armed forces personnel and diplomats has taken off from kabul airport, ending britain's 20 year military involvement in afghanistan. 5a7 british service personnel lost their lives "410 british service personnel lost their lives during the conflict. president biden has warned that another attack on kabul airport is �*highly likely�* this weekend. as many as 170 people including 13 us service personnel were killed in the islamic state attack on thursday. two is members died in a retaliatory drone strike by the us. the president has also said that hurricane ida which is heading towards the gulf coast of the united states is turning into a "very dangerous storm". winds of around 130 miles per hour are expected when it reaches land in lousiana on sunday. those are the latest headlines. food producers are warning that

worker shortages caused by a perfect storm of issues including brexit changes and the pandemic, could threaten availability at christmas. the government is facing growing calls for a temporary visa scheme to try to fill the gap. our business correspondent katy austin reports. preparing these turkeys for christmas involves 100 extra workers who used to come in from eastern europe. because of brexit, we don't have that guaranteed labour that we've had for the past 30 years. the bigger companies that supply all the supermarkets, they had made the decision to cut their production by between 20% and 25%, which is huge. so, there will absolutely be a shortage of quality british turkeys. other areas of food production are also having problems. a shortage of meat processors has caused a backlog of pigs on farms. the government is basically saying that furlough is coming to an end at the end of september, so you can have all of those people and that will resolve your issues. now, those people aren't

living in areas where the manufacturing plants are, they don't have the right skills, and i suspect a lot of them wouldn't want to go and work in food manufacturing plants. food industry trade bodies warn there's now a chronic labour shortage across the whole supply chain. this business grows, imports and distributes fresh fruit and veg. there's everything here from carrots to pomegranates, and a lot of it ends up in high street restaurants. but here at this distribution centre, they're 20% short of staff. we are definitely going to start seeing more i supermarket shelves empty, restaurant plates empty. - and then, the big concern- ongoing from that is christmas. he supports calls for a temporary visa scheme to bring in food workers and lorry drivers from europe. isn't it more important to build a sustainable workforce from within the uk, and ultimately pay them more? i'm more than happy to do that. but if the era of cheap labour is over, so tool is the era of cheap food.

the government says the supply chain is resilient and it wants to see employers invest in the domestic workforce. but some firms are getting increasingly worried about their ability to keep our shelves and plates full. katy austin, bbc news. now on bbc news — witness history. hello and welcome to this special edition of witness history with me, ciru muriuki, here at the national museum in kenya's capital, nairobi. this month, we're featuring five incredible moments in recent african history. coming up, how tunisian women became some of the most liberated in the world in the 19505. we find out about the history of great zimbabwe, the ancient stone city, once the centre of an african empire. plus, one of the world's largest refugee camps, and the kenyan pop song that became a global hit.

but first, we go back to south africa in 1977, when the country was governed by a racist system known as apartheid, which discriminated against the black population in almost every area of life. peterjones spoke to witness history about his friend steve biko, a young black south african who was trying to bring about change. i miss my friend steve biko, and i am forever in his debt. steve biko is one of the people that originated the new generation of young, political—minded black people. the black consciousness movement. we believe that, in our country, there shall be no minority, there shall be no majority — there willjust be people. and those people will have the same status before the law and they will have the same political rights before the law. the apartheid government ensured that there was no

resistance against its doctrines and against its policies. there was a roadblock and they then searched the car. they found an identity document, which was mine. they then said, "who's peterjones?" and i said, "that's me." he said, "oh, and who are you, big man?" that's now steve. and steve said, "i'm steve bantu biko." and we were then locked up together in one cell. the next morning, we started getting an uneasy feeling, because there were now more police. and in a convoy of three cars, we sped towards port elizabeth. in port elizabeth was the headquarters of the security police for that region. reporter: the building has been converted - into a block of flats. steve biko was being walked

to his death along this very corridor, a man poised to fill the void left behind after mandela was jailed. we got taken up to the fifth floor and we were manacled, each to a separate window. one of the senior police, a major, came in and said, "now i can confirm that you are officially being detained under section 6 of the terrorism act." that is the act in which you literally disappear. they separated us. i only had a chance to shout steve's name, and that was the last time i saw steve alive. three weeks and three days later, ijust heard a lot of commotion. many, many people singing protest songs, the cell next to mine was being filled with many people.

