this is bbc news. i'm rebecca jones. the latest headlines: a "massive wake—up call" about the effects of man—made global warming is about to be delivered by the united nations. these effects are very, very visible from photographs of glaciers melting from the arctic sea ice which is retreating. the signals are all around us and the report will set out the latest evidence. the un report comes as fire and smoke force holiday—makers and residents to flee a greek island. forests continue to burn out of control across the country. three more afghan cities fall to the taliban — as they dismiss international calls for a ceasefire. cheering.

the dancing re—starts in scotland, as almost all of the final coronavirus restrictions are lifted. a baby thought to be the world's smallest at birth has been discharged from a singapore hospital after 13 months of intensive treatment. and coming up this hour.... the fastest breaststroke swimmer in history, a five—time world champion and now a three—time olympic champion. we'll be hearing from adam peaty in half an hour. hello and welcome to bbc news. the world's largest ever report into climate change has

just been published, setting out the stark reality of the state of the planet. the study is by the intergovernmental panel on climate change — a united nations group. it's the most up—to—date assessment of how global warming will change the world in the coming decades. environmental experts have called it a "massive wake—up call" to governments to cut emissions. 234 authors from 66 countries have worked on the landmark assessment. the study has looked at more than 1a,000 scientific papers — with some papers showing that changes humans are inadvertently making to the climate will not be reversed for hundreds or maybe thousands of years. the study calls on goverments around the world to do more to limit global warming to below 1.5 degrees — as agreed in the paris climate agreement in 2015. so far, global temperatures have climbed to 1.2 degrees celsius above pre—industrial levels. in the last report in 2013, the ipcc said that humans

were the "dominant cause" of global warming since the 1950s — now the ipcc have outlined just how much of an influence humans are having on the oceans, the atmosphere and other aspects of our planetary systems. and it comes less than three months before the cop26 climate conference in glasgow — vital un talks that will determine the future course of efforts to tackle climate change. we can cross now to the ipcc where details of the report are being announced. speakers from around the world are expected to join. we start with brief opening remarks from our panellists and the presentation of the new report and then there will be plenty of time for questions and answers. this press conference can be followed by the public and the media can ask questions. if you do, include your

name and outlet. we will now introduce the press conference. thank you. i am pleased and proud to welcome _ thank you. i am pleased and proud to welcome you — thank you. i am pleased and proud to welcome you all to this virtual press — welcome you all to this virtual press conference. it follows something unique and unprecedented for the _ something unique and unprecedented for the ipcc and for many other international organisations. we have 'ust completed a most historic session. it is the _ completed a most historic session. it is the first virtual session. not only was— it is the first virtual session. not only was it — it is the first virtual session. not only was it the first in ipcc history. _ only was it the first in ipcc history. it _ only was it the first in ipcc history, it was also one of the few

approval— history, it was also one of the few approval systems that did not run into extra — approval systems that did not run into extra time. and probably, with the largest— into extra time. and probably, with the largest participation of delegates. when we first realised over a _ delegates. when we first realised over a year ago that the pandemic. to hold _ over a year ago that the pandemic. to hold a _ over a year ago that the pandemic. to hold a virtual session, many said it was— to hold a virtual session, many said it was impossible, it was impossible. people raised concerns attout— impossible. people raised concerns about connectivity problems, as well as transparency. as ipcc secretary, we work — as transparency. as ipcc secretary, we work with a working group in an exhaustive — we work with a working group in an exhaustive consultation to find a format _ exhaustive consultation to find a format that would be consistent with

the values _ format that would be consistent with the values and principle of the ipcc — the values and principle of the ipcc the _ the values and principle of the ipcc. the ipcc should have neutral and policy— ipcc. the ipcc should have neutral and policy neutral outcome. we succeeded. i am and policy neutral outcome. we succeeded. lam proud and policy neutral outcome. we succeeded. i am proud to say, we succeeded~ — succeeded. i am proud to say, we succeeded. we succeeded. 0ver succeeded. i am proud to say, we succeeded. we succeeded. over two weeks _ succeeded. we succeeded. over two weeks we _ succeeded. we succeeded. over two weeks we worked efficiently without a technical hit, zero technical hitches _ a technical hit, zero technical hitches. this is something to flag. the session— hitches. this is something to flag. the session was unsociable hours for someone _ the session was unsociable hours for someone. we had delegates and others joining _ someone. we had delegates and others joining in— someone. we had delegates and others joining in from 13 hours plus. two with -7_ joining in from 13 hours plus. two with -7 hours— joining in from 13 hours plus. two with —7 hours in the north american west— with —7 hours in the north american west coast — with —7 hours in the north american west coast. 0ur participants clocked

up west coast. 0ur participants clocked up 186— west coast. 0ur participants clocked up 186 hours on virtual platforms during _ up 186 hours on virtual platforms during these two weeks. and they were _ during these two weeks. and they were working 12 .6 hours a day. i cannot reveal what was said inside an enclosed — i cannot reveal what was said inside an enclosed ipcc meeting but many delegates said, in their closing statements, it was the most successful ipcc approval session they could remember. just to have flagged _ they could remember. just to have flagged that in this comparison, they said — flagged that in this comparison, they said the virtual one was the best run— they said the virtual one was the best run compared to even other physical— best run compared to even other

physical ones. we had a roll call of attendance of 739 participants and this is— attendance of 739 participants and this is a _ attendance of 739 participants and this is a record. we have never had in person. — this is a record. we have never had in person, that number of participants. and as you are about to hear. _ participants. and as you are about to hear. the — participants. and as you are about to hear, the result was one of the strongest — to hear, the result was one of the strongest and most significant reports — strongest and most significant reports within the ipcc has produced. and this report is coming to fill— produced. and this report is coming to fill the _ produced. and this report is coming to fill the basket for the cycle for which _ to fill the basket for the cycle for which we — to fill the basket for the cycle for which we are producing eight reports. _ which we are producing eight reports, making this cycle is the most _ reports, making this cycle is the most rich — reports, making this cycle is the most rich in _ reports, making this cycle is the most rich in ipcc history, also it is a record _ most rich in ipcc history, also it is a record i_ most rich in ipcc history, also it is a record. i would like to take this opportunity to thank the working _ this opportunity to thank the

