good morning, this is bbc news. cop26 i am live in glasgow as the as the summit gets under way. "the world's moment of truth" — borisjohnson urges leaders to use their summit in glasgow to start to fix climate change. we to start to fix climate change. need to make sure t leaders we need to make sure that world leaders come together and make the changes necessary.

greta thunberg mobbed as she arrived. i greta thunberg mobbed as she arrived. . ., arrived. i am live in rome where the world leaders _ arrived. i am live in rome where the world leaders and _ arrived. i am live in rome where the world leaders and biggest _ arrived. i am live in rome where the world leaders and biggest emitters l world leaders and biggest emitters meet to discuss climate action. welcome from glasgow whether cop26 climate change conference gets under way, a year later than planned because of the it is starting on the day the world meteorological organisation releases

its climate report saying the last ten years have been the warmest ever recorded. will they find ways to find global temperatures rising more than 1.5 find global temperatures rising more thani.5 above find global temperatures rising more than 1.5 above preindustrial levels and will the countries help climate justice by helping developing countries? borisjohnson has called it the moment of truth. leaders of the 620 it the moment of truth. leaders of the g20 nations will make their way from rome to glasgow. for g20 leaders, this is theirfirst time to spend time together face—to—face for almost two years, whether dining at the presidential palace in rome or sitting around the summit table, a chance to catch up and do deals. today their minds will turn to perhaps the most important and most necessary deal.

they are expected to agree climate change is an existential threat, but so far there have been no new firm commitments to reduce carbon emissions, much to the frustration of the host of the cop26 summit. people are often very conceited about history and about our civilisation. we think that we can be on a remorseless forward march, when actually, we can be actively conniving in our own decline and fall. and what we need to do is to ensure that at the cop summit next week, the world leaders come together and make the commitments that are necessary. today he'll win support from an unexpected source. the prince of wales has been invited to the summit by the italian hosts, and he will tell the g20 leaders they have an overwhelming responsibility to generations yet unborn. it's impossible, he'll say, not to hear the despairing as the stewards of the planet, holding the viability of their future in your hands. amidst all this, the prime minister

is expected to meet the french president to discuss the continuing row overfishing rights. the french say the boats are being squeezed out of uk waters, against the post—brexit rule book. the uk disagrees and is threatening legal action — a row that shows no sign of going away. this summit will make some progress, agreeing a minimum global corporation tax and new targets to vaccinate more people in developing countries. but on tackling global warming, it is yet to live up to expectations. this is a conference which boris johnson has called a turning point for humanity because over the next two weeks leaders from almost 200 countries will be asked to agree steps to limit climate change, to stop the global average temperature rising more than one and a half celsius above preindustrial levels. the reason that is so important is thatis the reason that is so important is that is the point at which scientists say we will see more flooding, drought, extreme heat and

poverty. it has been described as a code red for humanity. what is the plan to achieve this? let's look at the four key goals of cop26. the fastest to secure global net zero by mid century. it is the point at which the amount of greenhouse gas produced is no greater than the amount being removed. countries will need to do a number of things to achieve that and stopping deforestation and speeding up the switch to electric vehicles and renewable energy. the second goal is to adapt to protect communities and natural habitats. this is about protecting and restoring ecosystems and a more resilient infrastructure to protect homes and communities from the impact of climate change. the third goal is to mobilise

finance. developed countries are being asked to pledge at least $100,000,000,000 on climate finance per year, $100,000,000,000 on climate finance peryear, including $100,000,000,000 on climate finance per year, including working with the private sector. this is something that was agreed at two meetings ago in copenhagen but not many countries have actually kept pace with that. and the final goal is for the world to deliver together, work together to deliver together, work together to deliver. this is focused on governments collaborating as well as businesses and civil society in order to finalise what is known as the party rule book. these are the detailed rules agreed in the paris accord of 2015. these are what will be at the heart of the negotiations over the next 12 days or so. the challenge will be getting every country in the world, all with their own individual set of circumstances to agree a common pathway forward. the end of the summit is next friday