then this young man told me that they have just returned from the funeral of steve biko. and that was the first time that i heard about the death of steve biko. i went to my mat that was my bed and i then just sat there, uh... ..with... to me, it was like a huge hole in my soul, just an inconsolability. which even today would make me weep at unexpected moments. the police said the leader of the black consciousness movement had lost his life by accident when his head

struck a wall while he was being restrained. steve biko's family believe he was thrown at the wall quite deliberately by the police officers. steve biko's death and the brutality of it highlighted like no other event at the time the extent to which the apartheid regime would go to protect itself. peterjones there, remembering his friend steve biko. next, we go to tunisia in the 19505 and the introduction of equal rights laws, which gave women not just the right to vote, but the right to contraception and, in some cases, abortion. the wide—ranging reforms were brought in by the country's first president following independence. saida el gueyed remembers when president bourguiba asked her to help him introduce the laws to tunisian women. rock �*n' roll music plays. reporter: for women, who ten

years ago, had no rights, - were contracted to a marriage by their parents, covered their faces when they left the house, these tunisians are not doing at all badly. this is, one imagines, as emancipated as any girl can get. thes swinging tunisian dolly birds represent one of the most remarkable social transformations of present times. translation: the equal rights law was the biggest ever - gain for tunisian women. president bourguiba said he was notjust a liberator of tunisia, but a liberator of tunisian women as well. reporter: bourguiba is tunisia. for 30 years, he's - fought for his country. first he battled for- independence from france and wasjailed and exiled for his trouble. _ since independence, he's been his nation's leader. | i knew president bourguiba during the struggle against colonialism. in the equal rights law, he banned polygamy. he gave women social,

political and economic rights. he introduced the law on 13th august 1956. thanks to this law, women were allowed to vote and also become politicians. i'm one of the founders of the tunisian women's union, and president bourguiba relied on us. reporter: in this school, 100 miles from tunis, - a teacher hammers home the newly discovered facts of female life to 60 teenagers. there are 13 such schools in tunisia, organised and staffed by the tunisian women's union, a militant and powerful body of opinion in the land. the teacher leaves them in no doubts about their right. she tells them, "you're not slaves any more. "you're like european women. "you have equal rights with men. "this you must understand." this law protected girls. fathers were no longer able to force their daughters to marry against their will.

president bourguiba encouraged us to make sure families were not stopping girls from getting an education. they're taught about contraception, abortion and the laws giving them equal rights. after three months here, they return to their villages to spread the word, because it's here, in the tunisian countryside that the modern tunisian woman has to win the fight for equality in territory that for centuries has remained the unassailable stronghold of tunisian men. we spoke to men more than we did to women because we faced opposition from them. we spent a lot of time meeting men and explaining the law to them. family traditions used to oppress girls. but now they are free to choose who to love. tunisian women were given yet another safeguard against massive families when they became the first

women in any muslim country able to have abortions. the law at present is that any tunisian woman with four children can have an abortion without her husband's consent. the operation is paid for by the government. president bourguiba told us to make women feel like they have a role to play, that they have the right to live in dignity and to trust themselves and their soul. he said he gave women these rights not as a gift, but because he saw women's power to lead in post—independence society. saida el gueyed, who continues to campaign for the rights of women. now, let's go back hundreds of years to the ancient ruined city of great zimbabwe. when colonial explorers discovered it in the 19th century, they insisted foreigners must have built it. then, following zimbabwe's independence, the country was able to reclaim its full

heritage. our next witness, dr ken mufuka, was a historian tasked with rewriting the history books. this is one of the most remarkable sights in africa. these are the corridors of power of an ancient african civilisation. this is great zimbabwe. everybody in power wants to control history because it brings them legitimacy. the europeans said the africans did not build the ruins. it belonged to someone else — the phoenicians, the arabs, the queen of sheba. anybody else except the africans. the great zimbabwe was the greatest civilisation south of egypt. it carried about 10,000 people, so that was quite a large city. it was also the centre of religion and the economy of zimbabwe, it was gold.

it could be traced far back as 1100. i was raised about ten miles away. i was obsessed with history. so, i visited it as a child. there was a bus to the great zimbabwe, but this was for tourists. blacks were not allowed there. but we just turn up, and if there are no white visitors, you can wander about. the structures are massive. the stones are chiselled to be exactly the same size and they are not connected by mortar or cement. we felt in some ways deprived of what belonged to us, that we belonged to a great people, but we are oppressed by the colonial regime. reporter: when europeans first saw great zimbabwe - in the 1890s, they could not believe that so imposing a structure could have been

built by the ancestors of the africans they found living there. zimbabwe was not built i by either blacks or whites. the people who built it were semitic. - they were brown in colour. and were evidently a people who were a mixture of arabs and jews. - the europeans, they were going there to civilise africans who were in darkness, who had no history. so, if they accepted that some of these africans had these wonderful civilisations, the reasoning would fall apart. on april the 18th, 1980, zimbabwe became independent. it was a great moment for us. history became important. they were going to find a new identity by

