this is bbc news, i'm christian fraser live in glasgow at the cop—26 climate summit. more than 100 world leaders kick off two weeks of intense discussions, with the fate of the planet hanging in the balance. borisjohnson welcomes delegates with a warning that younger generations will not forgive their leaders if they don't act now. amid those warnings — india, one of the world's biggest polluters, pledges a net zero target for 2070 — two decades later than the summit target set by mrjohnson. one of the key goals of the conference is to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees — the international atomic energy agency thinks it can help — i'll be speaking to their director

general. and the queen, who can't attend in person due to medical advice, sends a message to the world's leaders in glasgow. none of us underestimates the challenges ahead. but history has shown that when nations come together in common cause there is always room for hope. hello and welcome to glasgow, the end of the crucial opening day of the cop 26 summit. 120 heads of state are here for the first day of negotiations, and already a handful of developments. arguably the most significant came from narendra modi, who announced that india would will meet a net zero emissions target by 2070. it is quite the step for the world s third—largest polluter, which until now had resisted

pressure from the international community for a net—zero committment. critics say that 2070 is at least 20 years too late. but mr modi also pledged to have 50% of his country's energy generated by renewables by 2030. we'll discuss that in further detail later in the show. we also saw speeches from a number of the leaders, particularly from ones in the southern hemimphere and the small islands states worst affected. over the course of the next 12 days it is the technical teams that will hammer out the detail but it is leaders that must set the scale of the ambition. 0ur political editor laura kuenssberg has more. welcome to glasgow. thousands have made the trip from their countries. the journey, nor the shivering arrival, straight forward. their hope is that the queues

and the wait will be worth it. this fortnight could affect everyone�*s home, but the world's political leaders did not face quite the same ordeal to swoop in, arriving on a united nations blue, not red, carpet. to hearfirst the prime minister's big, serious moment on the main stage. humanity has long since run down the clock on climate change. it is one minute to midnight on that doomsday clock and we need to act now. the leaders of some of the biggest polluters, china, russia and turkey, have not shown, keeping much more than a social distance. the anger and the impatience of the world will be uncontainable unless we make this cop26 in glasgow the moment when we get real about climate change. they will not forgive us. they will know that glasgow was the historic turning point when history failed to turn.

the platform also for those people whose way of life is at grave risk right now. the earth is speaking. she tells us that we have no more time. the uk is the host to a rainbow of nearly 200 countries and wants them all to promise to cut their own carbon emissions and the wealthier to cough up more towards the $100 billion pot to help poorer countries go green. but what are the chances? do you think leaders are finally giving us the urgency it needs? i really could not sit in that room and not feel it. we are optimistic. i have to do my speech now. there is a real sense of purpose, but all the leaders, president biden included, must be aware it will be a long fortnight. simply not every leader is as enthusiastic as the west with wealthier populations. some of the mega economies are moving far slower than the uk would like.

the indian prime minister promised today he would balance carbon emissions with absorbing those gases 20 years later than borisjohnson wants — net zero, only by 2070. but the mood in glasgow is darkening towards those who are dragging their feet. in two generations�* time they will be remembered for this fortnight. they could have been brilliant in everything else they have done and they will be cursed if they don't get this right. that is interesting, you use the phrase cursed, for somebody in your position of authority it is a very strong word. it was consciously a strong word. people will speak of them in far stronger terms than we speak today of the politicians of the 30s, the politicians who ignored what was happening in nazi germany, because this will kill people all around the world for generations and we will have no

means of averting it. he later apologised for making the comparison to the nazi genocide. number ten stepped around commenting on the nature of those claims, but said there is no doubt about the seriousness of the climate challenge and have no doubt that every lever of every kind of british power is being pulled at least this week to push for an agreement. three generations of the royal family will be visible in one way or another. the attention justified by what many here see as an emergency. it is only day one of the discussion, it has already taken more than two decades, but the consequences of glasgow's conversation will be felt far longer than that. 0nly day one but we are inching towards progress. 80% of those countries represented there are now

on net zero target. 2030 now and focus. a lot of cats need to be made in order to meet the target that we have. how much does nuclear play part of that mix? how much does nuclear play part of that mix? rafael grossi is the director general of the international atomic energy agency and joins me now. we were talking today to the german environment minister and i thought was interesting that you have two sides of the nuclear debate in neighbouring countries france and germany. in germany they don't see nuclear as part of the mix, france very much does. do you think the world can get to the targets it set itself without nuclear?— itself without nuclear? well, i think it would _ itself without nuclear? well, i think it would be _ itself without nuclear? well, i think it would be extremely i think it would be extremely difficult and certainly it would take much, much longer. if you look the facts apart from nuclear is already a very important player, it is producing as we speak more than 20%, 36% of all the clean energy produced in the world. and in europe here, including germany, far more.