a have of past summits are anything to go by things could slip later into that weekend. as well as the thousands of delegates expected in glasgow over the duration of the conference climate activists and protesters are also here in huge numbers. yesterday greta thunberg was mobbed as she arrived by train and the swedish activist was surrounded by police and media as she arrived at the central station. earlier day, dash—mac in the day faith groups making pilgrimages converged as protests mark the start of the conference starting today. the world leaders arrive tomorrow and on tuesday. and today it is handing over the ceremonial gavel to the uk presidency of cop26. joining

me here is our science correspondent, victoria. i know you have been living and breathing is a very long time now. what is at stake? it is fundamentally existential for the human stake? it is fundamentally existentialfor the human race. you will have heard a lot about that in the rhetoric in the build—up to this but that is absolutely what the signs point to that is key to this issue and this number we keep hearing about, this 1.5. you will hearing about, this 1.5. you will hear this phrase repeatedly throughout this event, keep 1.5 alive. that is existential for some of the lowest lying nations that face disappearing under water if this is not reached because the paris agreement, basically the whole world got together and that key moment, this has been a decades long negotiation, everyone coming together almost every year apart from last year. but the moment that

paris agreement was reached, the world said we were lymph that target, we will agree to keep it below 2 and aim for 1.5. the difference between the two figures doesn't sound much but with the impact of global warming it is huge. some nations in africa are already at 1.5 so we are talking about the average global temperature. we will hear so much about 1.5 over the next couple of weeks. another phrase is the size of decade. that is about what is done up to 2030 is a post—2050. tell us why this deck it is crucial. we really not been keeping pace in this painfully slow negotiation. we have not been keeping pace with how quickly global temperature rises impacting on the planet and some of the scientists we have worked in a porter weather over the past four years are getting nervous about the speed of play seems melting and the loss of ice and things impacting an sea—level

rise and what happens in the arctic is impacting on the maldives. this is impacting on the maldives. this is impacting on the maldives. this is impacting on the entire world. if you're the philippines of the maldives your survival of your very state depends on what is decided during this process. it is existential for those low—lying nations whereas richer nations have the luxury to be able to put an adaptation times is because they can afford it. we can afford for global warming to be a little higher than the maldives can so this is what so crucial and why is such a keen to bring everyone to the table so that everyone has a say and everyone commits in this process of peer pressure when a lot of the success of this is dependent on nations being willing to outdo each other in terms of the commitments they will make because that decisive decade is about the fact the clock is ticking.

we will not stop global warming because it's already happening. we are at about 1.1 in terms of increase of global temperature above preindustrial level so we will not stop it but the clock is ticking as we look towards, we really need to slash emissions in half and the next decade and get to net zero by the middle of the century. thank you very much for that, victoria. for the moment thank you. world leaders are making their way here to glasgow from rome where g20 leaders have been meeting. climate change is very high on the agenda. let's speak now to mark lowen who is in rome. it is the second and final day of the 620 it is the second and final day of the g20 summit bringing together the worlds largest economies which are also the worlds largest emitters. collectively the members of the g20 produce 80% of global greenhouse gas emissions and there is a lot of pressure as you can expect on the

biggest emitters among them, particularly china, india and saudi arabia, to commit to net zero carbon emissions by the middle of the century and to bring in more emission targets to be more ambitious in that attempt to bring greenhouse gas emissions further down because bringing emissions down is one way in which the goal of 1.5 that you were talking about with victoria is or could be kept alive. at the moment that goal is very far off. so we will wait to see whether the real action today meet the ambitions and expectations on the shoulders of the g20 leaders. away from the main talks, the leaders have been having a rather nice stroll stop when in rome, they have been at the trevi fountain, the gorgeous baroque fountain in the heart of central rome. where the g20

leaders were taken by the italian prime minister to admire the sculptures in the water and of course to do the tradition of throwing three coins into the fountain, the first coin means you will come back to rome, hopefully not before they have gone to glasgow first. the second one means they will fall in love and the third means they will get married. i wonder how many coins were thrown in by its leader. the helicopter you can hear over me signifies that the motorcades of the leaders are coming back here to the summit venue in the south of rome in an area which was designed by mussolini to showcase fascist architecture. away from the climate, there are also other topics being discussed here by world leaders. the first day of the g20 summit focused on health and the post— pandemic economic recovery. where the commitments going far enough and fast enough? let's talk

