this is bbc news. we will have the headlines and all the main news stories for you at the top of the hour straight after this programme. spencer: we've got a tasty programme for you this week. when is chocolate not chocolate? when it's made of... lara: kinky salts!

don't knock it till you've tried it! right. lj's feeling out of this world as she explores the new ways to tidy up high—speed space trash. we're going to be bathed in lights and sounds, and apart from that, i have no idea what to expect. and spencer takes a trip to an inner world. yeah, i'm looking at the inside of my own brain. 0h, did you find it? how dare you! 0k, what's this one? erm... oh, that's nice. that's 70% dark, isn't it? good. you know your stuff. mm—hm. and this one? oh, that's very bitter. i'd go 90%. yeah? yeah, you're doing well. now for the big one. there you go. oh, gosh! 0h! oh, that's 100% chocolate, isn't it? oh, that is awful. you did volunteer to be the one to eat the chocolate. tastes like tarmac. cocoa is, of course, the main ingredient of chocolate, and it does have its impact on the environment as well as the communities that harvest it.

so my question to you is, do you think it's possible to create something that tasted like that chocolate without the cocoa? well, you could probably create something that's brown, sweet stuff. but if it doesn't have cocoa in, it's not chocolate, right? well, i've been to see a man who lives on a boat who's been stirring the pot. material scientist drjohnny drain likes to wonder what things could be made of, whether it's a smartphone screen, the michelin—star restaurant dishes he's created or wanting to figure out how to replace cocoa. this is the lab on the boat where the chocolate story begins. oh, wow. come on board. thank you. what's this?! so this is some of the ingredients that we started

developing the chocolate with. kinky salt. kinky salts. that's various funky salts from different places all over the world on my travels. dried shrimp. that's not in the chocolate, is it? that is not. and there's some raw cacao, which we were trying to imitate at the very start. but of all the things we try to find replacements for, cocoa may not be an obvious one. what most people don't realise about cocoa and chocolate is that about 70% of it is produced injust two countries in west africa, ghana and ivory coast, in a way that involves outsized water consumption, so about 20,000 litres of water per kilo, and that's way more than beef or soy or avocados. and there are issues with labour in those parts of the world. at a conservative estimate, it's thought that 1.5 million children are on these cacao farms, working with their families, predominantly. is this, however, not taking away income from countries

that really need it? those countries do need that income and those hardworking farmers need to be supported. but the state of the current cacao and chocolate industry is such that those people are working on a dollar or less a day, and it's not an equitable trade. so, this isjohnny�*s story. i grew up in birmingham near the cadbury's chocolate factory, so sometimes we could smell the roasting beans, and it was delicious. so i've always eaten a lot of chocolate. and i started thinking, "why does chocolate taste like chocolate ? " and, you know, if you put your scientist hat on, it's just a bunch of compounds. and it's quite complex, but essentially it's just a bunch of compounds. and then thinking, well, can you make that flavour profile starting from something that's not cacao beans? could you start with potatoes or rice? and what is it made from? well, we can't tell you the secrets of exactly what we do, but our hero ingredients are barley, which has this rich tradition of being used to make whisky and beer, and also carob. and we found using this combination of fermentation and roasting, which is what you do to turn cacao into chocolate, we've taken that principle, that philosophy, and turned these ingredients into our alt—choc.

melt the fat if it needs melting and then just mix it all in the melanger. so, it keeps grinding for 48 hours. and after that, yeah, we just proceed to temper the chocolate and mould it. so this machine's got to keep going for 48 hours. yeah, that's correct. it looks like it's pretty well mixed now after about 20 seconds. but that's not mixed? no, it's not, because it's all about the particle size. so you want to have, like, the smallest size as possible so you get a nice mouthfeel in your mouth and you don't feel the different grains of the different ingredients. wow, that's quite a process. does normal chocolate go through something like that, as well? yeah, usually it's around that time — a bit less, a bit more. it depends on the type of chocolate that you're having. something i never knew about chocolate. no, it's very scientific, actually. yeah.

that's science resulting in a mixture containing 15% less sugar than its chocolate equivalent. and it's full of antioxidants and flavonoids. but how does it taste? ok, that is looking particularly appetising, so i'll go for this first. right, eating on camera is always very messy. mm! absolutely delicious, but i genuinely wouldn't know that that wasn't cocoa. amazing. it tastes... i would think that was about 60—70% cocoa. that's what we're aiming at with these ones, yeah. yeah. so, my daughter, who loves a kind of cadbury�*s or galaxy milk chocolate, i'm not sure how she'd feel about it. but for someone who is into dark chocolate, wow, i genuinely can't tell the difference. what's your price point going to be like? initially, we'll go

in at that level of luxury premium dark chocolate. but within two years we aim to have price parity with mass—produced milk—chocolate prices. and are you going to produce something which is more like the milk chocolate? we'll do both, and we might even do a white chocolate, ultimately. there are another couple of companies in this space, too. but wnwn's bars will go on sale later this year. and they're not only for humans to enjoy. with no theobromine in it, unlike regular chocolate, you can give a piece to your dog... ..if you can bear to part with it. mm! lovely. right, be honest. how many takes did you need for that? they only let me have one of each. i believe you! we believe her, don't we, boys and girls? right, i've got a question for you now. have you ever used a dating app? no. i've been married since before i even had a smartphone.