the role nuclear can play depends on whether it stays where it is or is increased. 0ur tendency is that it is growing when you look even in europe, half of european countries are using nuclear energies. some others want to add even in europe poland, hungary was more, slovakia, slovenia, eastern europe. in western europe you have the uk, it's increasing. and it's important to see that other parts of the world the increase is even steeper. china, india, some countries in south america. �* , . india, some countries in south america. �*, . ., america. it's a fact. for some --eole, america. it's a fact. for some peeple. peeple _ america. it's a fact. for some people, people who _ america. it's a fact. for some people, people who are - america. it's a fact. for some - people, people who are passionate about climate change that is a nightmare scenario because of the safety concerns they have about nuclear. . �* , . ., ~ nuclear. that's changing. i think that peeple _ nuclear. that's changing. i think that people now— nuclear. that's changing. i think that people now are _ nuclear. that's changing. i think that people now are looking - nuclear. that's changing. i think. that people now are looking more nuclear. that's changing. i think- that people now are looking more and more at the fax was up even germany. it recent polls show that half of the people being asked are putting themselves questions about why not

nuclear? so might even say they should keep it. of course i don't want to get into a national debate, we respect national choices was up but the reality is it's a clean source of energy, something that is useful now and could be even more in the future. so when you decide to take it out of the occasion this is on the basis of a political choice not a scientific or technological conclusion that you are drawing out of something. conclusion that you are drawing out of something-— of something. what about the ro osal of something. what about the preposal that _ of something. what about the proposal that boris _ of something. what about the proposal that boris johnson i of something. what about the i proposal that boris johnson has of something. what about the - proposal that boris johnson has come proposal that borisjohnson has come up proposal that borisjohnson has come up with to fund money towards smaller nuclear reactors? because in many reactors. i think he means something slightly bigger than that. they are called modular reactors. normally nuclear reactors tend to be big and costly. and now there are new designs trying to look at smaller units that would produce a range of 300, 500 megawatts that

could be very interesting for developing countries or isolated regions that have problem with degree and cost far less. there are estimations of a market of 30 billion us dollars only in that. i think is normal that countries are trying to position themselves in that direction, including the united kingdom. i that direction, including the united kinudom. �* that direction, including the united kinadom. �* i. that direction, including the united kinadom. �* y., ., that direction, including the united kinadom. �* ,, ., ., kingdom. i can't let you go without talkina kingdom. i can't let you go without talking about _ kingdom. i can't let you go without talking about iran. _ kingdom. i can't let you go without talking about iran. we _ kingdom. i can't let you go without talking about iran. we had - talking about iran. we had statements from france, germany the uk and the united states at the g 20 in rome over the weekend. they think that they can return to the jc in rome over the weekend. they think that they can return to thejc poa deal pretty quickly, that they can bring iran back to full compliance. what do you think? i think it would be ideal, very good. i know that they are talking about returning to negotiation which is not restarted since the new government in iran took over last summer. so that needs took over last summer. so that needs to happen. but still they are

