems to be — wanted to be his own person and that seems to be the point of his very quotable — seems to be the point of his very quotable remarks, i'm sure he knew were _ quotable remarks, i'm sure he knew were very— quotable remarks, i'm sure he knew were very quotable. it set him that

but aside _ were very quotable. it set him that but aside from the formality of the monarchy— but aside from the formality of the monarchy itself, herself. he had much_ monarchy itself, herself. he had much wider interests and we're just beginning _ much wider interests and we're just beginning in some of his recollections of life to be reminded of how _ recollections of life to be reminded of how why that was full he was very involved _ of how why that was full he was very involved in _ of how why that was full he was very involved in the military. the only regret— involved in the military. the only regret he — involved in the military. the only regret he seems to have expressed was that— regret he seems to have expressed was that he did not spend more time in the _ was that he did not spend more time in the navy — was that he did not spend more time in the navy. you can self across the uk nearly— in the navy. you can self across the uk nearly six— in the navy. you can self across the uk nearly six times in northern ireiand, — uk nearly six times in northern ireland, more than twice with that the queen— ireland, more than twice with that the queen did. i think that's often forgotten. — the queen did. i think that's often forgotten, just how much she got about— forgotten, just how much she got about every bit of the uk. it was an issue _ about every bit of the uk. it was an issue people dwelt on this morning, science _ issue people dwelt on this morning, science and — issue people dwelt on this morning, science and technology, trying to modernise the whole country after the second world war. but also the monarchy _ the second world war. but also the monarchy itself.— monarchy itself. please continue. one of the _ monarchy itself. please continue. one of the things _ monarchy itself. please continue. one of the things we _ monarchy itself. please continue. one of the things we are - monarchy itself. please continue. | one of the things we are beginning to get— one of the things we are beginning to get a _ one of the things we are beginning to get a sense of their recently is

how powerful the royal family as a family— how powerful the royal family as a family was. i'm not your how excess at the _ family was. i'm not your how excess at the hem — family was. i'm not your how excess at the hem in — family was. i'm not your how excess at the hem in the queen were at the beginning. _ at the hem in the queen were at the beginning, but take very much chose for her_ beginning, but take very much chose for her reign — beginning, but take very much chose for her reign to be, to put the royal— for her reign to be, to put the royal family centre stage. there are more _ royal family centre stage. there are more difficult consequences if members of the family decide not to be part— members of the family decide not to be part of— members of the family decide not to be part of it but he was very much an anchor— be part of it but he was very much an anchor of— be part of it but he was very much an anchor of that and when you look at the _ an anchor of that and when you look at the whole — an anchor of that and when you look at the whole area of queen and the character— at the whole area of queen and the character of what the monarchy has been _ character of what the monarchy has been under— character of what the monarchy has been under her, he was central to that _ been under her, he was central to that. g ., , ,, been under her, he was central to that. g . , i. been under her, he was central to that. , that. james, your career has straddled — that. james, your career has straddled the _ that. james, your career has straddled the political- that. james, your career has straddled the political and i straddled the political and diplomatic, , straddled the political and diplomatic,, now diplomatic correspondence, it's interesting, theissue correspondence, it's interesting, the issue of the family or the firm, because it increases the chances of the monarchy surviving at a time when essentially he was born at the

