welcome to bbc news. i'm david eades. our top stories: nato warns that russian troops are heading for eastern ukraine. we report from the front line where ukrainians are preparing for an invasion. the troops here say they have been fighting a long war against russian—backed separatists. they know that president putin may now send more forces. the us, europe and nowjapan respond with a series of targeted sanctions. just targeted sanctions. how far will they deter russia just how far will they deter russia from further military action? who in the lord's name does putin think gives him the right to declare new so—called countries on territory that belonged to his neighbours?

in other news, a usjury finds the murderers of ahmaud arbery guilty of federal hate crimes. ahmaud will continue to rest in peace, but he will now begin to rest in power. is climate change threatening to under 50 years of progress against poverty? we examine the latest research, and how it affects our health. and from time to tail. how scientists pieced together the true enormity of the giant flying dinosaur of 170 million years ago. thank you forjoining us. russia has been dealt a wave of new economic and financial sanctions as the west tries to head off a military invasion of ukraine.

nato says there's evidence that russian troops are moving towards areas of eastern ukraine. president biden has accused russia of a clear violation of international law and has announced new financial sanctions. japan has also announced sanctions which include targeting specific individuals. injust the in just the last few minutes, scott morrison has added his name to that list, the australian prime minister. the position that they are dealing with is this, as we can show you on the map here. president putin is suggesting moving peacekeepers into the luhansk and donetsk region. what you see on the map there, in the yellow, other areas which are still held by ukrainian government troops, whereas in the grade, those two regions, they are in the hands of the separatists. 0ur correspondence

is in eastern ukraine now from where she sent this report. —— our correspondent. a glimpse of the kremlin�*s firepower today near the russian city of rostov—on—don, close to the border with ukraine. if president putin's forces cross that line, which will come as no surprise, many in ukraine will be bracing for the worst. dog barks and on the front lines in zolotar, here in the east, they've been getting in some target practice. president putin has his eye on ukraine. the world watching and waiting for his next move. they know all about waiting here. this man has been in the trenches for seven long years, fighting kremlin—backed rebels, trying to keep moscow off ukrainian soil.

"russia is rotten," he tells me. "and ukraine must blossom. that's why i'm here. "i want my wife and my daughter to live in peace and quiet." well, we've just started hearing some shelling in the last few minutes. the troops here say they have been fighting a long war against russian—backed separatists. they know that president putin may now send more forces, and the question is — if his troops arrive, how far will they go? how much of ukraine will he try to take? troops here tell me russian forces are already in the separatist areas and have been for years. now that president putin has officially recognised the breakaway enclaves, he can openly send in more. translation: now we can hear the shelling continue. _

we are already prepared. everybody knows what to do in any situation. you just have to follow your orders. for you here on the ground, does anything change now? translation: absolutely no changes, except more motivation to do what we do on a professional level. we are standing herejust for this. and some have paid with their lives. in kyiv today, the state funeral for a fallen soldier. captain anton sidorov, a father of three daughters, was killed by shelling on saturday. he had been fighting the separatists since war broke out in the east in 2014. 0n the other side of the front lines last night, small—scale celebrations in the separatist enclave of donetsk,

which moscow has declared to be an independent state. the reverberations may be felt for years. that is the region we are talking about. let's have a look at some of the sanctions western countries have indeed imposed on russia through the course of the day. we can add japan and australia to that list. president biden announced us sanctions against two large russian banks and limited access to financial systems. the white house stressed more sanctions in reserve if needed stop germany suspended the major gas pipeline project, nord stream two, that would double the flow of russian gas to germany. it is now on hold. borisjohnson said the uk sanctions would be imposed on five russian banks, along with three particular russian individuals. adam smith is a

lawyer and partner and was a senior adviser to the us treasury from 2010 to 2015 when he was one of the main architects of the first set of sanctions against russia after it annexed crimea, and adam joins us from washington. thank you very much indeed for your time, adam. 0bviously, you very much indeed for your time, adam. obviously, you have seen how sanctions do and don't work. what do you make of this, what appears to be just the first tranche of sanctions as they have been announced? thank ou for they have been announced? thank you for having _ they have been announced? thank you for having me. _ they have been announced? thank you for having me. it _ they have been announced? thank you for having me. it is _ they have been announced? thank you for having me. it is the - you for having me. it is the first tranche, and if it is indeed the first tranche, i think time will tell. rarely, the sanctions that have been put in place as of today are not going to be sufficient to pull back mr putin. they are not serious enough, significant enough, not going to harm russia enough, but hopefully it will be enough for mr putin to know that the west, not just the us, but the west is serious, and more harm can befall them if they don't change course.-