talking about the conditions under which they would do it. so on our side as you know, when a party to the negotiation but we are the guarantors was up we had the very fires... ~ ., ., i. guarantors was up we had the very fires... ~ ., ., ,, , ., ., fires... what do you see in iran of a... i fires... what do you see in iran of a- -- i think _ fires... what do you see in iran of a... i think they _ fires... what do you see in iran of a... i think they should _ fires... what do you see in iran of a... i think they should talk - fires... what do you see in iran of a... i think they should talk to - fires... what do you see in iran of a... i think they should talk to us| a... i think they should talk to us first. i haven't _ a... i think they should talk to us first. i haven't had _ a... i think they should talk to us first. i haven't had an _ first. i haven't had an opportunity to talk to the political levels there. we have eight normal elation at the technical level but there are issues that are still unresolved and we are trying to reestablish, re—attacked two reconnect without it would be extremely difficult. by the end of the year? itrefoil would be extremely difficult. by the end of the year?— end of the year? well before that. you think it _ end of the year? well before that. you think it could _ end of the year? well before that. you think it could be _ end of the year? well before that. you think it could be done - end of the year? well before that. you think it could be done well- you think it could be done well before the end of the year? i think es, if before the end of the year? i think yes. if you — before the end of the year? i think yes. if you talk _ before the end of the year? i think yes, if you talk about _ before the end of the year? i think yes, if you talk about that - before the end of the year? i think yes, if you talk about that don't i yes, if you talk about that don't forget there were six very intensive rounds of negotiations that were interacted. i think that within a reasonable period of time they can come back to it. of course that is not for us to say. we are going to be there ready to verify whatever

they agree at the moment. the ink, not even when the ink is dry, at the moment they return. hfiera; moment they return. very interesting. _ moment they return. very interesting. thank - moment they return. very interesting. thank you - moment they return. very interesting. thank you for | moment they return. very i interesting. thank you for to moment they return. very - interesting. thank you for to us. good luck with your negotiations. we know developing countries are suffering the worst effects from climate change — including increased floods, droughts and wildifres. and a lot of those countries are island nations vulnerable to sea level rise. gaston browne, the prime minister of antigua and barbuda and the chair of the alliance of small island states, has been telling me about the view from the caribbean. we are suffering most of the consequences of climate change. we are seeing more frequent and ferocious storms, we would have seen ocean acidification and the destructuring of our coral reefs and even on the coastline in some instances, we are losing our beaches and as you know, most of our economies are tourism based. when you lose your beaches, you lose your tourism, so it is a very significant threat for those of us on the front lines, countries in the caribbean,

in the pacific and indian oceans and that is why we continue to push the developing countries and the industrialised countries to reduce emissions. you don't hear the frustration from the smaller islands it will come down to money at the end of the two week process. down to money at the end of the two week process. nick mabey is the chief executive and founder of third generation environmentalism — a group working to speed up the transition to sustainable development. good to see you. i got to ask you before we get into all the other stuff, let's talk about india. are you have class full or half glass empty person when it comes to what he announced today? i empty person when it comes to what he announced today?— he announced today? i think its laass half he announced today? i think its glass half full. _ he announced today? i think its glass half full. actually - he announced today? i think its glass half full. actually in - he announced today? i think its glass half full. actually in 2030i glass half full. actually in 2030 was most important for me. more renewables, but your commitment to energy hard to see this any space left and that to build new powers stations even if he wasn't explicit. ideally 2070 is a bit too far out but the world can change a lot by then. ifeel will have but the world can change a lot by then. i feel will have a better offer for india so then. i feel will have a better offerfor india so it then. i feel will have a better offer for india so it will deal

quicker. the real issue is what will they do in the next ten years? the? they do in the next ten years? they aromise they do in the next ten years? they promise quite _ they do in the next ten years? they promise quite a _ they do in the next ten years? they promise quite a lot _ they do in the next ten years? they promise quite a lot today. your eye, the world is going to change a lot. we talk here about policy and the technical revolution that has to happen. what about the sociological revolution that you, me and everybody watching has to go through? it’s everybody watching has to go thranh? v . , , through? it's a funny thing, people think technology _ through? it's a funny thing, people think technology changes - through? it's a funny thing, people think technology changes faster . through? it's a funny thing, people i think technology changes faster than society. i think in everybody expected to be in rocket cars and helicopters but their wives to stay in the cooking a meal. we know technology change slower then social. some of the issues we need to change or how we fly, what we were, what we eat, how we engage with ourjobs. it may end up actually being easier to change then some of the big technologies was up probably because they have other benefits was that i think that's where you look at every plan in a serious countries are saying, to get down to net zero we have to change what we do as a society for the actually that skin better benefits like better health because we walk more or better sitters. we are missing a trick if we don't try and