working group co—chair. i want to also _ working group co—chair. i want to also thank— working group co—chair. i want to also thank the other members, the 234 authors and also the technical support— 234 authors and also the technical support irr— 234 authors and also the technical support in the team, the working group _ support in the team, the working group as— support in the team, the working group as well as the others. and also i _ group as well as the others. and also i want — group as well as the others. and also i want to thank my secretary, she was like a beehive, _ thank my secretary, she was like a beehive, working nonstop. we had no time zone for ipcc. i would _ we had no time zone for ipcc. i would also _ we had no time zone for ipcc. i would also like to thank our parent organisation, harmony. and also, i

want— organisation, harmony. and also, i want to— organisation, harmony. and also, i want to thank our chair for his leadership, through all this process in leadership, through all this process ih this— leadership, through all this process in this cycle, we are making history~ _ in this cycle, we are making history~ '— in this cycle, we are making history. i want to thank everyone who contributed in the background to this process. sol who contributed in the background to this process. so i have now want to hand _ this process. so i have now want to hand over — this process. so i have now want to hand over-— this process. so i have now want to hand over. ., ,, , ., . ., ., hand over. thank you. we now have over 7000 — hand over. thank you. we now have over 7000 people _ hand over. thank you. we now have over 7000 people on _ hand over. thank you. we now have over 7000 people on this _ hand over. thank you. we now have over 7000 people on this press - over 7000 people on this press conference _ over 7000 people on this press conference and _ over 7000 people on this press conference and i— over 7000 people on this press conference and i would - over 7000 people on this press conference and i would like - over 7000 people on this press conference and i would like to i over 7000 people on this press - conference and i would like to make some _ conference and i would like to make some opening — conference and i would like to make some opening remarks. _ conference and i would like to make some opening remarks.— conference and i would like to make some opening remarks. thank you very much, can some opening remarks. thank you very much. can l _ some opening remarks. thank you very much. can ljust _ some opening remarks. thank you very much, can i just echo _ some opening remarks. thank you very much, can i just echo what _ some opening remarks. thank you very much, can i just echo what was - some opening remarks. thank you very much, can i just echo what wasjust - much, can ijust echo what was just said, a warm and sincere thanks to everyone who has been involved in this, to the ipcc, to the authors and everyone who has been involved in this latest climate alarm. your

work, based on science, is particularly appreciated given the disruption of covid—19. you have been telling us for over three decades of the dangers of allowing the planet to warm. the world listen, but did not hear. the world listened but did not act strongly enough and as a result, climate change is a problem that is here now. nobody is safe and it is getting worse faster. we must treat climate change is an immediate threat, just as we must treat the connected crisis of nature and biodiversity loss and waste is immediate threats. as noted, we understand that climate change exacerbates already grave risks to biodiversity and natural managed

habitats. ecosystem degradation reduces nature's ability to reduce the force of climate change. and as the force of climate change. and as the ipcc working group reminds us, reducing greenhouse gases will not only slow down climate change, but will improve air quality, it is all connected. it is time to get serious because every tonne of c02 emission adds to global warming. as it was noted last week, 110 countries, 110 out of 191 parties to the convention have submitted new or updated ndc is ahead of the next climate cop. it needs to be an integral part of their paris commitments. they must finance and support developing countries to adapt to climate change, as promised under the paris

agreement. they must decarbonise faster, restore natural systems and draw down carbon, cut out methane and other greenhouse gases faster. get behind the amendment to the montreal critical to cut the cooling impact. every business, every investor and every citizen needs to play their part. we cannot undo the mistakes of the past, but this generation of political and business leaders, this generation of conscious citizens can make things right. this generation can make the systemic changes that will stop the planet warming, help everyone adapt to the new conditions and create a world of peace, prosperity and equity. climate change is here now, but we are also here now. and if we don't act, who will? thank you.

thank you very much. now i invite another— thank you very much. now i invite another speaker _ thank you very much. now i invite another speaker to— thank you very much. now i invite another speaker to take _ thank you very much. now i invite another speaker to take the - thank you very much. now i invite another speaker to take the floor. j another speaker to take the floor. thank— another speaker to take the floor. thank you — another speaker to take the floor. thank you for— another speaker to take the floor. thank you for inviting _ another speaker to take the floor. thank you for inviting me - another speaker to take the floor. thank you for inviting me to - another speaker to take the floor. thank you for inviting me to the l thank you for inviting me to the opening of this important session. after the first climate conference in 1979, we established the ipcc. the risk of climate change by the growing consumption of oil, gas was identified. ipcc has been working on new system since then and we have been pleased to host. now we are publishing this report with summarising the results published in the last eight years. i would like to thank hundreds of authors and reviewers of this massive report.