change course. sorry to interrupter, _ change course. sorry to interrupter, isn't - change course. sorry to interrupter, isn't that l change course. sorry to - interrupter, isn't that exactly the problem with sanctions at this level? surely the purpose would be to deter a next step, and what it seems you are saying is this won't do that, it will just make saying is this won't do that, it willjust make mr putin realised that there will be sanctions. i realised that there will be sanctions.— sanctions. i think that is riuht. sanctions. i think that is right. stronger- sanctions. i think that is| right. stronger sanctions sanctions. i think that is - right. stronger sanctions that came into force today was the one you mentioned, the germans deciding to at least nord stream two on hold. with respect to the other sanctions, that has really come out pretty loudly and said we should be going stronger and harder now and not wait for mr putin to go beyond the republics, not wait to launch more cyber attacks. that could be a better approach than waiting and keeping our incredible power in advance, which is what is happening. i was looking at some of the sanctions and where they stay at the moment. the eu has designated sanctions. i think now on 193 individuals

stretching back to post 2014. presumably, almost all of those 193 have taken matters into their own hands since those sanctions were imposed, and have worked their way around them. as i imagine the russian economy itself has done. they are not dependent on whether or not the west imposes sanctions, other anymore? not the west imposes sanctions, otheranymore? in not the west imposes sanctions, other anymore?— other anymore? in some respects. _ other anymore? in some respects. no- _ other anymore? in some respects, no. in- other anymore? in some respects, no. in other. respects, no. in other respects, no. in other respects, yes. since 2014 president putin has worked very hard to protect his economy from western sanctions. he has built up his reserves, tilt up and alternative to the banking system, and however there are certainly areas which he still does need the west. sanctions have yet to be imposed. export controls that the united states has threatened on technology products, there are few ways to get, otherthan products, there are few ways to get, other than from the united states, could impact president putin's ability to modernise

military, the economy, he does need to sell oil and gas to the west, he could eventually move that product to china and others but that will take some time. there are other areas which i do think he does have some concerns, but they sanctions have yet to be issued. , . , , sanctions have yet to be issued. , ., , , , ., sanctions have yet to be issued. , ., , , i. issued. presumably when you say it will take _ issued. presumably when you say it will take time _ issued. presumably when you say it will take time for _ issued. presumably when you say it will take time for switching - it will take time for switching to china, that process has probably already started. beijing and moscow, can i ask you, this may feel like an unfair question in some respects, but you were very much tied into the sanctions programme of a few years ago. the fact that we are here now, does that suggest that you simply didn't go far enough at the time?— the time? perhaps. in 2014, this was new _ the time? perhaps. in 2014, this was new for _ the time? perhaps. in 2014, this was new for the - the time? perhaps. in 2014, this was new for the united | this was new for the united states and the west, we had never sanctions an economy the size of russia. it was not iran or north korea. it was a real global player. i think there was a lot of uncertainty, and i think the result was we went in

a piecemealfashion, which is what we thought we needed to do, and the result is unfortunately where we are now. there is not enough impact to cause mr putin to not try krimea part two with respect to the two new republics. we krimea part two with respect to the two new republics.- the two new republics. we are left to see _ the two new republics. we are left to see what _ the two new republics. we are left to see what impact - the two new republics. we are left to see what impact this i left to see what impact this fertiliser sanctions may be, andindeed fertiliser sanctions may be, and indeed what will come next. adam, for now, thank you very much indeed. let's pick up on the other news around the world. the queen has cancelled her plan of virtual engagements due to mild coronavirus symptoms. buckingham palace said she would continue with light duties after testing positive for cobit on sunday. she is currently isolating at windsor castle —— covid—19. the world health organization and unicef have accused formula baby milk makers of unfair practices. the aggressive promotionalformula milk is in breach of international commitments to protect breast—feeding. hong kong palme government has

ordered the compulsory testing all of its 7.5 million citizens as the city battles are surging infections there. the government is also launching a controversial vaccine passport on thursday, which will only allow vaccinated people to go to supermarkets, for example. the women's national football team in the united states has reached a landmark settlement with the sport's american governing body over equal pay. the soccer players will share $22 million in back pay. do stay with us here on bbc news. a new discovery suggests the wingspan of a giant flying dinosaur may have been far bigger than we thought. we than we thought. will explain how they worked that we will explain how they worked that out. prince charles has chosen his bride. the prince proposed the lady diana spencer three weeks ago. she accepted, she says, without hesitation. as revolutions go, this

