nato's secretary general, jens stoltenberg, insisted that ukraine must prevail as an independent state. now on bbc news, panorama. protection is a national security. it is everyone�*s responsibility. security. it is everyone's responsibility.— security. it is everyone's responsibility. tonight on panorama, _ responsibility. tonight on panorama, china's - responsibility. tonight on - panorama, china's crackdown on hong kong. we panorama, china's crackdown on hong kong-— panorama, china's crackdown on hong kong. we must protect our --eole hong kong. we must protect our people from — hong kong. we must protect our people from espionage, - people from espionage, terrorism, political interference and subversion. it interference and subversion. it is 25 years since britain handed back control of the city to china. back then, promises were made to protect

fundamental freedoms. were made to protect fundamentalfreedoms. now, fundamental freedoms. now, beijing is fundamentalfreedoms. now, beijing is tightening its grip on those who dared to speak out. it isa it is a tragedy made remorseless and revengeful attack — remorseless and revengeful attack on all the freedoms you associate _ attack on all the freedoms you associate with an open society. we spend — associate with an open society. we spend time with those it will not be silenced. if we stay here, we will be brainwashed. figs if we stay here, we will be brainwashed.— if we stay here, we will be brainwashed. ~ , _, , , brainwashed. as record numbers leave hong _ brainwashed. as record numbers leave hong kong, _ brainwashed. as record numbers leave hong kong, what- brainwashed. as record numbers leave hong kong, what will- brainwashed. as record numbers leave hong kong, what will life | leave hong kong, what will life be like for those that remain? i have been reporting from hong

kong as 2017 and over the last few years i have witnessed first—hand the dramatic transformation of the city. music. this isjennifer, this is jennifer, one this isjennifer, one of thousands who once protested against the government. arrested with a0 others in 2019, she is now preparing for prison life. i 2019, she is now preparing for prison life-— prison life. idon't smoke. i 'ust prison life. idon't smoke. i just heard _ prison life. idon't smoke. i just heard that _ prison life. idon't smoke. i just heard that in _ prison life. idon't smoke. i just heard that in jail- prison life. idon't smoke. i just heard that in jail you i prison life. idon't smoke. i. just heard that in jail you can use these cigarettes as, like, currency. so i got a pack of this. i'm trying to see if, if i can use these as money in jail but... i am still not sure about that.

jail but. .. i am still not sure about that.— jail but... i am still not sure about that. jennifer maintains she was a _ about that. jennifer maintains she was a peaceful _ about that. jennifer maintains she was a peaceful protester, | she was a peaceful protester, but she has been convicted of rioting. now she is facing up to ten years in prison. i to ten years in prison. i sincerely take it as a challenge, it is like... in everyone's life you definitely have some trouble that you have to overcome. have some trouble that you have to overcome-— to overcome. she is allowed to write to the — to overcome. she is allowed to write to the judge _ to overcome. she is allowed to write to the judge to _ to overcome. she is allowed to write to the judge to ask- to overcome. she is allowed to write to the judge to ask for i write to the judge to ask for leniency. what you think to the judge? i leniency. what you think to the 'ud~e? ., ., judge? i am telling him about m own judge? i am telling him about my own story- _ judge? i am telling him about my own story- my _ judge? i am telling him about my own story. my personal. my own story. my personal background.

britain returned hong kong to china in 1997.— britain returned hong kong to china in 1997. now, hong kong --eole china in 1997. now, hong kong people are _ china in 1997. now, hong kong people are to _ china in 1997. now, hong kong people are to run _ china in 1997. now, hong kong people are to run hong - china in 1997. now, hong kong people are to run hong kong. i people are to run hong kong. that is the promise, and that is the unshakeable destiny. back then, china promised freedom is not enjoyed in the rest of the country. the way of life here was meant to be protected, for 50 years. but in 2019, millions took to the streets, protesting against greater control from the chinese government in beijing. 0pposition chinese government in beijing. opposition to their growing

influence united peaceful and more radical protesters. the city was soon trapped in the cycle of violence.— city was soon trapped in the cycle of violence. the extreme views of violence _ cycle of violence. the extreme views of violence and - cycle of violence. the extreme | views of violence and vandalism tjy views of violence and vandalism by protesters is something that we should seriously condemn. because nothing is more important than the rule of law in hong kong. important than the rule of law in hong kong-— in hong kong. the young protesters _ in hong kong. the young protesters saw _ in hong kong. the young protesters saw this - in hong kong. the young protesters saw this as i in hong kong. the young l protesters saw this as their last battle for hong kong's freedoms. protests sometimes turning into running battles with the police. their mantra "if we burn, they burn with us". in 2019, kim was a 18—year—old student.