going into the past. i was the first black director of national museums. i was supposed to use my abilities as a writer to write a new manual for the great zimbabwe, getting away from the eurocentric interpretation so that that heritage could be reclaimed. it was one of my happiest times, but it was also full of challenges because the politicians insisted that i must say that the great zimbabwe was built by revolutionaries. and i refused. isaid, "no, there's nothing revolutionary. "they were just ordinary people building, "as they were told by the king." they were angry with me and i had to leave zimbabwe in a hurry because now they were looking to lock me up. i think my life explains why history is very exciting, because look at the problems i've gone through because of my writing of history. dr ken mufuka there, on the

enduring power of history. and this seems like a good time to remind you that you can watch witness history every wednesday on bbc world news, or you can catch up on all our films, along with thousands of radio programmes in our online archive. just search for bbc witness history. after the break, we hear from zamzam abdi gelle, who describes the early days of living in what was for a long time the world's largest refugee camp. welcome back to witness history with me, ciru muriuki. now a story about home and nationality. our next witness began life in somalia, but what came in 1991, and the following year, zamzam abdi gelle found herself living in kenya in dadaab. for a long time, it became known as the world's largest refugee camp, and it's currently home to more than 200,000 people. there are now commercial hubs in the camp, but many residents have known no other home. you don't know what life holds for you. we have been in mogadishu, in a big city, with a good life. and then we end up in a refugee camp in mogadishu, the war had started, there was militia groups everywhere. we were scared.

dead bodies were scattered everywhere. just, like, things that you cannot imagine. we were attacked by the militia groups. i think there were about ten. they killed one of my uncles and then they shot my father that night. he was shot in his left leg, and then from the back, going out from this side. alhamdulillah, that night, my father survived. we fled from mogadishu in the beginning of 1992. we travelled to the border of kenya. we are very young at that time and my father could not walk, so we had a donkey cart and then we were trying to cross the border. having in mind that you can be caught by the bandits at any time. if they caught you, that's the end of your life. also, in the day, if you're caught by the soldiers from kenya, that will be the end of your life also. so, the means of survival was 50—50. everybody trying to come

to kenya to look for means of survival, but we never expected that we'll be going to refugee camp. at the beginning, when when dadaab was established, it was just like you collect branches from a tree and then you build a small hut and then covered by plastic. the environment is so harsh. it was dusty, the soil is not fertile, you cannot grow anything. the rainfall is so low it might happen that, in all three years, there might be no rain. it's so hot. sometimes it can be up to a0 to 50 degrees. when we arrived at the refugee camp, these gangs will come to you at night, they will rape girls, they will take away what you have. they might kill.

it wasn't safe at the beginning. but things become cool as time goes. it's like a city now, a big city. we thought we could have stayed there, like, two years or one year, but we never thought we could have stayed there, like, 25 years. we cannot travel from dadaab to another part of kenya and you cannot go back to somalia. so, you know, necessity is the mother of invention. we got, i mean, a good education in dadaab, i got a scholarship from unicef to go to university. now i feel like a kenyan. i feel like a kenyan because we just stayed four years in somalia, and 2a years in kenya. but kenya was telling us the other day what they want is just to close the camps and chuck away somali people living in the camps back to somalia. reporter: dadaab is the world's

largest refugee camp and now. kenya wants to close it down. will they be forced to leave? many of them have never been anywhere else. where will i go back to? we neither kenyans, cos they are telling us we are refugees, we are neither the somalis, because we have been brought up in kenya. so, we are caught in between. that was zamzam abdi gelle. and finally, a0 years ago here in kenya, tourism was booming, with visitors coming for the wildlife as well as its beautiful beaches. our next witnesses were earning a living playing music at hotels when they were inspired to write a song which went on to become a global hit. this is the story ofjambo bwana. #jambo, jambo bwana... # habari gani... # mzuri sana... # wageni, wakaribishwa. .. # kenya yetu hakuna matata...