more with the professor from the global perilous monitoring board. thank you very much for spending the time today. we had from the g20 leaders on the first day of the leaders on the first day of the leaders to vaccinate 70% of the world that go far enough in your opinion? world that go far enough in your oinion? , ., , . opinion? this does reflect the reuuests opinion? this does reflect the requests of — opinion? this does reflect the requests of the _ opinion? this does reflect the requests of the world - opinion? this does reflect the requests of the world health | requests of the world health organization to reach that goal by 0rganization to reach that goal by the middle of next year and actually also to reach a goal of vaccinating 40% of the worlds population by the end of this year. but of course first of all this commitment does not really reflect what the g20 countries are willing to do to share vaccines and store vaccines and

administer our vaccines and equity. therefore it is a good commitment. we are definitely in favour of that but are still waiting for the concrete action so to move forward. you talk about sharing vaccines and thatis you talk about sharing vaccines and that is principally through the kovacs programme, the programme designed to share vaccines to poorer countries and the original aim was 2,000,000 doses would be shared by the end of the shiver that has been revised down to 1.4 billion. is that ambition feasible by the middle of next year? it ambition feasible by the middle of next ear? ., , ., , , next year? it would be feasible if production _ next year? it would be feasible if production were _ next year? it would be feasible if production were to _ next year? it would be feasible if production were to be _ next year? it would be feasible if production were to be taken - next year? it would be feasible if production were to be taken up. | production were to be taken up. people are looking in particular at india, one of the main vaccine producers so as india is able to address its own covid academic,

possibly there will be increasing reduction there. also there is the agreement made at the g20 summit between europe and some african countries to speed up production there. so it is possible, but it will need that combination, production and shading, because many of the developed countries actually sit on vaccines —— sharing. and they are not making them available to the poorest countries.— are not making them available to the poorest countries. another agreement that was of here _ poorest countries. another agreement that was of here was _ poorest countries. another agreement that was of here was the _ poorest countries. another agreement that was of here was the creation - poorest countries. another agreement that was of here was the creation of i that was of here was the creation of the g20 joint finance health task force are working on preparedness and boosting health care systems for future pandemics. are you satisfied with that? have at the g20 leaders gone far enough in terms of preparedness in that respect? well, not really because, _ preparedness in that respect? well, not really because, of— preparedness in that respect? well, not really because, of course, - preparedness in that respect? -ii not really because, of course, they have been asked to work on preparedness and particularly financing preparedness, which is at the big challenge, and the

mechanisms for governance preparedness for over two years now so well it is good that there is a joint task force of health and finance ministers, which is absolutely crucial, that the secretariat is worth every world health organization and not yet another fragmented setup, they are expected to have first ideas, first recommendations by the end of this year. so this isjust recommendations by the end of this year. so this is just too slow. you have spoken about all the ambitions in the climate. the challenges are not dissimilar any global health arena and wejust not dissimilar any global health arena and we just cannot this pushing decisions month by month by month. and this is a truly very worrying. month. and this is a truly very wor inc. month. and this is a truly very worrying-— worrying. 0k, professor ilona kickbusch. — worrying. 0k, professor ilona kickbusch, thank _ worrying. 0k, professor ilona kickbusch, thank you - worrying. 0k, professor ilona kickbusch, thank you very - worrying. 0k, professor ilona i kickbusch, thank you very much indeed. they time payments are pointed out yesterday that in developed countries, around 70% of people have had at least one dose of

the vaccine and in some poorer countries that is just 3%. away from the health care —— the italian prime minister pointed out yesterday. the president of the cop26 summit where you are, neater, says that there is a g20 conference in rome is make or breakfor glasgow as a g20 conference in rome is make or break for glasgow as they try to build momentum into glasgow by getting real pledges and a real agreement and actions agreed on here in rome. back to you, in glasgow. very interesting to see what happens in italy today as they headed towards a glasgow per cop26. i wish we had some of that italian weather. battling through the rain to get tries is the energy and climate intelligence's unit mr black, —— richard black. great to have you with us possible as i was discussing with us possible as i was discussing with victoria a couple of in its