in 2019, kim was a 18-year-old student. ., , in 2019, kim was a 18-year-old student._ after - in 2019, kim was a 18-year-old student._ after a - student. that is me. after a violent confrontation, - student. that is me. after a violent confrontation, he . violent confrontation, he became the first protested to became the first protested to be shot by the police. the dramatic moment was captured by studentjournalists. translation: was shot with a run on translation: was shot with a gun on the _ translation: was shot with a gun on the national— translation: was shot with a gun on the national day - translation: was shot with a gun on the national day of- gun on the national day of 2019. this is where the bullet came in. ., , ., , came in. images of the shooting came in. images of the shooting came to symbolise _ came in. images of the shooting came to symbolise the - came in. images of the shooting came to symbolise the fight - came to symbolise the fight between protesters and the authorities. the police said they were acting in self defence. i they were acting in self defence-— they were acting in self defence. ., . _ defence. i felt the force by the police. _ defence. i felt the force by the police, it—

defence. i felt the force by the police, it was - defence. i felt the force by the police, it was much - defence. i felt the force by - the police, it was much greater than the protesters.— than the protesters. released from hospital, _ than the protesters. released from hospital, kim _ than the protesters. released from hospital, kim was - than the protesters. released i from hospital, kim was charged with writing and assaulting a police officer. == with writing and assaulting a police officer.— police officer. -- rioting. i am very — police officer. -- rioting. i am very anxious _ police officer. -- rioting. i am very anxious as - police officer. -- rioting. i am very anxious as my - police officer. -- rioting. ij am very anxious as my jail police officer. -- rioting. i- am very anxious as my jail time am very anxious as myjail time approaches, even though i am mentally prepared. when the moment comes, i may not be able to accept the reality. weeks after we met, he attempts to flee. he is seeking asylum in the us consulate. i catch the moment on my phone. sorry, sor , the moment on my phone. sorry, sorry. sorry! _ the moment on my phone. sorry, sorry. sorry! no _ the moment on my phone. sorry, sorry, sorry! no photos _ the moment on my phone. sorry, sorry, sorry! no photos here! - sorry, sorry! no photos here! they turn him away and i will

not see him again for some time. it is june 2020. it isjune 2020. after months of unrest, beijing imposes a wide—ranging security law in hong kong, while covering the crackdown i also get stopped by the police. i am a journalist! the new law silences the protest movement. anyone found guilty of violating it, can be imprisoned for life. the national _ imprisoned for life. the national security - imprisoned for life. the national security law, i imprisoned for life. the i national security law, the communist law, is seeping into the whole of the regal system, whether there are jury or not, bowel, they crackdown on hong

kong because far from bowel, they crackdown on hong kong because farfrom being confident as a role as the next parra in the well, they are very nervous about holding onto power. it is a tragedy and it is remorseless and revengeful attack on all the freedoms you associate an open society. august, 2020. 200 national security officers raid hong kong's most popular newspaper, apple daily. its owner, 7a—year—old jimmy lai is arrested and paraded through the newsroom. i speak to him while he is on bail.— while he is on bail. fear is the most _ while he is on bail. fear is the most inexpensive - while he is on bail. fear is the most inexpensive and | the most inexpensive and convenient way of ruling people and controlling people. figs convenient way of ruling people and controlling people.- and controlling people. as one ofthe and controlling people. as one of the most — and controlling people. as one of the most outspoken - and controlling people. as one of the most outspoken critics i of the most outspoken critics of the most outspoken critics of the most outspoken critics of the chinese government, he is one of the first people to be made an example of. that

is one of the first people to be made an example of. at least we uphold _ be made an example of. at least we uphold the — be made an example of. at least we uphold the spirit _ be made an example of. at least we uphold the spirit of— be made an example of. at least we uphold the spirit of freedom l we uphold the spirit of freedom and human dignity and free will. we will win the war because history is on our side. he is now in prison, awaiting charges of conspiring with foreign forces to endanger national security.- national security. every country _ national security. every country and _ national security. every country and territory i national security. every - country and territory needs national security law to protect itself. we must protect our people from espionage, terrorism, political interference, subversion. that is what every government does. almost every international government would say this is a draconian law. why do they say that? �* .., , , draconian law. why do they say that? �* , , ., draconian law. why do they say that?�* , that? because they are biased. because they — that? because they are biased. because they have _ that? because they are biased. because they have an - because they have an ideological bias against china and hong kong is part of china.