they have desired —— devoted seven years of their career to this work. the first report, that climate change was already detected using several physical parameters. human induced greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide will pose a threat for human well—being and greenhouse gases would have to be minimised to reduce the risk. the published today

tells of the same desire. climate change has grown more rapidly than we ever expected in 1979. i have a chance to follow this as a scientist and as a member of the ipcc and delegate. climate change is causing weather extremes and will do so in the future. we were using sports terms and one could say the atmosphere has been exposed to doping, it means we have begun observing climate extremes more often than before. that means record—breaking temperatures, forest fires, drought and also during these daysin fires, drought and also during these days in greece, california for

example. it has led to problems observed in central europe and china with several catastrophes, unfortunately. the warming affects the frequency and area of existence of the most into tropical storms, hurricane is, typhoons and cyclones. according to this report, we are still having a chance to stop the negative climate trend by limiting the use of fossil fuels and by stopping deforestation. some changes will continue for centuries and even thousands of years, the melting of lessees and the coverage of ice and snow cover. the report underlines

the level of climate mitigation. we are not yet heading towards the 1.5 to 2 degrees warming by the end of the century. 0ur to 2 degrees warming by the end of the century. our aim to 2 degrees warming by the end of the century. 0uraim is to 2 degrees warming by the end of the century. our aim is to reach 1.5 degrees warming level which will be best for the welfare of mankind and the biosphere. we are heading to three degrees warming instead. we have received encouraging pledges from several countries about the one point five climate warming as promised. it is not enough to stop harmful infarcts like food products, the extreme heat, forest fires, continued sea level rises, potential of a refugee crisis and the negative impacts on the economy and biosphere. the science climate

mitigation is essential to pay attention to climate adaptation since the negative trend will continue for decades and in some cases, for thousands of years. we need to invest in an early warning climate and water services. 0nly climate and water services. only half of them of the members have such services in place. it means more gaps in observing the networks, especially in africa, some parts of latin america and caribbean island states. it is a negative impact on weather forecasts in those areas and also worldwide. the message of the ipcc report is crystal clear, we have to raise the level of mitigation. the forthcoming cop26

meeting in glasgow in november will be a critical milestone to combat climate change. thank you. thank you. we now have the report. firstly— thank you. we now have the report. firstly i_ thank you. we now have the report. firstly i would — thank you. we now have the report. firstly i would like _ thank you. we now have the report. firstly i would like to _ thank you. we now have the report. firstly i would like to record - thank you. we now have the report. firstly i would like to record that - firstly i would like to record that todayis firstly i would like to record that today is the international day of the world's indigenous people. ipcc assessments draws on the respect of indigenous knowledge all over the world. we recognise that traditional agricultural practices can be resilient to climate and non—climate stresses and indigenous knowledge

systems and practices of local people to revert many climatic changes. i would also like to inform you that this report is dedicated to the memory of sirjohn hughton, one of the key figures in the creation of the key figures in the creation of the key figures in the creation of the ipcc in 1988, reserved as chair and co—chair of working group one and who died in april last year. and the interactive atlas, one of the innovative aspects of this report is dedicated to the memory of one of its coordinating lead authors, who sadly passed away in march this year. the report that we are presenting today is the result of an unprecedented effort by the ipcc community. on top of intense efforts required for any ipcc

reports, we have faced the challenge of completing the assessment in the pandemic, which obliged us to ensure that not only extra work but develop new ways of working to get the job done. this was an unprecedented effort, but we finished on time with greater participation than usual and have delivered strong, clear, scientific assessments of climate change. many thanks to the authors who took on this responsibility to deliver the report and to the working group one bureau, the clinical support unit and the secretary who made this possible. let me also thank the governments of france and china for their generous support of the tsu of spain and the

interactive atlas. and thank you to our member governments who provided us with the necessary guidance so we could hold a virtual session and then participate in the meeting to approve the report. ipcc reports are for policymakers and it is particularly rewarding to see whether level of information in this report, the regionalfocus that whether level of information in this report, the regional focus that will support policymakers in their decisions. this focus on regional information, that with new chapters and interactive atlas is one of the many innovative aspects of the report. 0thers include dedicated chapters and human influence on climate and interaction of a changing climate with extreme weather events. this report will serve as a timely new evidence base

for negotiators at the cop26 negotiations starting in less than three months. it will be a valuable tool box for negotiators as they consider the level of ambition at cop26 and together with the rest of the assessment report, as they prepare for the global stock—take. this report, climate change 2021, the physical science basis expands our knowledge of attribution of climate change, including the human contribution to extreme weather events and it provides us with an improved understanding of climate change, including warning is present and future. first, it tells us it is indisputable that human activities are causing climate change and making extreme weather events more frequent and severe. second, it shows that climate change is

affecting every region on our planet and lastly it explains that strong, rapid reductions in strong carbon dioxide and other greenhouse emissions will be required to limit global warming. you will now get a more detailed account. i hand back tojonathan. more detailed account. i hand back to jonathan-— more detailed account. i hand back to jonathan. ., ~' , ., , . to jonathan. thank you very much. i now invite the _ to jonathan. thank you very much. i now invite the report _ to jonathan. thank you very much. i now invite the report to _ to jonathan. thank you very much. i now invite the report to be - now invite the report to be presented. please bear with us as we switch _ presented. please bear with us as we switch the _ presented. please bear with us as we switch the presentation.— switch the presentation. thank you, jonathan. before _ switch the presentation. thank you, jonathan. before we _ switch the presentation. thank you, jonathan. before we get _ switch the presentation. thank you, jonathan. before we get on - switch the presentation. thank you, jonathan. before we get on to - jonathan. before we get on to present the assessment report on the physical science basis of climate change, i am physical science basis of climate change, iam proud physical science basis of climate change, i am proud to unveil the artwork that is featured on the cover page of the report. an artist created this piece of visual art on

the front cover, having been inspired by a scientific figure in our summary inspired by a scientific figure in oursummary for inspired by a scientific figure in our summary for policymakers. this global view highlights one of the most important messages from this report, that climate change is already affecting every region on our planet. and every fraction of additional warming will increasingly affect every region in multiple ways. the ipcc does not conduct new research — the ipcc does not conduct new research in itself, instead, the hundreds— research in itself, instead, the hundreds of scientists who worked on this report _ hundreds of scientists who worked on this report come together to assess the current— this report come together to assess the current state of knowledge over the current state of knowledge over the science of climate change. they reviewed _ the science of climate change. they reviewed over 14,000 studies, massive — reviewed over 14,000 studies, massive amounts of data. in this