ago, we will hear more about 1.5 degrees over the next couple of days and the point we are trying, leaders will try to hold global warming below that because otherwise we are going to see even more dangerous and deadly impacts of climate change. the first to question, i suppose, is going into the summit, is a chance of still achieving that?— of still achieving that? yes, there is a fighting _ of still achieving that? yes, there is a fighting chance. _ of still achieving that? yes, there is a fighting chance. we - of still achieving that? yes, there is a fighting chance. we had - of still achieving that? yes, there is a fighting chance. we had a - of still achieving that? yes, there is a fighting chance. we had a big report on the intergovernmental panel on climate change that says there is a chance but the key thing is action now. basically this deck it is crucial, we need to see emissions falling over this decade —— decade. decisive decade, that is a good one. we're not going to see agreement here that will deliver that temperature target here, but it needs to be kept within play, enough progress on in france that it still remains in play. 50 progress on in france that it still remains in play-— progress on in france that it still remains in play. so we know what needs to be _ remains in play. so we know what needs to be done, _ remains in play. so we know what needs to be done, we? _ remains in play. so we know what needs to be done, we? -- - remains in play. so we know what needs to be done, we? -- on - remains in play. so we know what needs to be done, we? -- on it. remains in play. so we know what needs to be done, we? -- on it in needs to be done, we? —— on it in france. so it is the rate eight is

done. that is the key debate for this summit? i think there is a bit of debate about how it has done. most countries are taking the same approach as britain, use energy more efficiently. use renewa bles renewables electricity, electric cars, this kind of thing, but we are seeing in the last couple of weeks a couple of countries putting forward a different vision of getting to net a different vision of getting to net a cedar which involves them using copious quantities of fossil fuels well into the middle of the century and making up for that with other things, australia and saudi arabia are two countries coming into mind. and russia would have a similar idea. the british conventional version is at the realistic one, the other is utterly unrealistic but the fact these countries are putting is worried at the moment shows are not entirely on a side, generally, with making emissions cuts —— genuinely. those are probably the countries to watch on what they say and pledge at the summit. i do think we will see

an accelerated timetable for action coming out of this? i an accelerated timetable for action coming out of this?— coming out of this? i think it is likel . coming out of this? i think it is likely- at _ coming out of this? i think it is likely. at the _ coming out of this? i think it is likely. at the least _ coming out of this? i think it is likely. at the least developed l likely. at the least developed countries, the climate vulnerable countries, the climate vulnerable countries will want to push for this now because they are saying given where we are now, going and looking at this every five years and increasing action every five years is not enough. the science is very what needs to happen this decisive decade so governments, if you have not pledged this year, we want you to come back next year. this is really the poorest, most vulnerable countries in the world saying this to the biggest. find countries in the world saying this to the biggest-— countries in the world saying this to the biggest. and briefly, people watchin: to the biggest. and briefly, people watching us _ to the biggest. and briefly, people watching us might _ to the biggest. and briefly, people watching us might think— to the biggest. and briefly, people watching us might think this - to the biggest. and briefly, people watching us might think this is - to the biggest. and briefly, people watching us might think this is alll watching us might think this is all about governments, global corporations, what can i do on an individual level to make a difference? is that the right approach or can individuals make a huge difference questioning individuals can make small differences, but not nearly as big a differences, but not nearly as big a difference as government can do to stop business action is probably somewhere in the middle. it stop business action is probably somewhere in the middle. it will not 'ust be somewhere in the middle. it will not just be delegates _ somewhere in the middle. it will not just be delegates here, _ somewhere in the middle. it will not just be delegates here, it _ somewhere in the middle. it will not just be delegates here, it is - just be delegates here, it is fascinating that it is bringing citizens from most countries of the world who are concerned about

climate impacts, they might have specific interest, farming, something entirely different, but they will all be here so there is a rich view on the world that britain can gain on having cop26 that we probably have not had a since watching the olympics. thank you, richard black. — watching the olympics. thank you, richard black. what _ watching the olympics. thank you, richard black. what kind _ watching the olympics. thank you, richard black. what kind of- watching the olympics. thank you, richard black. what kind of moral. richard black. what kind of moral pressure can individuals bring. i can speak now to the vice president and regional director for africa at the world resources institute, joining me from nairobi. good to have you with us on bbc news today. i have been interested in what the institute has been saying about the challenge is dealing with climate change alongside the challenges of dealing with recovery from the covered mac pandemic because developing nations have been disadvantaged on both counts, so your organ, are due that it is possible to address both the challenges of the pandemic, like unemployment as well as the climate crisis —— so you are arguing.