# kenya nchi nzuri... # hakuna matata. .. that's the way it went. the tourists were just crazy about this song. #jambo, jambo bwana... it went silver, then gold, then it went platinum. that came as a complete surprise. i started the group them mushrooms in 1972. me and him were working with the cement factory in mombasa. there was a lot of tourists coming into mombasa, so it was a very vibrant scene in mombasa. we were playing mostly congolese stuff and kenyan music and whatever. but when we realised that we could make more money and playing for less time for tourists in the hotels, we had to switch to playjust cover versions of chart music from europe and from america.

one night, i think it was late 1979, i was sitting at the pool bar after a performance and there were these tourists in the pool playing around and joking, trying to speak kiswahili. "jambo! habari? nzuri sana. haku na matata." you know? and i got this idea, maybe i should write a song with the simplest words in kiswahili and get the tourists to learn kiswahili while they sang along and danced to our music. #jambo, jambo bwana... # habari gani... # mzuri sana... it says... which means... it says... then you say, "mzuri sana," which is a reply to habari gani. mzuri sana is "very, very well, thank you". "all the guests, visitors are welcome to kenya." "there are no problems in kenya."

just a very simple song. whenever we finish, another tourists will come over and say, "can you do thisjambo jambo? — we had to do it about 20 times. and then the financial director of polygram said, "here is my card, you call me. "i want us to record this song." we didn't know that it's going to be this big. #jambo, jambo bwana... # like they say, the rest is history. after the recording, the rest, it was history. when we signed the agreement with polygram at that time, i didn't know much about copyright ownership. we were just happy to have our music recorded. and so many people have wanted to do cover versions of it. most kenyans say, "ah, this is a song for the mzungu, not for us kenyans," you know? but they are proud of it, that at least it's given some kind of identity to kenya, you know?

any kenyan who goes overseas, they will always ask you, "ah, you know the song jambo jambo?" they start singing this song, you know? so that's a big honour for us. he plays jambo bwana. applause. he chuckles. thank you. billy sarro harrison and teddy kalanda harrison on the enduring appeal ofjambo bwana. this song put kenya on the map and its hook — hakuna matata — even made it into the lion king. that's all from this special edition of witness history, coming to you from the national museum, here in nairobi, kenya. we'll be back next month with a collection of first—hand accounts of extraordinary women in history. but, for now, from me and the rest of the witness history crew, it's kwaheri, goodbye.

hello. the weather hasn't been changing in a hurry over recent days because we've got a big area of slow—moving high pressure in control at the moment. this was the scene as the sun set on saturday evening in norfolk. some clear skies around, bit of patchy cloud here and there, and as we head through the next 2a hours or so, it is remaining largely dry for much of the uk. more sunny spells on sunday, but we will have a little bit more cloud drifting in, and that's because although we've got the high pressure in charge, the winds are rotating around that high pressure. they'll start to come in from more of a northerly direction, dragging a bit more cloud across parts of scotland, north east england, into northern ireland at times, too. still a bit of brightness breaking through here, particularly anywhere west of higher ground. further south across england and wales, you're more likely to see longer spells of sunshine on sunday. still quite a breeze across east anglia and the southeast, just taking the edge off

the temperatures here. generally around 15—18 around that east coast, but further west, we're likely to see highs of about 22 degrees or so towards the cardiff region, for instance. into the evening hours, most of us end the day on a dry note. just one or two showers not far away from the southeast. there could be a bit more cloud pushing in here as well. most places dry once again as we head through into monday. not quite as cold as recent nights because of more cloud acting as a blanket, so just about staying in double figures as we head through into monday, which is a bank holiday across much of the uk. so, high pressure still with us as we head into monday. spot the difference here — we've got the winds coming in again from the north sea, so dragging in more cloud on monday, particularly for eastern areas. the cloud thick enough for the odd spot of drizzle and a bit of low cloud bringing some fog around the coast as well. best of any sunshine on monday probably for the southwest of england, towards wales as well, but almost everywhere saying largely dry. you will notice that wind, particularly around east coasts of scotland, eastern england as well, but lighter winds further west and temperatures probably a degree or so down on sunday. we're looking at highs of about 15—21 degrees on monday. now, the rest of the week,

not much change once again. into tuesday, very similar to what we'll see on monday — some sunshine in the west again, especially for parts of northern ireland, perhaps into wales as well. cloudier and cooler with that breeze coming in off the north sea towards the east. so, 16 or 17 in the east, 18 or 19 towards the west on tuesday, and then spot the difference, really, for the week ahead. high pressure keeping things largely dry, sometimes a little cool for the time of year. bye— bye.

this is bbc news. our top stories. downing street says the uk's evacuation from afghanistan has ended , bringing to a close 20 years of british military operations in the country. another deadly attack at kabul airport is �*highly likely�* in the next 2a to 36 hours, warns america's president. hurricane ida intensifies over the warm waters of the gulf of mexico as it heads for the us coast. tens of thousands flee for safety. and in cape town, townships and tango. how ballroom dancing has captured the imagination of some residents in one of south africa's toughest neighborhoods. hello and welcome to bbc news.