assessment, we welcome the new authors _ assessment, we welcome the new authors to— assessment, we welcome the new authors to those of whom have never been involved as authors in previous ipcc reports. 0ur been involved as authors in previous ipcc reports. our team been involved as authors in previous ipcc reports. 0urteam is been involved as authors in previous ipcc reports. our team is made up of scientists— ipcc reports. our team is made up of scientists from 66 countries around the world — scientists from 66 countries around the world. in the review process three _ the world. in the review process three phases of review by governments and experts were taken on board, _ governments and experts were taken on board, over 78,000 comments from experts _ on board, over 78,000 comments from experts and _ on board, over 78,000 comments from experts and government. we had to invent— experts and government. we had to invent an _ experts and government. we had to invent an new way of working which ended _ invent an new way of working which ended up— invent an new way of working which ended up in— invent an new way of working which ended up in this unprecedented online _ ended up in this unprecedented online approval process over the last two weeks. people said we couldn't do it, but we did. since the last assessment _

couldn't do it, but we did. since the last assessment report - couldn't do it, but we did. since the last assessment report in i couldn't do it, but we did. ’5 “ice: the last assessment report in 2013, there have been important advances in climate science worldwide. during these years, climate scientists filled in gaps of observations of the climate, they included new ways to combine many new types of evidence. as a result, today we have the clearest picture of how the earth's climate functions and how human activity is affected. they know better than ever how the climate has changed in the past, how it is changing now and how it will change in the future. {th it is changing now and how it will change in the future.— change in the future. of course, they have _ change in the future. of course, they have known _ change in the future. of course, they have known for _ change in the future. of course, they have known for decades . change in the future. of course, l they have known for decades that change in the future. of course, - they have known for decades that the world is— they have known for decades that the world is warming. after recent changes— world is warming. after recent changes we have seen in the climate, now widespread, rapid and intensifying and some of the changes we see _ intensifying and some of the changes we see today are unprecedented in

thousands— we see today are unprecedented in thousands of years or never seen before _ thousands of years or never seen before the — thousands of years or never seen before. the recent rate of warming is unprecedented in at least 2000 years _ is unprecedented in at least 2000 years to— is unprecedented in at least 2000 years. to measure how the climate is changing, _ years. to measure how the climate is changing, we — years. to measure how the climate is changing, we look at key indicators, the average — changing, we look at key indicators, the average temperature of the earth's — the average temperature of the earth's surface over a period of at least _ earth's surface over a period of at least a _ earth's surface over a period of at least a decade, compared to the average — least a decade, compared to the average in — least a decade, compared to the average in the late 1800s. we took, over the _ average in the late 1800s. we took, over the last ten years, the average surface _ over the last ten years, the average surface temperature was 1.1 celsius warmer~ _ surface temperature was 1.1 celsius warmer in — surface temperature was 1.1 celsius warmer. in fact, each of the last four— warmer. in fact, each of the last four decades has successfully been the warmest since the late 1800s. temperature is not the only aspect that is— temperature is not the only aspect that is being altered. levels of

heat _ that is being altered. levels of heat trapping gases in the atmosphere continue to increase fast~ _ atmosphere continue to increase fast. current c02 concentrations are the highest — fast. current c02 concentrations are the highest they have been for at least _ the highest they have been for at least 2 _ the highest they have been for at least 2 million years. over the past 100 years. — least 2 million years. over the past 100 years, sea levels have risen at faster— 100 years, sea levels have risen at faster rates — 100 years, sea levels have risen at faster rates than ever. at least 3000 — faster rates than ever. at least 3000 years. some arctic sea ice area is at its _ 3000 years. some arctic sea ice area is at its lowest in at least 1000 years — is at its lowest in at least 1000 years and _ is at its lowest in at least 1000 years. and the retreat of glaziers on a _ years. and the retreat of glaziers on a global scale since 1950 is unprecedented in at least 2000 years _ unprecedented in at least 2000 years. the warming we have already experienced has far reaching consequences. climate change is contributing to an increase in extreme _ contributing to an increase in

extreme heat, and drought. since the 1950s, _ extreme heat, and drought. since the i950s, court— extreme heat, and drought. since the 1950s, court extremes including heat waves _ 1950s, court extremes including heat waves and _ 1950s, court extremes including heat waves and marine heatwaves have become _ waves and marine heatwaves have become more frequent and more intense — become more frequent and more intense. these events have become more _ intense. these events have become more frequent and intense. and we see increasing drought in some regions — see increasing drought in some regions. these consequences, heat, rainfall— regions. these consequences, heat, rainfall and — regions. these consequences, heat, rainfall and drought touch our whole planet. _ rainfall and drought touch our whole planet. not — rainfall and drought touch our whole planet, notjust people but also plants— planet, notjust people but also plants and animals, nature and agriculture, the growing season of plants _ agriculture, the growing season of plants has— agriculture, the growing season of plants has lengthened on average in lane plants has lengthened on average in large parts of the northern hemisphere. the combination of dry, hot and _ hemisphere. the combination of dry, hot and windy conditions is conducive to wildfire, becoming more

frequent _ conducive to wildfire, becoming more frequent in _ conducive to wildfire, becoming more frequent in many parts of the world. multiple _ frequent in many parts of the world. multiple changes are taking place in the oceans which are warming, and losing _ the oceans which are warming, and losing oxygen. this affects ocean life and _ losing oxygen. this affects ocean life and the people who depend on it. , ., it. there will be further warming in the coming — it. there will be further warming in the coming decades. _ it. there will be further warming in the coming decades. what - it. there will be further warming in the coming decades. what is - it. there will be further warming in the coming decades. what is clear| the coming decades. what is clear from this report is that... the report shows that in the next 20 years, globalwarming, the report shows that in the next 20 years, global warming, the average temperature of the surface of the earth over a period of 20 years is expected to reach or exceed 1.5