unemployment as well as the climate crisis -- so you are arguing.— crisis -- so you are arguing. lovely to be with — crisis -- so you are arguing. lovely to be with you. _ crisis -- so you are arguing. lovely to be with you, thank— crisis -- so you are arguing. lovely to be with you, thank you. - crisis -- so you are arguing. lovely to be with you, thank you. not - crisis -- so you are arguing. lovely| to be with you, thank you. not only are we arguing that it is possible to do both, it is actually quite important that we do both because emerging from the pandemic, we are seeing historic amounts of resources being immobilised for the recovery. what a waste it would be if those resources were not invested in a green, clean climate resilient future. this is an opportunity, we are calling it a once—in—a—lifetime opportunity to invest significant resources into building the sort of infrastructure we need for the future so we should not miss this opportunity at all. it does not come that often. so yes, it has a great opportunity to put resources into climate action. find opportunity to put resources into climate action.— opportunity to put resources into climate action. and i think a couple ofthe climate action. and i think a couple of the themes _ climate action. and i think a couple of the themes we _ climate action. and i think a couple of the themes we will _ climate action. and i think a couple of the themes we will hear - climate action. and i think a couple of the themes we will hear a - climate action. and i think a couple of the themes we will hear a lot - of the themes we will hear a lot about over the next couple of weeks is the idea of climate justice and

at the global north and the global south and weather the global north, generally wealthier nations do more and deliver on promises already made to help developing countries in the global south. so what do you want to see in terms of a plan that will truly deliver climate justice? i truly deliver climate justice? 1 think one of the most truly deliver climate justice? i think one of the most important things we hear a lot about climate justice, but what is extremely important is to remember what the injustices. the injustice itself is at the fact that developing countries have emitted so little, 4% of global emissions, and yet will suffer and continue to suffer significantly disproportionately from this crisis. that is at the injustice. so what we are hoping to see, and certainly will be pushing hard, is great and ambition. i have been listening through some of your other speakers, we have got to keep a 1.5 alive. that means we have got to keep reducing emissions, keep

ensuring the biggest emitters, the g20, continue to put in even more ambitious targets, not only for their net zero targets for 2050, we want to see 2030 targets that actually make it to 2050 because if you're 2030 targets are not pointing to the destination of a 1.5, they arejust a pipe dream. so that is crucial, greaterambition. arejust a pipe dream. so that is crucial, greater ambition. we also want to see greater finance. the delivery plan that came at the other day, quite underwhelming. we would love to see even more effort. 2023 for targets that should have been made in 2020, 100 for targets that should have been made in 2020,100 billion, we should be looking at the next target. and the significance of ad vesting in adaptation. —— investing in adaptation. —— investing in adaptation. and putting pressure to ensure the developing countries are able to make that transition. and at the great rules that are incomplete,

the great rules that are incomplete, the rules of the paris agreement, we need to ensure we have better tracking, accountability. these will be the things we are looking for. it be the things we are looking for. it is interesting you mention finance. arguably, the most significant of the four cup goals in getting things moving. —— cop26 goals. yes. the four cup goals in getting things moving. -- cop26 goals.— moving. -- cop26 goals. yes, we cannot move _ moving. -- cop26 goals. yes, we cannot move without _ moving. -- cop26 goals. yes, we cannot move without that - moving. -- cop26 goals. yes, we| cannot move without that finance. moving. -- cop26 goals. yes, we i cannot move without that finance. it takes significant resources that need to be put. it is so important we do it now. it is the infrastructure that we do now, in this decisive decade. the timing is everything in this and that is why this cop is so crucial. the everything in this and that is why this cop is so crucial.— this cop is so crucial. the world resources _ this cop is so crucial. the world resources institute, _ this cop is so crucial. the world resources institute, noticed - this cop is so crucial. the world | resources institute, noticed had set for critical questions need to be answered if it is going to bejudged to be a success. i think you have covered most of those already. 0ne covered most of those already. one of the questions is well countries and corporations drive systems