had its fair share of bullets. a climax in the night outside the gates of mr marcos's sanctuary, malacanang, the name itself symbolising one of the cruellest regimes of modern asia. the world's first clone has been produced i of an adult mammal. scientists in scotland i have produced a sheep called dolly using a cell from another sheep. i warren beatty and faye dunaway announced to the world that the winner of best film was la la land. the only trouble was it wasn't. the mistake was only put right in the middle of gushing speeches by the team behind the modern musical. not for 20 years have locusts been seen in this part of africa. some of the swarms have been ten miles long. this is the last time - the public will see this pope. very soon, for the sake of the credibility and i authority of the next pope, benedict xvi will, in his own words, j be hidden from the world for the rest of his life. i

this is bbc news, the latest headlines: nato reports that russian troops are heading for eastern ukraine and comes as the west announces sanctions against moscow. every week at this time we take a look at the climate crisis, bringing you stories with big implications for our planet. this week on climate critical, we focus on our health and how a changing climate is threatening to undo 50 years of progress against poverty and disease. according to the world health organisation, climate change is the single biggest health threat facing humanity. between 2030 and 2050, it's expected to cause 250,000 additional deaths every year, from malnutrition, malaria, diarrhoea and heat stress. the cost of direct damage to our health is estimated

to be between $2—4 billion, a year by 2030. the poorest will be hit first and worst, especially in developing countries least able to prepare and respond to health emergencies. let's talk now to dr rachel lowe from the london school of hygiene and tropical medicine. she leads a team modelling the impact of global environmental change on diseases at the barcelona supercomputing centre in spain. thank you forjoining us and we were here about that supercomputer and how it may be helping in a moment. what is interesting here is that most people would readily think, yes, climate change, that means extreme temperatures, it means more hurricane is an all sorts of things, fires, that can harness but you were looking at disease and other health issues here. what are the main worries, from your perspective? climate change is having a severe impact on our health in

many direct and indirect ways. we have impacts on cardiovascular diseases, through extreme heat, mental illness from extreme climatic events and also increased probability of outbreaks of infectious diseases, particularly mosquito borne diseases. we are trying to understand how climate change, combined with socio—economic factors, changes the risks of outbreaks across the globe. isn't as simple as saying that the higher temperature, the more that suit their mosquito, for example?— for example? there is an optimum _ for example? there is an optimum temperature i for example? there is an - optimum temperature range, which mosquitoes prefer, and it also depends on the available breeding sites, which has impacted by rainfall or indeed lack of rainfall, leading to water storage. lack of rainfall, leading to waterstorage. so lack of rainfall, leading to water storage. so we try to understand how we can combine climate information with information on socio—economic

conditions and living conditions and living conditions to try to understand the risks of outbreaks in particular hot spot. i the risks of outbreaks in particular hot spot. i know one of our particular hot spot. i know one of your areas _ particular hot spot. i know one of your areas is _ particular hot spot. i know one of your areas is dinky - particular hot spot. i know one of your areas is dinky fever - of your areas is dinky fever and how that is potentially, maybe even exploding. can you give us an idea has your working with at disease and with your super computing opportunities to see what the risk of spread is there? so we work with _ risk of spread is there? so we work with national _ risk of spread is there? so we work with national ministries | work with national ministries of health to collect data on dengue fever cases and combine it with information on temperature precipitation, on earth observations, iron demographic data, socio—economic information about environmental hygiene and combine all the data into computational models so we can predict the probability of an outbreak in a particular place and time. thanks to the

supercomputer, we are able to simulate the global climate, how the atmosphere and ocean are interacting together and evolving over time, this allows us to combine both a forecast in the short—term projections in the short—term projections in the short—term projections in the long—term, to understand how the climate is and will impact disease risk. i and from what you have discovered, is it still possible to diminish and mitigate against that risk? fir mitigate against that risk? or is it too late and we often hear on issues of climate change that we are already getting into an ever worsening situation, even if we start to relatively, at least, to improve the amount of emissions we're putting out their? it is never too — we're putting out their? it is never too late _ we're putting out their? it is never too late to _ we're putting out their? it is never too late to act. - we're putting out their? it is never too late to act. we - never too late to act. we absolutely now have to mitigate against climate change. we conducted a modelling study which showed that if we carry on with business as usual, we can send additional 4.7 billion people at risk from diseases