point when monarchies were being dissolved, not least the one of which he was a member, hence the exile and so on. how important is that been in terms of routing britain's royal family at a time when its role has come more doubtful?— when its role has come more doubtful? ., ., ., , ., doubtful? you have to remember that when he and — doubtful? you have to remember that when he and the _ doubtful? you have to remember that when he and the queen _ doubtful? you have to remember that when he and the queen got _ doubtful? you have to remember that when he and the queen got married, | when he and the queen got married, there _ when he and the queen got married, there was— when he and the queen got married, there was huge — when he and the queen got married, there was huge uncertainty— when he and the queen got married, there was huge uncertainty about. when he and the queen got married, | there was huge uncertainty about the direction _ there was huge uncertainty about the direction this— there was huge uncertainty about the direction this was _ there was huge uncertainty about the direction this was going _ there was huge uncertainty about the direction this was going to, _ there was huge uncertainty about the direction this was going to, the - direction this was going to, the king _ direction this was going to, the king had — direction this was going to, the king had died _ direction this was going to, the king had died early— direction this was going to, the king had died early as - direction this was going to, the king had died early as you - direction this was going to, the king had died early as you say, | direction this was going to, the - king had died early as you say, the duke _ king had died early as you say, the duke himseif— king had died early as you say, the duke himself has _ king had died early as you say, the duke himself has come _ king had died early as you say, the duke himself has come from - king had died early as you say, the duke himself has come from royal| duke himself has come from royal famiiies— duke himself has come from royal families that — duke himself has come from royal families that had _ duke himself has come from royal families that had ceased - duke himself has come from royal families that had ceased to - duke himself has come from royal families that had ceased to exist i families that had ceased to exist and ancestors— families that had ceased to exist and ancestors that _ families that had ceased to exist and ancestors that had - families that had ceased to exist and ancestors that had been - families that had ceased to exist i and ancestors that had been shot, the romanovs. _ and ancestors that had been shot, the romanovs, the _ and ancestors that had been shot, the romanovs, the star— and ancestors that had been shot, the romanovs, the star in- and ancestors that had been shot, the romanovs, the star in russia. j the romanovs, the star in russia. his own— the romanovs, the star in russia. his own family. _ the romanovs, the star in russia. his own family, he _ the romanovs, the star in russia. his own family, he is _ the romanovs, the star in russia. his own family, he is a _ the romanovs, the star in russia. his own family, he is a baby, - the romanovs, the star in russia. his own family, he is a baby, thel his own family, he is a baby, the story— his own family, he is a baby, the story has— his own family, he is a baby, the story has controlled _ his own family, he is a baby, the story has controlled much - his own family, he is a baby, the story has controlled much in - his own family, he is a baby, the story has controlled much in the | story has controlled much in the last 24— story has controlled much in the last 24 hours— story has controlled much in the last 24 hours how _ story has controlled much in the last 24 hours how he _ story has controlled much in the last 24 hours how he was - story has controlled much in the last 24 hours how he was picked story has controlled much in the i last 24 hours how he was picked up by british— last 24 hours how he was picked up by british destroyers _ last 24 hours how he was picked up by british destroyers as _ last 24 hours how he was picked up by british destroyers as an - last 24 hours how he was picked up by british destroyers as an infant. by british destroyers as an infant and taken — by british destroyers as an infant and taken out _ by british destroyers as an infant and taken out of— by british destroyers as an infant and taken out of greece. - by british destroyers as an infant and taken out of greece. there l by british destroyers as an infant. and taken out of greece. there was huge _ and taken out of greece. there was huge uncertainty, _ and taken out of greece. there was huge uncertainty, this— and taken out of greece. there was huge uncertainty, this institution. huge uncertainty, this institution that had — huge uncertainty, this institution that had been— huge uncertainty, this institution that had been taken _ huge uncertainty, this institution that had been taken over- huge uncertainty, this institution that had been taken over by- huge uncertainty, this institution that had been taken over by a i huge uncertainty, this institution. that had been taken over by a very young _ that had been taken over by a very young woman _ that had been taken over by a very young woman. supported - that had been taken over by a very young woman. supported by- that had been taken over by a very young woman. supported by a - that had been taken over by a very- young woman. supported by a husband that the _ young woman. supported by a husband that the british — young woman. supported by a husband that the british establishment - young woman. supported by a husband that the british establishment was - that the british establishment was puzzled _ that the british establishment was puzzled about~ _ that the british establishment was puzzled about. they— that the british establishment was puzzled about. they were - that the british establishment was puzzled about. they were not -

that the british establishment was puzzled about. they were not sure about _ puzzled about. they were not sure about where — puzzled about. they were not sure about where he _ puzzled about. they were not sure about where he was _ puzzled about. they were not sure about where he was going. - puzzled about. they were not sure about where he was going. in - puzzled about. they were not surel about where he was going. in many ways, _ about where he was going. in many ways, as _ about where he was going. in many ways. as bronwen _ about where he was going. in many ways, as bronwen was _ about where he was going. in many ways, as bronwen was alluding - about where he was going. in many ways, as bronwen was alluding to, i ways, as bronwen was alluding to, the role _ ways, as bronwen was alluding to, the role that — ways, as bronwen was alluding to, the role that the _ ways, as bronwen was alluding to, the role that the queen _ ways, as bronwen was alluding to, the role that the queen made, - the role that the queen made, particularly _ the role that the queen made, particularly in _ the role that the queen made, particularly in terms _ the role that the queen made, particularly in terms of - the role that the queen made, particularly in terms of the - particularly in terms of the commonwealth, _ particularly in terms of the commonwealth, was - particularly in terms of the commonwealth, was a - particularly in terms of the | commonwealth, was a very particularly in terms of the _ commonwealth, was a very personal, self invented — commonwealth, was a very personal, self invented one _ commonwealth, was a very personal, self invented one. she _ commonwealth, was a very personal, self invented one. she was— self invented one. she was instrumental— self invented one. she was instrumental in _ self invented one. she was. instrumental in transforming self invented one. she was- instrumental in transforming this institution — instrumental in transforming this institution from _ instrumental in transforming this institution from the _ instrumental in transforming this institution from the slightly- institution from the slightly unusual— institution from the slightly unusual post—imperial- institution from the slightly| unusual post—imperial thing institution from the slightly. unusual post—imperial thing to institution from the slightly- unusual post—imperial thing to what it is today — unusual post—imperial thing to what it is today in — unusual post—imperial thing to what it is today. in the _ unusual post—imperial thing to what it is today. in the same _ unusual post—imperial thing to what it is today. in the same way - unusual post—imperial thing to what it is today. in the same way the - it is today. in the same way the duke _ it is today. in the same way the duke invented _ it is today. in the same way the duke invented the _ it is today. in the same way the duke invented the role - it is today. in the same way the duke invented the role for- it is today. in the same way the . duke invented the role for himself because _ duke invented the role for himself because as — duke invented the role for himself because as he _ duke invented the role for himself because as he set _ duke invented the role for himself because as he set himself, - duke invented the role for himself because as he set himself, he - duke invented the role for himself| because as he set himself, he said what _ because as he set himself, he said what do _ because as he set himself, he said what do i _ because as he set himself, he said what do i do. — because as he set himself, he said what do i do, nobody— because as he set himself, he said what do i do, nobody knew? - because as he set himself, he said what do i do, nobody knew? so. because as he set himself, he said what do i do, nobody knew? so hej what do i do, nobody knew? so he created _ what do i do, nobody knew? so he created this — what do i do, nobody knew? so he created this role _ what do i do, nobody knew? so he created this role of _ what do i do, nobody knew? so he created this role of consort, - created this role of consort, supporter _ created this role of consort, supporter of _ created this role of consort, supporter of the _ created this role of consort, supporter of the queen, - created this role of consort, j supporter of the queen, but created this role of consort, - supporter of the queen, but also did his own _ supporter of the queen, but also did his own thine — supporter of the queen, but also did his own thine in_ supporter of the queen, but also did his own thing. in terms _ supporter of the queen, but also did his own thing. in terms of _ supporter of the queen, but also did his own thing. in terms of the - supporter of the queen, but also did his own thing. in terms of the world| his own thing. in terms of the world wildlife _ his own thing. in terms of the world wildlife fund — his own thing. in terms of the world wildlife fund and _ his own thing. in terms of the world wildlife fund and all— his own thing. in terms of the world wildlife fund and all the _ his own thing. in terms of the world wildlife fund and all the rest - his own thing. in terms of the world wildlife fund and all the rest of- wildlife fund and all the rest of it. wildlife fund and all the rest of it and — wildlife fund and all the rest of it. and together— wildlife fund and all the rest of it. and together it _ wildlife fund and all the rest of it. and together it blended - wildlife fund and all the rest of- it. and together it blended together into a _ it. and together it blended together into a family— it. and together it blended together into a family that _ it. and together it blended together into a family that has _ it. and together it blended together into a family that has survived - into a family that has survived through— into a family that has survived through extraordinary- into a family that has survived through extraordinary times. i into a family that has survived - through extraordinary times. there have been— through extraordinary times. there have been bad _ through extraordinary times. there have been bad times _ through extraordinary times. there have been bad times as— through extraordinary times. there have been bad times as well- through extraordinary times. there have been bad times as well as - through extraordinary times. there i have been bad times as well as good. but that— have been bad times as well as good. but that family — have been bad times as well as good. but that family unit _ have been bad times as well as good. but that family unit of— have been bad times as well as good. but that family unit of which - have been bad times as well as good. but that family unit of which the - but that family unit of which the duke _ but that family unit of which the duke and — but that family unit of which the duke and the _ but that family unit of which the duke and the queen _ but that family unit of which the duke and the queen were - but that family unit of which the duke and the queen were the l but that family unit of which the - duke and the queen were the head, has been _ duke and the queen were the head, has been the — duke and the queen were the head, has been the core _ duke and the queen were the head, has been the core of— duke and the queen were the head, has been the core of it. _ duke and the queen were the head, has been the core of it. and - duke and the queen were the head, has been the core of it. and you - has been the core of it. and you hear— has been the core of it. and you hear the — has been the core of it. and you hear the testimony— has been the core of it. and you hear the testimony of _ has been the core of it. and you hear the testimony of the - has been the core of it. and you l hear the testimony of the children