celsius above the late 1800s. however, if we rapidly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, if we can reach global net zero c02 greenhouse gas emissions, if we can reach global net zero co2 emissions around 2050, it is extremely unlikely that we can keep global warming well below 2 degrees. if we do this, it is more likely than not that the temperature would gradually decline to below or around 1.5 celsius by the end of the century with a temporary overshoot of no more than 0.1 celsius. but if global greenhouse gas emissions remain i rented a's level, in the coming decades, we would reach 2 degrees of global warning by the middle of the century. with an additional amount of global warming, we will see greater changes in the climate.

every additional .5 degrees will cause increases in the intensity and frequency of hot extremes, heavy precipitation and drought. at 2 degrees of global warming, heat extremes with more often reach critical thresholds for agriculture and human health. at a global scale, extreme daily rainfall events intensify by about 7% for each additional degrees celsius of global warming. as you see. the future changes depend future human influence. now let's go back to where we are today...

what is new in this report has a much _ what is new in this report has a much more _ what is new in this report has a much more advanced understanding of the connections between the emissions and the rise in global temperature and that the change to weather _ temperature and that the change to weather and the climate we are seeing — weather and the climate we are seeing around the world. it is unequivocal that human influence has warmed _ unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land _ warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land. almost all of the observed warming — land. almost all of the observed warming from the late 1800s is caused — warming from the late 1800s is caused by humans. in this report, we look at _ caused by humans. in this report, we look at all— caused by humans. in this report, we look at all the atmosphere gases that affect the climate, we confirm

that affect the climate, we confirm that human caused emissions of greenhouse gases are the main driver of global— greenhouse gases are the main driver of global warming and we can see clearly— of global warming and we can see clearly how much warming comes from carbon— clearly how much warming comes from carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases. we can also assess the influence of pollution particles called _ the influence of pollution particles called aerosols which have an overall— called aerosols which have an overall cooling effect. this effect partly _ overall cooling effect. this effect partly masks the warming from the greenhouse gases. we also looked at all the _ greenhouse gases. we also looked at all the natural factors that can affect — all the natural factors that can affect the climate, we take into account — affect the climate, we take into account how natural climate variability modulates human caused changed. _ variability modulates human caused changed, with little effect on global— changed, with little effect on global warming as a central scale. another— global warming as a central scale.

another major advance in our understanding of human emissions is how our— understanding of human emissions is how our emissions need to specifically change in the climate including — specifically change in the climate including extreme weather events. we know today _ including extreme weather events. we know today that human influence is already— know today that human influence is already making extra weather climate events _ already making extra weather climate events including heat waves, heavy precipitation and drought is more and more — precipitation and drought is more and more severe. hot extremes including _ and more severe. hot extremes including heat waves have become more _ including heat waves have become more frequent and are more intense since _ more frequent and are more intense since neither the 1950s and hot extremes — since neither the 1950s and hot extremes in the last decade would have been— extremes in the last decade would have been extremely unlikely without human _ have been extremely unlikely without human influence on the climate system — human influence on the climate system. furthermore, we know that human— system. furthermore, we know that human influence has been the main

driver— human influence has been the main driver of— human influence has been the main driver of ocean warming since the 1970s— driver of ocean warming since the i970s and — driver of ocean warming since the 1970s and human caused c02 emissions are the _ 1970s and human caused c02 emissions are the main— 1970s and human caused c02 emissions are the main driver of... human influence— are the main driver of... human influence in— are the main driver of... human influence in contributing to reduce oxygen— influence in contributing to reduce oxygen levels in the ocean observed since _ oxygen levels in the ocean observed since the _ oxygen levels in the ocean observed since the mid—20th century. human influence _ since the mid—20th century. human influence is— since the mid—20th century. human influence is also the main driver of change _ influence is also the main driver of change we — influence is also the main driver of change we see in the frozen areas of the planet — change we see in the frozen areas of the planet. driving the global retreat — the planet. driving the global retreat of glaciers since the 1990s. 40% decrease in active sea ice since 1979. _ 40% decrease in active sea ice since 1979, decrease in snow cover since the i950s~ — 1979, decrease in snow cover since the i950s~ it — 1979, decrease in snow cover since the 1950s. it is very likely that human— the 1950s. it is very likely that human influence contributed to the

melt of— human influence contributed to the melt of greenland ice sheet in the last 20 _ melt of greenland ice sheet in the last 20 years. these advances in our understanding of how human activities are affecting the climate mean _ activities are affecting the climate mean that today, we can estimate the change _ mean that today, we can estimate the change we _ mean that today, we can estimate the change we may experience both gradual— change we may experience both gradual change and extreme resulting from different amounts of emissions, different— from different amounts of emissions, different levels of warming and across — different levels of warming and across different regions. climate change _ across different regions. climate change is — across different regions. climate change is already affecting every region— change is already affecting every region on— change is already affecting every region on earth and multiple ways. but the _ region on earth and multiple ways. but the climate change manifest differently depending on where in the world you are. there are different _ the world you are. there are different combinations of change in every— different combinations of change in every part— different combinations of change in every part of the world. in this