approach this with a social point of view notjust approach this with a social point of view not just a approach this with a social point of view notjust a technological point of view. we also need people to accept the changes and that's another social change. we need to make people believe this is good for them. we make people believe this is good for them. ~ .., �* make people believe this is good for them. ~ �* , ., make people believe this is good for them. �* ,., , them. we can't repeat the mistakes we made when _ them. we can't repeat the mistakes we made when we _ them. we can't repeat the mistakes we made when we got _ them. we can't repeat the mistakes we made when we got rid _ them. we can't repeat the mistakes we made when we got rid of - them. we can't repeat the mistakes we made when we got rid of coal. them. we can't repeat the mistakes we made when we got rid of coal in| we made when we got rid of coal in this country. we devastated one community and move the job somewhere else. if we cut oil aberdeen for instance in scotland, massive oil community, they'll lose all their jobs. community, they'll lose all their “obs. . v , community, they'll lose all their “obs. . �*, , community, they'll lose all their “obs. jobs. that's why as i say, we can arotect jobs. that's why as i say, we can protect half— jobs. that's why as i say, we can protect half the _ jobs. that's why as i say, we can protect half the country - jobs. that's why as i say, we can protect half the country by - protect half the country by putting a fifth of the country to work. this is a social contract shall we say between the people. tackling climate change protects us all. we have a responsibility to look after the people that have to chase us not just co—workers is also dairy farmers. i think that's going to be one the big challenges, we start really cutting carbon we have to make sure we help people out not just people by communities and give them new opportunities. not every job is going to be able to be cycled into a new piece of employment.

where you have to take a bit of pain but also we got to give those opportunity as wildly as possible. if we can keep people inside with the whole transition. it if we can keep people inside with the whole transition.— the whole transition. it obviously means that _ the whole transition. it obviously means that climate _ the whole transition. it obviously means that climate has - the whole transition. it obviously means that climate has to - the whole transition. it obviously means that climate has to be - the whole transition. it obviously means that climate has to be at| the whole transition. it obviously i means that climate has to be at the centre of every decision that is made within government. who is in the room right now? is it the climate makers, the oil and gas companies who see risk in policy changing or is it the climate takers, the multinational national companies that will be affected? who's in the room with the loudest voice? �* . . ., ., voice? i'm afraid at the moment it reall is voice? i'm afraid at the moment it really is as — voice? i'm afraid at the moment it really is as climate _ voice? i'm afraid at the moment it really is as climate makers - voice? i'm afraid at the moment it really is as climate makers with i voice? i'm afraid at the moment it really is as climate makers with a | really is as climate makers with a that's why countries get so cautious about changing because they don't hear the voice was up i think the real problem is that people are really impacted by climate change don't take part in the conversation. the good thing is that that's changing partly because finance realise it, big money which is our money mainly realised that they can't live in a climate change world. and they are already in the room. we are starting to see the

scales balance up as the voice of long—term asset holders and people who own property say hold on, they may be a fewjobs in mining but there are a lot more jobs over here and we need to make these changes. that's one of the areas which is changing but too slowly. you see the effects of that at a conference like this is where countries are still too cautious in moving even when the economic says it's good they are afraid of moving too fast. we will watch with _ afraid of moving too fast. we will watch with interest _ afraid of moving too fast. we will watch with interest was - afraid of moving too fast. we will watch with interest was up - afraid of moving too fast. we will watch with interest was up i - afraid of moving too fast. we willj watch with interest was up i hope you'll come back and speak with us over the course of two weeks. i have so many questions i want to put to you i can't get to all of them tonight. thank for coming. there are some very specific climate targets to be discussed in the coming 12 days. the main goal and by far the most important according to the experts, is to keep the rise in global warming to 1.5 degrees, to avert the worst effects of climate change. the problem is that even if current pledges are honoured, the world is still on course for a hugely damaging increase of 2.7 degrees by the end of the century. 0ur science editor david shukman looks at what the negotiators need to achieve in the days ahead.