and grandchildren, _ hear the testimony of the children and grandchildren, they— hear the testimony of the children and grandchildren, they will- and grandchildren, they will constantly— and grandchildren, they will constantly say _ and grandchildren, they will constantly say it _ and grandchildren, they will constantly say it was - and grandchildren, they will constantly say it was the . and grandchildren, they will. constantly say it was the duke and grandchildren, they will- constantly say it was the duke they turn to _ constantly say it was the duke they turn to for— constantly say it was the duke they turn to for advice _ constantly say it was the duke they turn to for advice and _ constantly say it was the duke they turn to for advice and counsel. - turn to for advice and counsel. thomas. — turn to for advice and counsel. thomas. it _ turn to for advice and counsel. thomas, it raises _ turn to for advice and counsel. thomas, it raises interesting i thomas, it raises interesting questions about the way the british system is structured because it had been a useful fiction, system is structured because it had been a usefulfiction, royal system is structured because it had been a useful fiction, royal power for politicians. they can cloak decisions they make, they used to do it under the royal prerogative, we had all this business about the disillusionment of power under boris johnson, the queen was dissolving power because the prime minister had asked her to effectively. the courts turned round and said no, you should not have done that, you could not do it. in a sense, monarchy is in danger in this country are being exposed in that way, blame for things on the politicians simultaneously find that useful but at the same time want to protect the institution. flit at the same time want to protect the institution. . ., , �* , ., institution. of course there's no auestion institution. of course there's no question the — institution. of course there's no question the institution - institution. of course there's no question the institution is - institution. of course there's no question the institution is there | institution. of course there's no i question the institution is there to put a brake on any authoritarians regime which might take hold in great britain. there was a slight attempt by borisjohnson to be the

authority and procurement and a legal body —— prorogue parliament, the queen first of all try to agree with him and she was saved from great embarrassment by the supreme court saying no, it's not going to happen. in a sense, you can call the consort is an institution the sort of indispensable job. consort is an institution the sort of indispensablejob. it consort is an institution the sort of indispensable job. it was one set about america that she was the indispensable power and philip created the image of the indispensable consort and i come back to what james indispensable consort and i come back to whatjames said indispensable consort and i come back to what james said after the war, he had, he was a man of many international connections. he was homeless, stateless, but he was not british, originally. not fully, anyway. he could represent the international, as it were, application so to speak of royal authority. that helped the image and the projection of the monarchy enormously after the war. in fact, it was one of the reasons which

attracted elizabeth, the young princess to philip. two international and european vocation on his shoulder and that helped the british role expanded worldwide and it was quite useful, so i would use the term indispensable consort catchment consort. he was essential to stabilise the monarchy, it will force in the world and eventually thanks to the grace or old age that he achieved, he became part of the furniture of the international diplomacy setup. we have seen philip work by our side as much as the queen and we know about the family and peterfamiliar queen and we know about the family and peter familiar switch queen and we know about the family and peterfamiliar switch he was, he had the stabilising influence. partly because of his internationale