at least it's better thanjail in china _ at least it's better thanjail in china. in hong kong, my family— in china. in hong kong, my familycan— in china. in hong kong, my family can know what happens to me. , ., ., g , me. 24-year-old jennifer is caettin me. 24-year-old jennifer is getting ready _ me. 24-year-old jennifer is getting ready to _ me. 24-year-old jennifer is getting ready to go - me. 24-year-old jennifer is getting ready to go back - me. 24-year-old jennifer is getting ready to go back to | getting ready to go back to court, convicted of rioting, she is coming to the end of a 2.5 year process. she is saying goodbye to her family. 2.5 year process. she is saying goodbye to herfamily. they have asked not to be filmed. it has been a long way and family can go closer to the end of this trouble. the uncertainty is the worst thing.

scores of other young people were outside court today, many awaiting sentencing or similar charges. some of their supporters where symbols of the protest movement. jennifer gets 3.5 in prison. she is one of dozens sentenced today and taken to jail. in the last three years, more than 10,000 people have been arrested as part of the crackdown. nearly 3000 of them have been prosecuted, and

around 1200% to prison. —— 1200. this is one of the best—known journalists in hong kong. he has been reporting from the front line since the protest has began. it is made him a target.

ronson chan writes for a newspaper, one of the last independent news outlets since the closing down of apple daily. this man is an editor. he is determined to continue reporting, come what may. haste reporting, come what may. we can be reporting, come what may. - can be described as one of the most influential media outlets in what you call the pro—democracy camp. we do not describe ourselves like this, but may be to the authorities, they see it this way. someday they see it this way. someday they to your door. —— they will come to your door and i think we will be an obvious target to them. �* ., , , we will be an obvious target to them. ~ ., , , ., them. and that is exactly what ha ens.

them. and that is exactly what happens- hong _ them. and that is exactly what happens. hong kong's- them. and that is exactly what| happens. hong kong's national security police turn up with a court order. yin stand news survives for now but as chairman of the media union, ronson chan feels he is becoming a biggest target and his wife is worried about his safety. iam back i am back in touch with ken who was shot by police. he is still facing serious charges. it's

been several weeks since i saw him being turned away by the us consulate. he is in bad shape. translation: i have nightmares. i always wake up in a cold sweat. he is worried about being sent to prison. the uncertainty of the new law has spread fear across the city.— across the city. this year, there have _ across the city. this year, there have been - across the city. this year, there have been bad - across the city. this year, - there have been bad changes. the hong kong i knew as a child has totally changed. there is no more basicjustice or freedom.

no more basic “ustice or freedom. ~ ., ., , freedom. when i leave, kin does not tell me _ freedom. when i leave, kin does not tell me what _ freedom. when i leave, kin does not tell me what his _ freedom. when i leave, kin does not tell me what his plans - freedom. when i leave, kin does not tell me what his plans are i not tell me what his plans are and it's best i don't know. this one is all the art materials because i like doing artwork with him. tomorrow, the home will be empty.— home will be empty. eddie and mason are _ home will be empty. eddie and mason are part _ home will be empty. eddie and mason are part of _ home will be empty. eddie and mason are part of the - home will be empty. eddie and mason are part of the mass - mason are part of the mass exodus from hong kong. last year, the uk government offered them rights to citizenship to residents born in the territory before 1997. it anchored beijing for angered but tens of thousands have taken up the offer. ~ , ., ., offer. when the situation changed _ offer. when the situation changed quite _ offer. when the situation changed quite rapidly, i offer. when the situation i changed quite rapidly, many things are different. frankly,