malaria and dengue where if we were to reduce carbon emissions and keep it down below 1.1 degrees celsius, it is absolutely essential that we mitigate and reduce carbon emissions to minimise the impacts we are seeing and feeling on infectious diseases. 4.7 billion is a huge number! 0bviously 4.7 billion is a huge number! obviously in terms of the numbers that could be affected and presumably the number of those in poorer and developing countries, where i imagine, it is always going to be that much harder to treat and look after them? ~ , ,., , harder to treat and look after them? absolutely. it's definitely _ them? absolutely. it's definitely the - them? absolutely. it's i definitely the vulnerable communities filling their worst impacts of climate change. it is a problem that affects the whole globe. withing infectious disease outbreaks in new areas, for example, in europe, we are starting to see outbreaks of infectious diseases, we are seeing outbreaks of dengue and

malaria in high income areas in africa and south america, so it's really important that health systems are ready to incorporate climate information and be able to use these early warnings to build a resilience against outbreaks of these diseases. against outbreaks of these diseases-— against outbreaks of these diseases. . . . ., diseases. rachel, in climate critical, diseases. rachel, in climate critical. we _ diseases. rachel, in climate critical, we try _ diseases. rachel, in climate critical, we try to _ diseases. rachel, in climate critical, we try to find - critical, we try to find solutions and positives at the same time. this is a pretty grim picture, potentially, that you are painting here. 0bviously being able to produce these sorts of forecasts must help but are there any positive signs? can you point to any improvement in at least an understanding of how dangerous this could be?— this could be? yeah, we're starting — this could be? yeah, we're starting to _ this could be? yeah, we're starting to see _ this could be? yeah, we're starting to see a _ this could be? yeah, we're starting to see a lot - this could be? yeah, we're starting to see a lot more. starting to see a lot more awareness and strong partnerships being built between health services. the climate community, disaster risk management and imported to join all of these communities together to use the best data

and technology to build very strong health resilience systems. ii strong health resilience systems-— strong health resilience s stems. ., , systems. if we ever doubted what the risks _ systems. if we ever doubted what the risks of _ systems. if we ever doubted what the risks of climate - what the risks of climate change are, i think you've put it very clearly. thank you very much indeed, doctor rachel lowe, thank you forjoining us. thank you. the three white men convicted of murdering a black man while he was outjogging have been found guilty of federal hate crimes in georgia. the three defendants had already been sentenced to life in prison last month for killing ahmaud arbery. aleem maqbool reports. victory! this family feels a sense of justice having been achieved. a jury decided that the men who murdered ahmaud arbery did so because of his race. i knew ahmaud's hands were in this from the very beginning. amen. the way ahmaud left here, i knew we would get victory on the state level and in the federal level. i knew that from day one. it was two years ago that

ahmaud arbery was chased through a neighbourhood in which he was running close to his home. he was ambushed and shot dead. but though the police knew who killed him, no one was arrested and charged for more than ten weeks and only after this video of what happened went viral. in a murder trial in november, father and son greg and travis mcmichael and their neighbour roddy bryant were found guilty of murder. now in a hate crimes trial, the evidence they exhibited a history of racism in the past, the killers' actions were deemed racially motivated. the us attorney—general said the only acceptable outcome would have been the victim returning safely to his loved ones two years ago. i cannot imagine the pain that a motherfeels... ..to have her son run down and then gunned down while taking a jog

on a public street. my heart goes out to her and to the family. there are still questions as to why it took a viral video at a national campaign to get ahmaud arbery�*s killlers is detained. without that, it's not hard to imagine that the justice of the family is thankful for, remaining elusive. making a discovery which dates back 170 million years is a rare enough achievement. actually being able to build an accurate picture of the size and shape of a fossilised dinosaur is another challenge. but it appears the giant flying dinosaur — or pterosaur — may well have been far bigger — and living far earlier — than had been presumed. 0ur science correspondent victoria gill has the story of a significant scottish discovery. these look a little like they might be teeth. and it's pretty symmetrical... hidden in the rock for 170 million