report, — every part of the world. in this report, we _ every part of the world. in this report, we are adding more information that is useful on regional— information that is useful on regional scale. this is an area of climate — regional scale. this is an area of climate science that has advanced in the last _ climate science that has advanced in the last ten— climate science that has advanced in the last ten years to reflect this and provide more information to inform _ and provide more information to inform decisions related to risk management and adaptation. i read one part _ management and adaptation. i read one part of— management and adaptation. i read one part of our report is dedicated to regional— one part of our report is dedicated to regional climate information. as a part— to regional climate information. as a part of— to regional climate information. as a part of our— to regional climate information. as a part of our focus on regional climate — a part of our focus on regional climate information, we are also introducing a new concept of climatic _ introducing a new concept of climatic impact drivers to help translate _ climatic impact drivers to help translate physical change in climate. _ translate physical change in climate, heat, cold, rain, drought, wind _ climate, heat, cold, rain, drought, wind and _ climate, heat, cold, rain, drought, wind and coastal flooding and more into what _ wind and coastal flooding and more into what they mean for society and

the ecosystems. we are not only looking _ the ecosystems. we are not only looking at — the ecosystems. we are not only looking at gradual temperature increases, but also at specific conditions were heat was over thresholds leading to severe consequences for people, agriculture and wildlife. many of the changes were assessed art related to the global— were assessed art related to the global water cycle. the water cycle means _ global water cycle. the water cycle means how water moves through the atmosphere, land, ocean. with warmer temperatures, the atmosphere can hold more — temperatures, the atmosphere can hold more water. we have seen more and faster— hold more water. we have seen more and faster evaporation and heavier reciprocation. among some rainfalls are also— reciprocation. among some rainfalls are also important to so many people

are also important to so many people are changing in a complex way in response — are changing in a complex way in response to the contrasting effects of greenhouse gases and pollution particles _ of greenhouse gases and pollution particles which we call aerosols. with— particles which we call aerosols. with more — particles which we call aerosols. with more people warming, the global water cycle _ with more people warming, the global water cycle will intensify. that means — water cycle will intensify. that means both heavy rainfall and at the same _ means both heavy rainfall and at the same time _ means both heavy rainfall and at the same time as we see intensified dry seasons _ same time as we see intensified dry seasons and droughts. with more global— seasons and droughts. with more global warming, average annual rainfall— global warming, average annual rainfall on land is expected to increase — rainfall on land is expected to increase but that rainfall is expected to become more bearable within— expected to become more bearable within a _ expected to become more bearable within a season and year to year. the interactive atlas makes our global and regional climate

information available to all and it includes observations of ongoing change. — includes observations of ongoing change, the projections of future change. — change, the projections of future change, and you can see the interactive atlas to make your own maps _ interactive atlas to make your own maps and — interactive atlas to make your own maps and you can use the interactive atlas _ maps and you can use the interactive atlas to— maps and you can use the interactive atlas to make your own maps and analysis— atlas to make your own maps and analysis using the datasets we used in the _ analysis using the datasets we used in the report. you can use the atlas to find _ in the report. you can use the atlas to find out— in the report. you can use the atlas to find out what climate change means — to find out what climate change means or — to find out what climate change means or where you live. moreover, man of means or where you live. moreover, many of the — means or where you live. moreover, many of the changes _ means or where you live. moreover, many of the changes that _ means or where you live. moreover, many of the changes that an - means or where you live. moreover, many of the changes that an motion | many of the changes that an motion by human caused climate change are slow process. these long—lasting changes for the most part affect the planet's frozen regions and the ocean. change in ice sheets, deep ocean. change in ice sheets, deep ocean temperature will continue for

centuries to thousands of years meaning that they are irreversible in our lifetime and will continue for generations to come. in this report, we show that over the course of this century, global ocean temperature is projected to reach two to eight times as much as it has increased since the early 1970s. the melting of greenland ice sheet will continue for thousands of years. this means that the sea level keep rising. coming back to now, the rate of sea—level rise keeps increasing and the rate of ice sheet loss has increased by a factor of four in the past 30 years. the good news is that these irreversible changes can be slowed down with rapid, strong and sustained reductions in emissions.

and other changes can be stopped. if greenhouse gas emissions are deeply reduced, for example, retreating glaciers and arctic sea ice will continue to decline for at least several decades, but these changes could be slowed and stopped if emissions are reduced. to limit global warming, strong, emissions are reduced. to limit globalwarming, strong, rapid and sustained reductions in co2, methane and other greenhouse gases are necessary. we know that co2, carbon dioxide is the key greenhouse gas driving climate change. we know it comes from the most part from the burning of fossil fuels. comes from the most part from the burning of fossilfuels. this report reaffirms that there is a near linear relationship between the cumulative amount of emissions of c02 in the atmosphere from human activities and the extent of

observed and future warming. this is physics. this means that the only way to limit global warming is to reach net zero c02 way to limit global warming is to reach net zero co2 emissions at a global scale. reach net zero co2 emissions at a globalscale. every additionaltonne of c02 globalscale. every additionaltonne of co2 emissions adds to global warming. 0ur report get more details on how reducing emissions will affect the climate. for instance, it quantifies just how much more c02 we can't release and still have a chance to limit warming close to 1.5 celsius or two celsius. we know that today... one? so we are hearing in detail about the largest report ever to climate change that has just been published, setting out, let's be honest for all of you have been watching and listening alongside me, the stark reality of the state of

the stark reality of the state of the planet. the stark reality of the state of the planet-— the stark reality of the state of the planet. this study is by the intergovernmental _ the planet. this study is by the intergovernmental planet - the planet. this study is by the intergovernmental planet on i the planet. this study is by the - intergovernmental planet on climate change, and as i said, the un has sounded a dire warning that global warming is unfolding more quickly than feared and that human beings are almost entirely to blame. let's bring in the professor of climate science at the university of reading and a contributor to the report. i know you have been watching the news conference alongside others. too much to digest. what stands out for you? much to digest. what stands out for ou? . . much to digest. what stands out for ou? , , . , , much to digest. what stands out for ou? , ., you? this is a pretty stark warning. the evidence _ you? this is a pretty stark warning. the evidence we _ you? this is a pretty stark warning. the evidence we have _ you? this is a pretty stark warning. the evidence we have collected - you? this is a pretty stark warning. the evidence we have collected in i the evidence we have collected in this report which has taken three years to write, we conclude that human actions are warming the planet and we state that with certainty. this warming has severe consequences, we are already seeing increases in intensity and frequency