is a bit because of the any authority is keeping the whole thing together. i authority is keeping the whole thing to . ether. ., authority is keeping the whole thing touether. ., ., ., ~ ., , together. i want to talk about this internationale _ together. i want to talk about this internationale is _ together. i want to talk about this internationale is because - together. i want to talk about this internationale is because in - together. i want to talk about this internationale is because in a - internationale is because in a sense, bronwen, it cuts into ways. the british monarch is head of state for so many countries around the world, has up till now managed that transition from empire to commonwealth. forsome transition from empire to commonwealth. for some countries, independence. we have the political, lively political debate of australia, talking not so long ago about australians as a elizabethans rather than monarchies. making the point that if this rain comes to the end, there might not be another way she is queen of australia. a government of australia in living memory was dismissed because the governor general took the view that prime minister was acting beyond his power even as an elected prime minister. there is a heck of a lot of tension in this institution and

its role in a modern world notjust in the uk but beyond. i its role in a modern world not 'ust in the uk but beyondi its role in a modern world not 'ust in the uk but beyond. i think that's exactly right- _ in the uk but beyond. i think that's exactly right. we _ in the uk but beyond. i think that's exactly right. we perhaps - in the uk but beyond. i think that's exactly right. we perhaps have - in the uk but beyond. i think that's exactly right. we perhaps have notj exactly right. we perhaps have not talked _ exactly right. we perhaps have not talked enough about the strength i think it _ talked enough about the strength i think it has been for the uk to have a head _ think it has been for the uk to have a head of— think it has been for the uk to have a head of state who is not the head of the _ a head of state who is not the head of the government. you can attach all the _ of the government. you can attach all the pomp and ceremony to the head _ all the pomp and ceremony to the head of— all the pomp and ceremony to the head of state and we have seen it outside _ head of state and we have seen it outside buckingham palace this morning. — outside buckingham palace this morning, photographing the horses and so _ morning, photographing the horses and so on — morning, photographing the horses and so on. there is all that's out of it, _ and so on. there is all that's out of it, greeting other leaders. but the governments come and go under, with the _ the governments come and go under, with the us _ the governments come and go under, with the us president for example, people _ with the us president for example, people have very strong feelings about _ people have very strong feelings about whoever is in power, all the ceremonies— about whoever is in power, all the ceremonies attached to that, that person— ceremonies attached to that, that person goes and you start again. so ithink— person goes and you start again. so i think there — person goes and you start again. so i think there is a sense when it comes— i think there is a sense when it comes to — i think there is a sense when it comes to other countries, her role as head _ comes to other countries, her role as head of— comes to other countries, her role as head of state a long—standing movement but i sense as it's getting more _ movement but i sense as it's getting more vocal—

movement but i sense as it's getting more vocal about whether with australia, _ more vocal about whether with australia, when her reign comes to an end. _ australia, when her reign comes to an end, that's it. we have come to a stage _ an end, that's it. we have come to a stage of— an end, that's it. we have come to a stage of maturity in their own identity. _ stage of maturity in their own identity, it seems inappropriate to have another country as your head of state _ have another country as your head of state i_ have another country as your head of state. i would not be surprised if that group— state. i would not be surprised if that group it is enormous affection for the _ that group it is enormous affection for the queen you get a strong sense of countries — for the queen you get a strong sense of countries not wanting to change while _ of countries not wanting to change while she — of countries not wanting to change while she is still there. it�*s while she is still there. it's interesting _ while she is still there. it�*s interesting because it has become part of the debate even for scottish nationalist party talk passionately about the desire to be a separate nation. there is kind of still a remarkable attachment to the british monarchy. which after all, is the embodiment of two crowns coming together. the kingdom of scotland and the kingdom of england. if you talk to foreign _ and the kingdom of england. if you talk to foreign politicians, - and the kingdom of england. if you talk to foreign politicians, they - talk to foreign politicians, they would — talk to foreign politicians, they would give _ talk to foreign politicians, they would give their— talk to foreign politicians, they would give their eyes - talk to foreign politicians, they would give their eyes teeth - talk to foreign politicians, they would give their eyes teeth forj talk to foreign politicians, they. would give their eyes teeth for a would give their eyes teeth fora monarchy— would give their eyes teeth for a monarchy that _ would give their eyes teeth for a monarchy that is _ would give their eyes teeth for a monarchy that is the _ would give their eyes teeth for a monarchy that is the british - would give their eyes teeth for a i monarchy that is the british have.