the world is heating up and despite all the talk about climate change we are still heading for catastrophic temperatures, so this is a chance to pick a safer course. but these giant conferences, bringing together thousands of people, over the past 25 years have always been challenging. this is the 10th that i've been to. it's amazing that despite the pandemic, so many people have managed to get here. the rule is to be masked up whenever you are moving around. the main focus for all the delegates who are here actually happens in giant meeting halls through there, that is where they have got to tackle the toughest question. what matters most is emissions of the gas is heating the planet. they are heading in the wrong direction. projected to rise by 16% by 2030, just as the science couldn't be

clearer that they need to fall by 45% over that time. the fear is this is rebounding on us. it is time to say enough. enough of brutalising biodiversity, enough of killing ourselves with carbon, enough of treating nature like a toilet, enough of burning and drilling and mining our way deeper. we are digging our own graves. powerful words but with nearly 200 countries represented here, there are so many different agendas, that is why progress is usually slow. if you are sitting down, you can take your mask off and it is often in places like this that small, informal groups of negotiators will get together to try to crank the hardest questions like getting aid to the poorest nations who are hit hardest by climate change. i've seen for myself how droughts and other extremes of weather can

devastate the nations least able to cope. there was a promise of assistance more than a decade ago but it still hasn't been fulfilled. the faith in the international process, it becomes a little weaker, there is a lot of distrust, there is a lot of unhappiness because we keep saying everybody has to do this together but some have more responsibility than others. and while the talks are under way, the countries show off what they are doing for climate change and the hope is to encourage practical steps. like phasing out coal, the dirtiest of the fossil fuels, and pushing the spread of cleaner, electric vehicles. and that is the message from sir david attenborough, that humans can be the greatest problem solvers. in my lifetime, i have witnessed a terrible decline. in yours, you could and should

witness a wonderful recovery. that desperate hope, ladies and gentlemen, is why the world is looking to you and why you are here. thank you. applause. a call to action well received but what matters now is how the governments of the world actually respond. 0ur science editor david shukman is with me. interesting listening to nick, he's positive about narendra modi today. i think it's quite interesting i just don't want to go too far in any kind of comment. but if you've got one of the worlds big emitters, india, which for years has said we are developing, we still have millions living in poverty, big international commitments on climate change for us. that's for the rich world to do, they industrialise for

us is that it's been a point of principle that principle actually. for the better vigorous plan for solar energy but haven't wanted to get involved in the whole net zero thing. for narendra modi to return up thing. for narendra modi to return up here on this global platform and say yeah, there's a target. it's a long way off i mean 2070, 50 years. you know, it's very easy to criticise and say they could do basically nothing and they can keep expanding or whatever. but then one of the things which i think does bite is the idea that half india's energy will come from renewable sources by 2030. i talked to a lot of people who aren't quite sure how they're actually going to do that. with the best in the world how they actually do that? the fact that he started i think is really interesting. is it a little bit of a shift in the grand here, is a little minor tremor? shift in the grand here, is a little

minortremor? i shift in the grand here, is a little minor tremor? i think downing street will be very pleased and others will as well. i will be very pleased and others will as well. , ., ._ ., will be very pleased and others will aswell. ,., .,, as well. i should say to people the doors behind _ as well. i should say to people the doors behind you _ as well. i should say to people the doors behind you here, _ as well. i should say to people the doors behind you here, that's - as well. i should say to people the doors behind you here, that's the | doors behind you here, that's the way in to the main hall. it must be so interesting sitting in there today because you see every nation... you see him coming in. all the different dresses and also the language that is used with up some really emotive language and anger and frustration. 0ut really emotive language and anger and frustration. out of the boris johnson will mind that because it's very difficult to look at all the evidence when you're face—to—face with someone who faces the next essential threat.— essentialthreat. yeah, i've been really struck _ essentialthreat. yeah, i've been really struck by _ essentialthreat. yeah, i've been really struck by how _ essentialthreat. yeah, i've been really struck by how everybody's| really struck by how everybody's language is ramped up. there's always been an element at these particularly from the leaders of talking about their children, grandchildren and all of that and save the planet. frankly coming up with scripts that might�*ve been written by greenpeace ten years ago and sounding very committed and then actually telling the negotiators hang tough. but the language now is much blunter. it's about future