of heat waves around the world, we are already seeing changes to extreme rainfall becoming more intense and in other regions we are seeing drought are becoming worse. these consequences will continue as the planet continues to warm. is it the planet continues to warm. is it inevitable? — the planet continues to warm. is it inevitable? this _ the planet continues to warm. is it inevitable? this link has been made between climate change and human behaviour, these extreme weather events, is now inevitable they get worse? , ., ., ., worse? every tonne of carbon dioxide will warm the — worse? every tonne of carbon dioxide will warm the planet _ worse? every tonne of carbon dioxide will warm the planet and _ worse? every tonne of carbon dioxide will warm the planet and make - worse? every tonne of carbon dioxide will warm the planet and make these| will warm the planet and make these events more extreme. that is very clear. ~ ., events more extreme. that is very clear. ~ . ., clear. we were hearing that greenland _ clear. we were hearing that greenland glaciers - clear. we were hearing thatj greenland glaciers melting, clear. we were hearing that - greenland glaciers melting, sea levels rising, irreversible, there is no going back, clearly, from some changes. can you reassure us at all that it changes. can you reassure us at all thatitis changes. can you reassure us at all that it is not too late to stop further irreversible changes? figs further irreversible changes? is soon as we reach net zero greenhouse

gas emissions, that will stabilise global temperatures. they will not continue to increase. that means that we can stop things getting worse. as you say, for many things, there is no going back. the sea level will continue to rise for centuries or thousands of years and that will have consequences for coastal flooding and inundation of communities.— communities. juicy as soon as we reach net zero — communities. juicy as soon as we reach net zero greenhouse - communities. juicy as soon as we reach net zero greenhouse gas i reach net zero greenhouse gas emissions, what are your thoughts and conclusions of keeping temperature to 1.5 degrees above preindustrial level. can it be done? yes, with the rapid, sustained, immediate reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. to reach net zero globally by about 2050, that is a very difficult challenge to achieve. this report will provide the evidence to the people making the decisions about how we go about tackling this crisis. flan

decisions about how we go about tackling this crisis.— tackling this crisis. can you give us detail about _ tackling this crisis. can you give us detail about what _ tackling this crisis. can you give us detail about what needs - tackling this crisis. can you give us detail about what needs to i tackling this crisis. can you give | us detail about what needs to be done? ~ .,. ., us detail about what needs to be done? ~ ., ., ., , us detail about what needs to be done? ., ., ., , done? most of our greenhouse gas emissions comes _ done? most of our greenhouse gas emissions comes from _ done? most of our greenhouse gas emissions comes from fossil - done? most of our greenhouse gas emissions comes from fossil fuel. emissions comes from fossil fuel burning and deforestation and other actions. if we are to achieve net zero emissions, that means cutting a reliance on fossil fuels and finding other ways of producing energy to power our homes and our businesses and everything else that goes on. we have to cut our reliance on fossil fuels. ., , ,., have to cut our reliance on fossil fuels. ., ,,., ., ,, , �* fuels. professor ed hawkins, i'm sor , is fuels. professor ed hawkins, i'm sorry. is it _ fuels. professor ed hawkins, i'm sorry. is it ed — fuels. professor ed hawkins, i'm sorry, is it ed or— fuels. professor ed hawkins, i'm sorry, is it ed or david? - fuels. professor ed hawkins, i'm sorry, is it ed or david? the - sorry, is it ed or david? the professor of climate science at the university of reading and a contributor to the report. yesterday marked the close of the tokyo olympics. 65 medals for team

gb, athletes return home and paris prepares for the 2024 games and the olympic legacy, how can it harvest competitor's success to inspire future generations and olympians? joining us is the chief executive of the london legacy development corporation. it is very good to have you with us. i want to ask you, how much of the success in tokyo can be attributed in any way to the legacy of the 2012 games? flan attributed in any way to the legacy of the 2012 games?— of the 2012 games? can i correct ou, the of the 2012 games? can i correct you. the legacy _ of the 2012 games? can i correct you, the legacy project - of the 2012 games? can i correct you, the legacy project is - of the 2012 games? can i correct you, the legacy project is in - you, the legacy project is in stratford, on the queen elizabeth olympic park. i am at home at the moment in berkshire. speaking about legacy, a lot of it was contributed

to from the very first plan. so london was fixated at the very beginning on legacy and so the plan that was put in for the bed in 2005 had legacy at his heart. a huge investment for a country and we felt investment for a country and we felt in this country, it was really important to benefit from that over the long term. important to benefit from that over the long term-— important to benefit from that over the long term. what did you have in our mind the long term. what did you have in your mind when _ the long term. what did you have in your mind when you _ the long term. what did you have in your mind when you set _ the long term. what did you have in your mind when you set out - the long term. what did you have in your mind when you set out with i the long term. what did you have in | your mind when you set out with this term legacy?— your mind when you set out with this term legacy? putting communities at the heart of what _ term legacy? putting communities at the heart of what we _ term legacy? putting communities at the heart of what we did. _ term legacy? putting communities at the heart of what we did. in - term legacy? putting communities at the heart of what we did. in east - the heart of what we did. in east london, it was essentially around 600 acres of wasteland at the time. it was about growing the city, building a new metropolitan centre around stratford with the park at the heart of that. in fact, the estimates for growth before 2012 were really exceeded by about three