i don't feel comfortable to speak freely and i'm a bit worried about my children. even thou:h worried about my children. even though they're _ worried about my children. even though they're leaving, - worried about my children. even though they're leaving, any's though they're leaving, any�*s wife mason has asked us not to show her face. wife mason has asked us not to show herface. she's wife mason has asked us not to show her face. she's a teacher and is worried about the government restricting what she can see the classroom. irate can see the classroom. we received — can see the classroom. we received many _ can see the classroom. - received many notice what we need to teach, what we can teach, what we can't say because if we could say something, they didn't want to listen, then we may lose our job. if we stay here, then we would be brainwashed. i don't want my students and also my children to have this kind of education because we have the right to know the truth. her husband eddie _ right to know the truth. her husband eddie is _ right to know the truth. her husband eddie is an executive at a games company. they are giving up their comfortable life in hong kong for a new one in a country they've never

visited. why do you think so many hong kong residents are leaving the city? i many hong kong residents are leaving the city?— leaving the city? i think they are pretty — leaving the city? i think they are pretty disappointed - leaving the city? i think they are pretty disappointed to i leaving the city? i think they i are pretty disappointed to what happened in hong kong. thea;r happened in hong kong. they leave hong — happened in hong kong. they leave hong kong. _ happened in hong kong. they leave hong kong. their- happened in hong kong. they leave hong kong. their future leave hong kong. theirfuture uncertain. more than 1% of the population, 90,000 people, have left the city since the national security law was introduced. it's the legislative council election. the winners will decide the future of hong kong. bong has been assigned to cover it for stand news. mr; bong has been assigned to cover it for stand news.— it for stand news. my duty is to tell the — it for stand news. my duty is to tell the public _ it for stand news. my duty is to tell the public what i it for stand news. my duty is to tell the public what really| to tell the public what really is going on right now in this so—called inaction. wonderful

election. and also to avoid being accused of breaking the law. —— yin. in being accused of breaking the law- -- yin-— law. -- yin. in the last year, almost _ law. -- yin. in the last year, almost all— law. -- yin. in the last year, almost all pro-democracy i almost all pro—democracy council members have been arrested or have fled the city. china has completely overhauled the electoral system here. now, only candidates approved by the authorities can stand. so—called patriots. they are out in force, campaigning. julius ho is a beijing loyalist, standing for re—election. everybody is pro—beijing, everyone is for establishment. this is not real diversity of opinion. i establishment. this is not real diversity of opinion.— diversity of opinion. i beg to disagree- — diversity of opinion. i beg to disagree. for _ diversity of opinion. i beg to disagree. for those - diversity of opinion. i beg to disagree. for those who i diversity of opinion. i beg to disagree. for those who runj diversity of opinion. i beg to i disagree. for those who run the show or participate in an

election must be patriotic and love your country —— junuis ho. would you expect some traitor to be your leader?— would you expect some traitor to be your leader? most of them know they _ to be your leader? most of them know they will _ to be your leader? most of them know they will win _ to be your leader? most of them know they will win the _ know they will win the so—called election if all the result— so—called election if all the result of— so—called election if all the result of before the amounts —— before _ result of before the amounts —— before the — result of before the amounts —— before the result is announced. but everybody pretends like they— but everybody pretends like they are all running a competitive election, so it's really— competitive election, so it's really quite surreal.- really quite surreal. this is the moment _ really quite surreal. this is the moment beijing i really quite surreal. this is| the moment beijing loyalist taken and control —— loyalists taken and control —— loyalists take complete control. ten days after the election, national security police arrive at one's home in the early hours. —— arrive at ronson chan's home. ronson, the stand news

journalist, live streams it from his phone. ronson is taken away. at the same time as stand news being raided. they confiscate cash, computers and documents. six senior members of staff are charged with publishing seditious materials, but it's not clear what evidence the police have against them. bong