survival of island nations, for example. not that far into the future. it's very striking. i think one of the big things that is shifted is when i started reporting on this 20 years ago all of the climate models, the projections for what might happen under different scenarios, where down to 2100 which felt like forever away and i'm not to be around for that and whatever. in the last ten or 20 years kids being born who will live into those modelled projections. this is very real. 0f modelled projections. this is very real. of course climate change happening is now with more than a degree seeing the effects. it’s degree seeing the effects. it's sobering- _ degree seeing the effects. it's sobering. the we will do it again tomorrow. i sobering. the we will do it again tomorrow-— sobering. the we will do it again tomorrow. ., ., ., tomorrow. i hope so. from two for viewers in — tomorrow. i hope so. from two for viewers in the _ tomorrow. i hope so. from two for viewers in the uk _ tomorrow. i hope so. from two for viewers in the uk that's _ tomorrow. i hope so. from two for viewers in the uk that's it - tomorrow. i hope so. from two for viewers in the uk that's it from - tomorrow. i hope so. from two forj viewers in the uk that's it from us. here in glasgow we will be put with

world news was up a look at some of the other big stories of the day. hello there. october 2021 has been both milder and wetter than average. it certainly ended on a wet and windy note in november started that way. the showers should gradually ease in the coming few days with increased amounts of sunshine. but some night—time frost and fog will change the face of autumn. this is a low—pressure responsible for the rain. as it pulls into the north sea the change in wind direction will bring that change in the feel of the weather. it's coming down as you can see from the northwest we will see notjust chilly weather by night by chilly weather by day. here we go, all that cold air is filtering its way southwards for a few days. the wind starts to ease as well. that easing wind overnight means a chilly start on tuesday morning with some mist and fog potentially in the south

which in early november struggles to clear really into the late morning. then it is sunny spells and showers. heavy showers with hail and thunder and that brisk breeze continuing in the northwest even without the strength of the breeze for the south i think we will notice a chill in the air, nine to 12 celsius our highs. then through tuesday night into wednesday the showers keep coming down on that northerly into the north, west and east. but in land in rural areas we are expecting some frost. by wednesday morning more of a problem with fog, could be more widespread on wednesday morning with the lighter winds. but also because without that northerly wind it will continue to pester showers into northern and western parts of northern ireland and west and north of scotland, down for the irish sea coast of england and well into the north sea as well. but this fog could be quite widespread, the thick patches around and slow to clear. so that will be a hazard for road users was up it'll also be chilly, a touch of frost further north as well on wednesday morning and only eight to ten for most during the day.

a chilly day on wednesday followed by a chilly night. this area of high—pressure starting to topple in. that's going to ease the shower activity particularly in northern and western areas for the day on thursday. but a cold start. perhaps not so much in southern and eastern areas because it's likely that it's here we will see most of the showers coming down in that north wind. more clout toppling into the north and west but a chilly day, probably the coldest day of the week. and that will be followed by a cold night, widespread frost to start on friday morning. particularly in the north but colder as well to start in the south with some patchy fog once again. friday it looks like a mostly dry day comes fewer showers just a bit of drizzle in the north and west. temperatures just creeping up a little bit but i think we will notice the big creep up in temperatures during saturday. that's because this area of low pressure and its attendant weather fronts started to move in. as they do so they arejust bringing in something a little bit milder back off the atlantic. yes, we will see in incursion of chilly air behind it but thereafter as we go into the end of the weekend and into next week it looks like those south westerlies will prevail.

more distinctly unsettled on saturday across the northern air areas. particularly northern and western areas see windy or whether maybe a little bit of patchy rain gets further south and eventually later in the day on saturday. but it's milder, 11 to 13 celsius. and it will feel that way because of the wind off the atlantic. and then next weekend and beyond we pick up the jet stream to the north of us driving those weather fronts end. so on the warmer side of the jet stream by that stage so it's a milder, south south—westerly in a more unsettled picture as you can see from the outlook as we go through the weekend and into the start of next week. as ever you can find out more weather information from the website. bye—bye for now.

tonight at 10, we're in glasgow where the climate summit has opened with an appeal from the queen for leaders to "rise above politics." at tonight's royal reception hosted by the prince of wales delegates were reflecting on the queen's call for true statesmanship to avert a climate disaster. we, none of us, will live forever. but we are doing this not for ourselves but for our children and our children s children, and those who will follow in their footsteps. earlier, more than 100 world leaders swept into glasgow, amid massive security, for the biggest summit ever hosted in the uk. boris johnson told fellow leaders he wanted countries to end the use of coal, to phase out petrol engines, and to reverse deforestation.