orfour were really exceeded by about three or four times as a result of, partly the olympic games and also the growth in east london in general terms. ., g . terms. forjapan, given the circumstances, _ terms. forjapan, given the circumstances, the - terms. forjapan, given thej circumstances, the absence terms. forjapan, given the i circumstances, the absence of spectators, this olympics in the wake of the pandemic, how do they go about creating a lasting legacy when you do not have the community in the same way as we did in london? that’s same way as we did in london? that's interesting- — same way as we did in london? that's interesting. although _ same way as we did in london? that's interesting. although the _ same way as we did in london? that's interesting. although the bed - same way as we did in london? “trust�*s interesting. although the bed and 2005 for london to attack people at the heart of it, and the intention was to change the lives of londoners, it wasn't until we got into legacy and started bill —— bringing the buildings back into use, local people got involved in a real sense. we have 400 volunteers on the park who had been with us

since the olympic games, there were thousands during the olympic games, 80% of the jobs across the park and venues are occupied by local people. the venues are very accessible. 1 million people per year swim at the london aquatics centre for the price of a swim at their local pool and they are swimming alongside elites athletes like tom daley whose diving academy taking place this summer. is plenty of opportunity despite not having the crowds for tokyo to play and bring the community an admixture that they own the legacy going forward. . . . that they own the legacy going forward. . ., , forward. that was really interesting. _ forward. that was really interesting. thank - forward. that was really interesting. thank you | forward. that was really l interesting. thank you so forward. that was really - interesting. thank you so much forward. that was really _ interesting. thank you so much for your time and talking to us on bbc news. a baby thought to be the world's

smallest at birth has been discharged from a singapore hospital after 13 months of intensive treatment. kwek yu xuan was just 212 grams — the weight of an apple — when she was born and measured 24 centimetres long. her mother gave birth to her by emergency c—section four months ahead of schedule after she was diagnosed with pre—eclampsia — dangerously high blood pressure that can damage vital organs and be fatal for both mother and baby. yu xuan now weighs a much healthier 6.3 kg. let's speak to our reporter suranjana tewari in singapore. it's an incredible story. the doctors must have thought this little baby might not survive. can you tell us more about her? doctors in singapore — you tell us more about her? doctors in singapore at _ you tell us more about her? doctors in singapore at the _ you tell us more about her? doctors in singapore at the national- in singapore at the national university hospital where she was born actually said that babies who

are born that premature have a 70% survival rate. letters quite high, but they expected her to weigh at least 400 grams but she weighed only 212 grams. many of the doctors looking after her said that really put a low chance of survival. kwek yu xuan surprised doctors with her progress. when she was first born, she was so small, the doctors really struggle to look after her. her skin was very sensitive and it was very difficult to put probes onto her skin in order to monitor her health. also the nappies available were very large and it was really important that she had regular nappies because her skin was so sensitive. even the medicine had to be calculated down to the decimal point. it is a miracle here. they doctors here said

it was a covid—19 miracle because she was born in the middle of the pandemic and her progress really gave a ray of hope amidst all the darkness that there has been in the last year or so. darkness that there has been in the last year or so-_ last year or so. how is she now? what does _ last year or so. how is she now? what does the _ last year or so. how is she now? what does the future _ last year or so. how is she now? what does the future hold? - last year or so. how is she now? what does the future hold? as l last year or so. how is she now? i what does the future hold? as you mentioned. _ what does the future hold? as you mentioned, she _ what does the future hold? as you mentioned, she is _ what does the future hold? as you mentioned, she is very _ what does the future hold? as you mentioned, she is very healthy, i what does the future hold? as you | mentioned, she is very healthy, 6.4 kilograms, £14, because she was born so prematurely, she has chronic lung disease and pulmonary hypertension so she will need help on a ventilator when she is back home. doctors here in singapore say that she is likely to outgrow a lot of those conditions that amateur bbs to outgrow them and with the progress that she has made, they are confident that she will improve even at home. she can't roll over by herself, she is learning to use a bottle and she is very fond of her

dummy. it bottle and she is very fond of her dumm . . . bottle and she is very fond of her dumm . , ., ., , bottle and she is very fond of her dumm. ., . ~' dummy. it is a lovely story. thank ou so dummy. it is a lovely story. thank you so much _ dummy. it is a lovely story. thank you so much for— dummy. it is a lovely story. thank you so much for it _ dummy. it is a lovely story. thank you so much for it to _ dummy. it is a lovely story. thank you so much for it to us. - now it's time for a look at the weather with carol. hello again. there are further thundery showers in today's forecast, but, equally, there is some sunshine as well. the showers from this morning continuing to push away into the north sea. there will be further showers left behind across england, wales and northern ireland and some heavy ones across parts of the south—east of scotland. the met office has a warning out because, for some of those in scotland, there could be some torrential downpours in a short amount of time. temperatures today getting up to about 21 or 22. through this evening and overnight, a lot of the showers will fade, but we'll hang on to some and we see some heavy showers crossing northern england in the small hours of tomorrow morning. it is not going to be a cold night, though, temperatures falling between about ten and 13 degrees in towns and cities, a little bit lower in rural areas. tomorrow, then, with a ridge of high pressure across us, it will be more a settled day. there will be more dry weather around with fewer showers except

for across the north and the east where there will be some heavy showers and top temperatures 14 to 22.

this is bbc news. iam i am rebecca jones. these are the latest headlines in the uk and around the world. a "code red for humanity" — a united nations report says it's 'unequivocal�* that human activities are responsible for global warming. the un says the report must be 'death knell�* for fossil fuels. this generation can make systemic changes that will stop the planet warming. climate change is here now, but we are also here now and if we don't act, who will? the un report comes as fire and smoke force holidaymakers and residents to flee a greek island. forests continue to burn out of control across the country. three more afghan cities

fall to the taliban —