we sometimes _ monarchy that is the british have. we sometimes underestimate - monarchy that is the british have. j we sometimes underestimate the impact _ we sometimes underestimate the impact it— we sometimes underestimate the impact it has— we sometimes underestimate the impact it has overseas. _ we sometimes underestimate the impact it has overseas. one - we sometimes underestimate the i impact it has overseas. one should be overcautious _ impact it has overseas. one should be overcautious before _ impact it has overseas. one should be overcautious before interpreting and putting... _ be overcautious before interpreting and putting,... from— be overcautious before interpreting and putting,... from the _ be overcautious before interpreting and putting,... from the summitsl be overcautious before interpretingj and putting,... from the summits i have _ and putting,... from the summits i have been— and putting,... from the summits i have been to, — and putting,... from the summits i have been to, the _ and putting,... from the summits i have been to, the queen— and putting,... from the summits i have been to, the queen and - and putting,... from the summits i have been to, the queen and duke| have been to, the queen and duke open _ have been to, the queen and duke open doors, — have been to, the queen and duke open doors. they— have been to, the queen and duke open doors, they have _ have been to, the queen and duke open doors, they have convening l open doors, they have convening power _ open doors, they have convening power. people _ open doors, they have convening power. people want _ open doors, they have convening power. people want to _ open doors, they have convening power. people want to come - open doors, they have convening i power. people want to come here. open doors, they have convening - power. people want to come here. the queen— power. people want to come here. the queen has— power. people want to come here. the queen has a _ power. people want to come here. the queen has a thing. _ power. people want to come here. the queen has a thing, i— power. people want to come here. the queen has a thing, i missed _ power. people want to come here. the queen has a thing, i missed it, - power. people want to come here. the queen has a thing, i missed it, that. queen has a thing, i missed it, that can overpower — queen has a thing, i missed it, that can overpower even _ queen has a thing, i missed it, that can overpower even the _ queen has a thing, i missed it, that can overpower even the ego - queen has a thing, i missed it, that can overpower even the ego of- queen has a thing, i missed it, that i can overpower even the ego of donald trump _ can overpower even the ego of donald trump -- _ can overpower even the ego of donald trump. -- mystique _ can overpower even the ego of donald trump. -- mystique if— can overpower even the ego of donald trump. —— mystique. if you _ can overpower even the ego of donald trump. —— mystique. if you talk- can overpower even the ego of donald trump. —— mystique. if you talk to- trump. —— mystique. if you talk to commonwealth _ trump. —— mystique. if you talk to commonwealth specialists, - trump. —— mystique. if you talk to commonwealth specialists, there i trump. —— mystique. if you talk to- commonwealth specialists, there were very tense _ commonwealth specialists, there were very tense commonwealth _ commonwealth specialists, there were very tense commonwealth meetings i very tense commonwealth meetings over rhodesia — very tense commonwealth meetings over rhodesia as _ very tense commonwealth meetings over rhodesia as it _ very tense commonwealth meetings over rhodesia as it was _ very tense commonwealth meetings over rhodesia as it was then - very tense commonwealth meetings over rhodesia as it was then called. over rhodesia as it was then called and there _ over rhodesia as it was then called and there were _ over rhodesia as it was then called and there were summits _ over rhodesia as it was then called and there were summits where - over rhodesia as it was then calledj and there were summits where you talk to— and there were summits where you talk to people _ and there were summits where you talk to people and _ and there were summits where you talk to people and they— and there were summits where you talk to people and they said - and there were summits where you talk to people and they said the - talk to people and they said the queen— talk to people and they said the queen played _ talk to people and they said the queen played a _ talk to people and they said the queen played a direct _ talk to people and they said the queen played a direct role - talk to people and they said the queen played a direct role in i queen played a direct role in calming _ queen played a direct role in calming tensions _ queen played a direct role in calming tensions and - queen played a direct role inl calming tensions and allowing dialogue — calming tensions and allowing dialogue to— calming tensions and allowing dialogue to take _ calming tensions and allowing dialogue to take place. - calming tensions and allowing dialogue to take place. so - calming tensions and allowingi dialogue to take place. so that calming tensions and allowing - dialogue to take place. so that some kind of— dialogue to take place. so that some kind of progress— dialogue to take place. so that some kind of progress could _ dialogue to take place. so that some kind of progress could be _ dialogue to take place. so that some kind of progress could be made. - kind of progress could be made. there _ kind of progress could be made. there is— kind of progress could be made. there is that _ kind of progress could be made. there is that also _ kind of progress could be made. there is that also justice - kind of progress could be made. there is that also justice sense i kind of progress could be made. i there is that alsojustice sense of the monarchy—