years, the teeth and bones of a jurassic reptile. after racing the tide to cut out the limestone that entombed their discovery, the team had a rockyjourney to bring it back to their lab. here they've revealed the secrets of this isle of skye pterosaur that they've named �*dearc sgiathanach' — gaelic for "winged reptile". i think it's a lot clearer if we put the head back on, so we removed the head to cat scan it, but we can put it right back there, join it up with the neck, and you can see the neck and it leads to a body. something like this preserved in 3d isjust a one in a billion thing. x—ray scans of the skull have revealed even more detail. i'm holding a model of dearc sgiathanach. it's slightly smaller than the one we have in the fossil room, but it's more or less how the creature might have looked in real life. it has these enormous wing membranes. it also has this big tail, used as a flying rudder. we walked injurassic footprints when we visited the isle of skye with this same research

team back in 2015. and you can see the toes... fossilised depressions left by giant sauropods, the biggest animals ever to walk the earth. and this fossil, the researchers say, is the largest pterosaur from that same period. this is the average size of a jurassic pterosaur skull. and this is dearc, the newly—discovered fossil from the isle of skye. the team's now sending it on anotherjourney, to the national museum of scotland, where it will eventually be put on display. it's a humble last trip on a pallet for a creature that's been buried since the age of the dinosaurs. victoria gill, bbc news, in edinburgh. you may remember a couple of nights ago were talking about the possibility of a joe biden vladimir putin summit that emanuel macron was trying to arrange. the press secretary

for the white house has said that at this point, that summit is certainly not in the plans. it would require deescalation for it to happen. that is the very latest. some of us are still feeling the effects of the storms. we are flooding in places. how about the weather in the short term? well, it's not going to be a bad start to the day for many parts of england and wales. but for scotland, northern ireland and to an extent the very far north of england, it is going to be once again a very blustery day on wednesday and it will turn progressively wintery through the day. it is still very active on the satellite picture here. these weather fronts across the atlantic racing our way. all of this, this is wintry weather, linked to this low pressure. a cold front is approaching but to the south, we are under the influence of a high—pressure here. so, clearer skies, lighter winds and through the early

hours of the morning, a touch of ground frost at the very least in rural areas. city centres itself won't be that cold, 6 degrees in plymouth, pretty nippy enough in birmingham at 2 celsius. milder, slightly milder weather than the morning in the lowlands of scotland and northern ireland. now, here's the next low pressure that is coming in. a cold front and behind it, we have wintry showers. the morning is going be pretty soggy in northern ireland and scotland, with increasing winds and gale force winds and 60 mile an hour gusts. the weather will eventually go downhill in the far north of england too. particularly blustry in the northeast there in newcastle, but all the while there, new england and wales, but overall not a bad day. increasingly through the afternoon we will see winter showers and scotland and northern ireland to lower and lower levels. and then that takes us into wednesday night and thursday. that cold front crosses the country and then we are all in the blustery, chilly stream of air from the north atlantic and you can see how frequent the winter showers are across northern ireland.

some showers could be wintry also across england and wales, maybe not the extreme south and in fact, if anything, thursday should be a decent enough day. single—figure temperatures. it will certainly feel coldest and the northwest here. 5 degrees and you add on that gale—force wind and you'll feel like it's barely above freezing. there is a hint of better weather on the way as high pressure builds on friday. i think that's going to be a very decent day and perhaps into the weekend, some of us could hold onto some that better weather. bye— bye.

you are watching bbc news. here are the headlines. western allies including the us, europe, japan and now australia are continuing their efforts to shape a unified reaction to the crisis in new rain. i have responded with a series of targeted functions against russia. president biden said he would deploy us troops already stationed in europe to the baltic states. a usjury baltic states. a us jury has baltic states. a usjury has found baltic states. a us jury has found three white men who killed a blackjogger guilty of federal hate crimes. the defendants are already been sentenced to life in prison for his murder. the family welcomed the latest verdict and said he had finally received justice. hong kong has announced mandatory covid—19 tests were

all the city's residence. the chief executive carrie lam on the lot is for anyone who failed to comply. those are the headlines on bbc news. stay with us because it is time now for panorama. vaccines are helping to keep us safe from covid... this is perhaps the greatest achievement in modern medicine, it's really miraculous. ..but in poorer countries, too few people are getting the jab. what we're seeing is a huge divide between the vaccinated and protected rich and the unvaccinated and unprotected poor. so, are rich countries keeping too many vaccines for themselves? there's no question - that lives have been lost as a result of the inequitable distribution of vaccines. - hundreds of thousands, probably more. - are the drug companies putting profits before lives?

this one small corporation has reaped a huge windfall,