change. tell me more about what you mean by that and how important is the role of private finance of corporations verses at the role of government, which we are going to be talking about at some length? thea;r talking about at some length? they to hand in talking about at some length? they go hand in hand, _ talking about at some length? they go hand in hand, the _ talking about at some length? tia: go hand in hand, the role of governments is crucial in setting direction, signal and policy and then at the sector helping to drive some of the system change. 0ne then at the sector helping to drive some of the system change. one of those we will be hitting quite a bit about at cop is anyone in a nature —based solutions, reforestation, the protection of standing forests but particularly forests are like the most healthy lung in the tropical world. we need to keep that safe. that will take all private sector and government working together so they sort of resource mobilisation will see non—state actors making significant commitments to protect standing forests. and then, of course, we will see non—governmental organisations committing to

ambitious restoration agenda. we have at the afi100, the resources institute over the last... 100 million hectares by 2030, it will see a significant momentum boost at this cop, so all of these will be crucial in making sure that we couple government action, political signals, with action on the ground. wanjira mathai, pleasure to talk to you, from the world resources institute, joining me from nairobi. let me tell you about something due to happen in a room shortly. we are expecting prince charles, of course a long—time advocate of protecting the environment at —— in roma. here are some pictures of prince charles coming into otherfrom are some pictures of prince charles coming into other from aroma are some pictures of prince charles coming into otherfrom aroma right now. —— from rome. he will be making

a speech called fight against climate change and as i was about to say, we know that he has been, for decades, a passionate advocate for protecting the environment. he has ended. we have _ protecting the environment. he has ended. we have heard _ protecting the environment. he has ended. we have heard his- protecting the environment. he has. ended. we have heard his comments there and it is interesting to see, for me as a reporter who has been covering this from a scientific or environmental perspective for a long time, the tone has really changed. the rhetoric coming from world leaders and at the g20 really being an interesting platform for that because we have 80% of the emissions represented there by those nations. so it is really interesting to see how that rhetoric has really shifted and those leaders are on board coming together despite all of the diplomatic and political push and pull that makes this process are tricky and slow. all of the leaders do seem to be on the same page that, yes, we need to tackle this and all come together to do so.— come together to do so. there are words and — come together to do so. there are words and there _ come together to do so. there are words and there are _ come together to do so. there are words and there are deeds. - come together to do so. there are words and there are deeds. i - come together to do so. there are words and there are deeds. i think we can bring in mark from rome

again, i believe?— again, i believe? yes, we are watching _ again, i believe? yes, we are watching prince _ again, i believe? yes, we are watching prince charles - again, i believe? yes, we are watching prince charlesjust l again, i believe? yes, we are - watching prince charlesjust being welcomed, getting ready to make his speech— welcomed, getting ready to make his speech at— welcomed, getting ready to make his speech at the 620 very rare for any member_ speech at the 620 very rare for any member of— speech at the 620 very rare for any member of the royal family to be invited _ member of the royal family to be invited to— member of the royal family to be invited to a 620 and invited to address— invited to a 620 and invited to address world leaders, but he sang clearly _ address world leaders, but he sang clearly of _ address world leaders, but he sang clearly of the political consensus that there is now that there needs to be _ that there is now that there needs to be futi— that there is now that there needs to be full mobilisation of all forces, _ to be full mobilisation of all forces, politicaland to be full mobilisation of all forces, political and royal, to be full mobilisation of all forces, politicaland royal, in any case _ forces, politicaland royal, in any case of— forces, politicaland royal, in any case of charles, of course, to try to corral — case of charles, of course, to try to corral world leaders into climate commitments. there was even then, beyond _ commitments. there was even then, beyond the _ commitments. there was even then, beyond the political and royal, the village _ beyond the political and royal, the village just last week with pope francis— village just last week with pope francis here in rome —— the religious _

francis here in rome —— the religious. stressing the need for this and — religious. stressing the need for this and receiving joe biden. all