there is that alsojustice sense of the monarchy representing - there is that alsojustice sense of the monarchy representing the i there is that also justice sense of i the monarchy representing the idea of britain _ the monarchy representing the idea of britain the — the monarchy representing the idea of britain. the fact _ the monarchy representing the idea of britain. the fact there _ the monarchy representing the idea of britain. the fact there is - of britain. the fact there is continuity _ of britain. the fact there is continuity. the _ of britain. the fact there is continuity. the fact - of britain. the fact there is continuity. the fact they i of britain. the fact there is . continuity. the fact they have of britain. the fact there is - continuity. the fact they have been there _ continuity. the fact they have been there for— continuity. the fact they have been there for so — continuity. the fact they have been there for so long. _ continuity. the fact they have been there for so long. the _ continuity. the fact they have been there for so long. the duke - continuity. the fact they have been there for so long. the duke and . there for so long. the duke and queen— there for so long. the duke and queen since _ there for so long. the duke and queen since the _ there for so long. the duke and queen since the early— there for so long. the duke and queen since the early 1950s, i there for so long. the duke and queen since the early 1950s, it| queen since the early 1950s, it means— queen since the early 1950s, it means they— queen since the early 1950s, it means they know— queen since the early 1950s, it means they know so _ queen since the early 1950s, it means they know so many- queen since the early 1950s, it- means they know so many people, there _ means they know so many people, there are _ means they know so many people, there are relationships, _ means they know so many people, there are relationships, diplomacy| there are relationships, diplomacy is about— there are relationships, diplomacy is about core — there are relationships, diplomacy is about core relationships. - there are relationships, diplomacy is about core relationships. there i is about core relationships. there are political— is about core relationships. there are political leaders— is about core relationships. there are political leaders today - is about core relationships. there are political leaders today who, i is about core relationships. there i are political leaders today who, his parents _ are political leaders today who, his parents when — are political leaders today who, his parents when they— are political leaders today who, his parents when they were _ are political leaders today who, his parents when they were leaders i are political leaders today who, his parents when they were leaders in| parents when they were leaders in those _ parents when they were leaders in those countries, _ parents when they were leaders in those countries, new— parents when they were leaders in those countries, new the - parents when they were leaders in those countries, new the duke - parents when they were leaders in| those countries, new the duke and the queen— those countries, new the duke and the queen then _ those countries, new the duke and the queen then and _ those countries, new the duke and the queen then and that _ those countries, new the duke and the queen then and that process i those countries, new the duke andl the queen then and that process as you say, _ the queen then and that process as you say in— the queen then and that process as you say, in countries— the queen then and that process as you say, in countries where - the queen then and that process as you say, in countries where they i you say, in countries where they moved _ you say, in countries where they moved from _ you say, in countries where they moved from empire _ you say, in countries where they moved from empire to— you say, in countries where they - moved from empire to independence and i moved from empire to independence and i think— moved from empire to independence and i think that — moved from empire to independence and i think that longevity, _ moved from empire to independence and i think that longevity, that - and i think that longevity, that convening _ and i think that longevity, that convening power— and i think that longevity, that convening power and - and i think that longevity, that convening power and that - and i think that longevity, that. convening power and that sense and i think that longevity, that - convening power and that sense of as bronwen _ convening power and that sense of as bronwen said. — convening power and that sense of as bronwen said, apolitical, _ convening power and that sense of as bronwen said, apolitical, above - convening power and that sense of as bronwen said, apolitical, above the i bronwen said, apolitical, above the fray, _ bronwen said, apolitical, above the fray, is _ bronwen said, apolitical, above the fray, is a _ bronwen said, apolitical, above the fray is a huge _ bronwen said, apolitical, above the fray, is a huge strength— bronwen said, apolitical, above the fray, is a huge strength and - bronwen said, apolitical, above the fray, is a huge strength and i- bronwen said, apolitical, above the fray, is a huge strength and i thinkl fray, is a huge strength and i think the british— fray, is a huge strength and i think the british government, _ fray, is a huge strength and i think the british government, any- fray, is a huge strength and i think| the british government, any british government— the british government, any british government would _ the british government, any british government would try _ the british government, any british government would try to _ the british government, any british government would try to use - the british government, any british government would try to use that l the british government, any britishl government would try to use that as much _ government would try to use that as much as— government would try to use that as much as it _ government would try to use that as much as it can— government would try to use that as much as it can in— government would try to use that as much as it can in the _ government would try to use that as much as it can in the future. - government would try to use that as much as it can in the future. it- much as it can in the future. raises the question, this is at much as it can in the future.- raises the question, this is at a time even within our own country, we are debating our sense of identity, notjust are debating our sense of identity, not just about whether there's a future for the uk as it is currently constituted. but even the things that have been done in the queen's name and in the names of previous

monarchs. forthose name and in the names of previous monarchs. for those who come countries that were originally countries that were originally countries dependent on the slave trade for instance. there is an ambiguous relationship to the monarchy, however much they make like the idea of her as an individual, to what she and prince. four. i individual, to what she and prince. four. ~ ., �* , individual, to what she and prince. four. ~' . �*, , four. i think that's exactly right. peole four. i think that's exactly right. people are _ four. i think that's exactly right. people are dwelling _ four. i think that's exactly right. people are dwelling on - four. i think that's exactly right. people are dwelling on it - four. i think that's exactly right. people are dwelling on it today, | four. i think that's exactly right. . people are dwelling on it today, not dwelling _ people are dwelling on it today, not dwelling on it today but that's something that could be discussed much _ something that could be discussed much more. i think it's very likely to be _ much more. i think it's very likely to be discussed much more. mcqueen decided, _ to be discussed much more. mcqueen decided, it— to be discussed much more. mcqueen decided, it was her choice, to see very— decided, it was her choice, to see very little — decided, it was her choice, to see very little as monarch and that was one of— very little as monarch and that was one of the — very little as monarch and that was one of the reasons this mystique we are talking _ one of the reasons this mystique we are talking about has persisted. one of the _ are talking about has persisted. one of the reasons it landed so powerfully, because he and she said so little _ powerfully, because he and she said so little in _ powerfully, because he and she said so little in public. that was not formal~ — so little in public. that was not formal. but you do have a lot of questions — formal. but you do have a lot of questions about what, you could have a monarch. _ questions about what, you could have a monarch, prince charles might indeed _ a monarch, prince charles might indeed be — a monarch, prince charles might indeed be that person, who decides to plate _ indeed be that person, who decides to plate very differently. who decides — to plate very differently. who decides to have more open opinions.