is one of the few evidence was not arrested. i is one of the few evidence was not arrested.— not arrested. i believe i have done nothing _ their assets seized, stand news is forced to close. their website is taken off—line that night. the heavy—handed tactics work. i night. the heavy-handed tactics work. ., �* night. the heavy-handed tactics work. ., , work. i don't comment anything riaht work. i don't comment anything right now. _ work. i don't comment anything right now, ok? _ work. i don't comment anything right now, ok? after— work. i don't comment anything right now, ok? after a - work. i don't comment anything right now, ok? after a day i work. i don't comment anything right now, ok? after a day of i right now, ok? after a day of questioning. _ right now, ok? after a day of questioning, ronson - right now, ok? after a day of questioning, ronson is i right now, ok? after a day of i questioning, ronson is released without charge.— without charge. these are the bad apples — without charge. these are the bad apples who _ without charge. these are the bad apples who are _ without charge. these are the bad apples who are abusing i bad apples who are abusing their position. anybody who attempts to make use of media work as a tool to pursue their political purpose or other

interests contravenes the law, particularly offences that endanger national security. they are the evil elements that damage press freedom. the next mornin: , damage press freedom. the next morning. they — damage press freedom. the next morning, they visit _ damage press freedom. the next morning, they visit -- _ damage press freedom. the next morning, they visit -- i - damage press freedom. the next morning, they visit -- i visit i morning, they visit —— i visit ronson at his apartment. yelling. the building security threatens to call police when they see our camera. with his colleagues in prison, his publication closed, the pressure is too much for ronson. it's ridiculous. _ for decades, hong kong has enjoyed a free press but the national security law is reshaping the city.

deputy leaderjohn lee is now going for the topjob. deputy leaderjohn lee is now going for the top job. it's the election for hong kong's chief executive. after leaving the crackdown on protest, he's been hand—picked by beijing. and he is the only candidate. i hand-picked by beijing. and he is the only candidate.— is the only candidate. i hereby declare that _ is the only candidate. i hereby declare that the _ is the only candidate. i hereby declare that the only - is the only candidate. i hereby| declare that the only candidate mrjohn lee ka—chiu is returned congratulations. mrjohn lee ka-chiu is returned congratulations.— mrjohn lee ka-chiu is returned congratulations._ it i congratulations. applause. it really does — congratulations. applause. it really does raise _ congratulations. applause. it really does raise questions i really does raise questions about— really does raise questions about the extent to which a totalitarian leadership really understands what is the core, what — understands what is the core, what is — understands what is the core, what is in _ understands what is the core, what is in the dna of a free

society _ what is in the dna of a free socie . , , ., society. the prime duty of every government - society. the prime duty of every government to i society. the prime duty of i every government to protect the country _ every government to protect the country as— every government to protect the country as a — every government to protect the country as a whole, _ every government to protect the country as a whole, you - every government to protect the country as a whole, you know? i country as a whole, you know? the _ country as a whole, you know? the prime _ country as a whole, you know? the prime concern— country as a whole, you know? the prime concern of— country as a whole, you know? the prime concern of every- the prime concern of every country _ the prime concern of every country or— the prime concern of every country or territory - the prime concern of every country or territory is - country or territory is survivai~ _ country or territory is survival.— country or territory is survival. �* , ., , of survival. it's the anniversary ofthe survival. it's the anniversary of the tiananmen _ survival. it's the anniversary of the tiananmen square i of the tiananmen square crackdown and bong is covering the event is an independent journalist. in 1989, hundreds, possibly thousands, died when soldiers fired on pro—democracy protesters in the capital beijing. screaming. every year in hong kong's victoria park, tens of hundreds hold a candlelight vigil to remember the dead. this year, the organisers have been arrested and the police are threatening to detain anyone who attends. they are out in force. if you ever wanted to

understand how much hong kong has changed, it's this. plainclothes police officers transponder for confiscating candles as evidence. but hong kong refuses to forget. victoria park was one place where the dead of tiananmen were remembered. not anymore. somebody has to stand up and show others there are still people staying here. willing to say something.

25 years since the handover, hong kong is becoming like any other chinese city. the promises of its special status programme. this is more than a crackdown. this is a transformation.

this is bbc news. i'm gareth barlow. our top stories: chinese president xi jinping has sworn in hong kong's new leader at a ceremony marking 25 years since the end of british colonial rule. the us supreme court deals a major blow to efforts to tackle climate change, with a ruling that limits government powers to cut greenhouse gas emissions. this is a setback in our fight against climate change when we already far off track from the immediate goals of the paris agreement. amid tight security, thousands of religious scholars and tribal elders from across afghanistan are meeting in kabul for the first time since the taliban seized

power last year. and temperatures injapan are at the highest