under— decides to have more open opinions. under the _ decides to have more open opinions. under the queen, decides to have more open opinions. underthe queen, it's decides to have more open opinions. under the queen, it's impossible to overstate _ under the queen, it's impossible to overstate how much they did not want the predicament borisjohnson and the predicament borisjohnson and the proroguing of parliament put them _ the proroguing of parliament put them into. didn't want to have to make _ them into. didn't want to have to make some — them into. didn't want to have to make some of the decisions it seems she might _ make some of the decisions it seems she might have to make about choosing — she might have to make about choosing between the legitimacy of two out _ choosing between the legitimacy of two out rivals to the prime ministen _ two out rivals to the prime minister. the supreme court saved from _ minister. the supreme court saved from that— minister. the supreme court saved from that one. you have got this very— from that one. you have got this very controversial question coming down _ very controversial question coming down the _ very controversial question coming down the line of whether the uk is going _ down the line of whether the uk is going to _ down the line of whether the uk is going to hold together, the four bits of— going to hold together, the four bits of it — going to hold together, the four bits of it. something we know privately. _ bits of it. something we know privately, the royal family have very strong feelings on, they want the uk _ very strong feelings on, they want the uk to— very strong feelings on, they want the uk to hold together. it may well be that _ the uk to hold together. it may well be that it's — the uk to hold together. it may well be that it's the kind of thing where they have — be that it's the kind of thing where they have temptation in the future to comment more. sol they have temptation in the future to comment more. so i think the kind of comparative peace we have had of a monarchist chosen largely to be symbolic— a monarchist chosen largely to be symbolic and have these private relationships, with other leaders, there _ relationships, with other leaders, there are — relationships, with other leaders, there are a — relationships, with other leaders, there are a lot of forces, not just there are a lot of forces, not just the personality of the monarch because — the personality of the monarch because that might change. one final

thou . ht on because that might change. one final thought on the _ because that might change. one final thought on the prince. _ because that might change. one final thought on the prince. he _ because that might change. one final thought on the prince. he spent - because that might change. one final thought on the prince. he spent not i thought on the prince. he spent not very long but a few months in germany as a teenager. at school before he and his german headmaster was jewish left before he and his german headmaster wasjewish left germany because he wasjewish left germany because he was there as hitler had come to power. i don't know if he ever spoke about that, but he did talk about being in silent one of the things he said which is kind of slightly sombre thought, which is that exile is always feel their sense of difference all their lives and in a world with so many people spend their lives and have to make lives in the countries that they were not born in. it's a kind of rather reflective thought and not an entirely cheerful one. i reflective thought and not an entirely cheerful one. i would pick u . entirely cheerful one. i would pick u- our entirely cheerful one. i would pick up your different _ entirely cheerful one. i would pick up your different tree _ entirely cheerful one. i would pick up your different tree train - entirely cheerful one. i would pick up your different tree train of - up your different tree train of thought here in that you think they were not distancing. we talk about social—distancing today. for very good reason because of the pandemic. but in philip, there was a sense of national distancing. he was british

and he was close to the throne, he was consort and yet, he was exiled himself, and as an exile you never quite belong with a country that comes to be your home. he was able to look at the very institution to which he belongs, like from outside almost. that's one of the strengths and one of the reasons why he became so adapt at making jokes somehow or other. which points to the fact that he could look at the institution as it were through foreign eyes almost. when you come to the longevity of the british monarchy as an institution, one of the things and james and bronwen alluded to it when you ask yourself about the future of the monarchy, australia is a case in point. they have voted on a referendum some ten or 12 years ago to change to, to remove the monarchy and go for a head of state and they could not agree amongst themselves on who it would be. who would

replace the institution of monarchy. which is such a strong force in the world. now why so many other pillars of society crumble before our very eyes. the monarchy, amazingly and mysteriously, survives. that's one of the things why i believe even beyond elizabeth and bjorn philip, it will continue as a force for good and stability, and institution which people cherish because in comparison to other institutions, it is survivable, it has been proven to survive and it provides the kind of protection against the ills and winds of change. it has to change, but it's also a recognition of the durability of life on earth as it were in institutions which is on perishable. were in institutions which is on perishable-— were in institutions which is on erishable. ., ~ , . "diplomacy is the art of restraining power", according to the former us secretary of state, henry kissinger.

by that definition, it's been a strange week. in vienna, diplomats from tehran and washington have been trying to revive the nuclear deal, without actually meeting one another. in turkey's capital, ankara, the europeans were invited into the same room as the president, but there weren't enough seats. the un special envoy christine schraner burgener flew into myanmar this week. but she's abandoned quiet diplomacy, instead warning "a bloodbath is imminent". when deployments resort to denunciation, has diplomacy failed? no, it shows the limits of diplomacy. she and leanne ma's invoice _ diplomacy. she and leanne ma's invoice you — diplomacy. she and leanne ma's invoice you have both use that bloodbath. and are asking the you end for— bloodbath. and are asking the you end for intervention which goes beyond — end for intervention which goes beyond diplomacy. for peacekeeping, soldiers _ beyond diplomacy. for peacekeeping, soldiers or— beyond diplomacy. for peacekeeping, soldiers or enforcement of a no—fly zone _ soldiers or enforcement of a no—fly zone or— soldiers or enforcement of a no—fly zone or clamping down on assets of people _ zone or clamping down on assets of people abroad and so on. so that is

beyond _ people abroad and so on. so that is beyond diplomacy. but there is a point _ beyond diplomacy. but there is a point where that ends. it does not mean _ point where that ends. it does not mean that— point where that ends. it does not mean that people had not tried. the other— mean that people had not tried. the other two— mean that people had not tried. the other two are a sign of diplomacy in action _ other two are a sign of diplomacy in action in— other two are a sign of diplomacy in action, in the turkish case. with— action, in the turkish case. with unfortunate results of offending the commission president, but that— offending the commission president, but that may have been intentional. in a but that may have been intentional. in a sense — but that may have been intentional. in a sense, it underlines the difficulty of the eu, doesn't it? to presidents turner, two figures status, the commission and one rep is politicians and the president only applies one share. how do you interpret that? was it a deliberate snub to the eu? ii interpret that? was it a deliberate snub to the eu?— snub to the eu? if it's deliberate, it's very ill— snub to the eu? if it's deliberate, it's very ill placed _ snub to the eu? if it's deliberate, it's very ill placed in _ snub to the eu? if it's deliberate, it's very ill placed in really - snub to the eu? if it's deliberate, it's very ill placed in really an - it's very ill placed in really an old goal, only goal of the part of turkey because she is not in a position to lord it over another president in her own right and he

may have hopes and dreams as a head of state of turkey to be recreating a sort of ottoman influence in the world, a turkish influence, but i think he is trying to crack too big and not, not only is ursula von der leyen representative of a pretty powerful body of nations, they are also pretty much against the current course of turkish policy. so that's why i call it an own goal. you cannot survive in the diplomatic game by doing a solo act of offence like this. if it was intended, it was misplaced and if it was unintended, it was an accident of history and he would be well advised to ameliorate this and amended in some way orfashion. to ameliorate this and amended in some way or fashion.— to ameliorate this and amended in some way or fashion. bronwen, on this question _ some way or fashion. bronwen, on this question of _ some way or fashion. bronwen, on this question of trying _ some way or fashion. bronwen, on this question of trying to _ some way or fashion. bronwen, on this question of trying to find - this question of trying to find common purpose, which eu attempts to

do, in the iran talks, our europe, european union and the individual countries represented, are they now on the same page? i countries represented, are they now on the same page?— on the same page? i think yes. we had this hiatus _ on the same page? i think yes. we had this hiatus when _ on the same page? i think yes. we had this hiatus when donald - on the same page? i think yes. we had this hiatus when donald trump pronounced the iran deal a bad deal. and that _ pronounced the iran deal a bad deal. and that really all that. and blew up, forgive the phrase, years of diplomacy— up, forgive the phrase, years of diplomacy successful diplomacy that had arrived at that deal. which had disadvantages of both sides, but was in my— disadvantages of both sides, but was in my opinion, the best deal that could _ in my opinion, the best deal that could have — in my opinion, the best deal that could have been done at that point and it— could have been done at that point and it did — could have been done at that point and it did at first succeed in getting _ and it did at first succeed in getting iran to hold its move towards _ getting iran to hold its move towards a nuclear weapons capability. we then had these years of iran— capability. we then had these years of iran under intense sanctions, forging — of iran under intense sanctions, forging ahead with its nuclear power. — forging ahead with its nuclear power, and nuclear weapons. in preparations, as it appears. or

something iran denies, but... they do have _ something iran denies, but... they do have enough you uranium for a wedding — do have enough you uranium for a wedding. on the policy, we are cautiously— wedding. on the policy, we are cautiously back on track. thank you all very much- _ just now, i quoted henry kissinger on diplomacy. let's end with the view of a diplomat from one of the world's rising powers, india. shashi tharoor, who spent years with the united nations says diplomacy "is much like the lovemaking accompanied with a lot of bellowing and other sound effects, but no one can be sure of the consequences for at least the next two years". goodbye.

it was a bitterly cold start for many, with temperatures as down as low as —7, but those clear skies allowed the sunshine to continue throughout the day. this afternoon we have seen some beautiful blue sky and sunshine. weather watcher pictures sent in, as you can see, close to the scottish borders. the cold arctic air continues to push its way right across the country. this weather front, however, is bring a change of fortunes down to the south and east. we have seen more cloud today. over the last few hours, if you draw a line from the bristol channel over towards the wash, anywhere south and east of that, that cloud has been thick enough for the odd spot or two of drizzle. for the rest of the day, though showers will gradually drift away into the south midlands, may be across south wales and south—west england. the risk of a few isolated showers. with any elevation, some of those showers could contain some sleet and some snow. it is a cold afternoon for many.

temperatures are struggling, 4—9 uite widely. overnight tonight, that rain will drift its way south west and then fade away. clearer skies, that is going to allow those temperatures once again to fall below freezing, particularly in sheltered rural areas of scotland. it will be another bitterly cold start. high pressure does start to build in from the west and keep the quiet story. a little bit more of a breeze coming in off the north sea will make it feel cooler. that could drive in a few wintry showers as we go through the day. sunday will be a relatively quiet day, sunny spells, a few isolated showers. as the temperature struggles, some of those showers could have hail and sleet. temperatures down on where they should be this time of year. 5—10 as a maximum. the high pressure sinks its way south and west. that will allow that weather front to push in to northern ireland and wales. that bit further south than first anticipated stopper means a better day on monday for scotland and eastern england. a good deal of sunshine. clouding over from the west into south—west england, wales and northern ireland seeing

some outbreaks of showery rain. those temperatures subdued, 7—10. as we move out of monday into tuesday, and for the rest of the week, there are indications that something a little less cold starts to develop. we could see temperatures returning back to where they should be for this time of year. it stays relatively dry across the country.

good afternoon and welcome to this special bbc news coverage from windsor castle. i'm jane hill. gun salutes have taken place today to mark the death of the duke of edinburgh at the age of 99. they took place across the united kingdom to mark an extraordinary life of duty and service. prince philip was by the queen's side for more than 70 years — the royal family mourns the loss of a beloved husband and father. if you were having problems, you could always go to him and know that he would listen and try to help. i think he would probably want to be remembered as an individual in his own right.