wow. how about you ? don't ask, actually. 0k. tinder�*s the big one, though, isn't it? it is. and would you believe that tinder is now ten years old? wow. a decade of people swiping left and right. exactly. and for the first time now, the company is being run by a woman. but the question is, how does having a female boss affect something like a dating app? shiona mccallum's gained exclusive access to find out. let's put a bit of texture in. now relax. my name is renate nyborg. i'm the ceo of tinder, and i have the honour of allowing people all over the world to experience the magic of human connection. i actually met my future husband on tinder. i was on tinder six - years ago until i found my boyfriend in 2017. as the first female ceo of tinder, do you feel more of a responsibility towards women on the app? i felt like we could do more to specifically focus on the experiences women were having.

we increased the number of women on the product team, so the people designing the experiences...the technologies on the app by 30%. does more need to be done to increase the awareness of the safety features on tinder? since i became ceo, we've started making trust and safety the heart of some of our marketing campaigns. i think the safety features could be a bit better. i personally didn't have any. negative safety experiences. ifeel like i have to be extra cautious about my safety. i mean, being a south african woman, south africa is not the safest country for a minority. on tinder, we encourage everyone to be verified. and just in the months that it's been live, we've seen that almost half of our members will self—select to verify themselves. ultimately, i don't think it'sj tinder's100% responsibility to look after us. i think we have to put some personal measures in place| to keep ourselves safe. before i go on a date, there are all these funny measures i take. you know, i'll have to tell two friends, i'll have

to have a code word. i have to have live location on whatsapp. it's a whole lot of admin. i would make sure that i facetime with these guys before i met them. i wouldn't just go out with them not having actually seen that their photo matched the person that they were. we have a feature called does this bother you?, i which makes it really easy to report something - that you may not feel - entirely comfortable with. we've seen an increase of 50% in people reporting things - that they may not like. there's been an increase of crimes like sexual violence reported starting on dating apps. how does tinder plan to tackle this for women? we're partnering with a uk ngo called no more, whose mission it is to end domestic violence and assault. the way that you interact with someone literally from the very first message may set the tone for the relationships that you have. what's your future vision for tinder? i believe that from the next decade onwards, most

new connections, most new relationships will start online, and so we see it as our responsibility to really ensure that those connections that start on tinder, that start with that first swipe, are positive relationships. i've had the most adventurous romantic encounters from partners i've met on tinder. it is a good wayl to meet people. so i recommend it, - but with some safety caveats that you take yourself- and obviously the features that tinder's introduced. tinder used to be the sort of, like, hookup app, but i've been hearing more and more success stories of couples staying together. and so if we can, you know... ..if your app can create those sorts of relationships by saying, "hey, we're going to make it really safe "for you guys," people might stay in touch a lot longer, feel more comfortable going out and meeting people they normally never would. people will come up to me and tell me all kinds of stories. sometimes they found their best friend on tinder, sometimes they found their business partner. but most of the time it's the romantic stories that they have to tell.

hello, time for a look at this week's tech news. first up, snapchat is coming to computers. a new snapchat for the web will let users send snaps and make phone calls from their pcs. the tool is being launched in some english—speaking countries first and will be rolled out worldwide later. twitchcon has taken place in amsterdam. the convention is a gathering place for streamers and a celebration of all things twitch streaming, and it's run by the company itself. but flight cancellations that schiphol airport have left some users annoyed — and you don't want to upset a twitch streamer. that they didn't send a single member of staff to see if we were ok is absolutely disgraceful. so myself and god knows how many other people were left stranded last night, and probably the next few nights, in amsterdam with no... we were literally left there after waiting at an airport for ten or 11 hours.

lab—grown meat company meatable has unveiled its first cultivated pork sausage. it has been working on the product since 2018 and hopes to start selling it to consumers by 2025. and microsoft has launched a flight simulator for drones. dubbed project airsim, the tool is intended to train the artificial intelligence systems of autonomous aircraft. lj: space, the filthy frontier. humans successfully put their first object into space in 1957, the sputnik satellite. and after 75 years of spacecraft being sent into orbit, it's a lot easier to go for launch but a lot messier once you're up there. space, the filthy frontier. humans successfully put their first object into space in 1957, the sputnik satellite. and, after 75 years of spacecraft being sent into orbit, it's a lot easier to go for launch, but a lot messier once you're up there. governments now have to share space with private companies, and without much in the way of regulation, it's starting to get so congested we don't know exactly what's up there any more — some estimates say around 5,000

satellites in orbit with fewer than half actually working. and when a satellite stops functioning, it still keeps orbiting, which is a problem for the useful ones. satellites, when they die on these orbital highways, theyjust keep on going at these very fast speeds. some of the relative speeds between satellites that are crisscrossing each other is like 15 times the speed of a bullet. so that's pretty gnarly to think about. and, yeah, every once in a while, two of these things find each other in space at these very high speeds, collide and break up into very smaller pieces and that sort of stuff. and most of the things that could damage a satellite that's providing a service or a capability that we care about, most of those things are not trackable because they're too small. moriba's co—founder of privateer, which tracks space debris. it aims to collect information from many different origins, like telescopes and radars, physical sensors, even news

articles, and turn it into usable data for developers. imagine a massive machine—readable spreadsheet where all the data is lined up so the column headings make sense. it's one of many companies and space agencies taking part in the summit for space sustainability at london's science museum. these are the people hoping to clean up up there. and it's harder than you think, because you can't exactly use a vacuum cleaner in a vacuum. one solution is on—orbit servicing, removing old satellites and refuelling others — yes, a robot mechanic and tow truck in space. another outfit, clearspace's, concept shows four arms to catch and hug a dead satellite before cruelly pulling it into the atmosphere to burn it up! sounds complicated ? well, it is rocket science. it is hard, technically. so, going up to space and removing a satellite with some claws, robotic arm

or some nets, it's hard to do, right, because operating a robot from hundreds of miles away is tough to do. but it's also tough politically and economically, and with regulations, because there's no real rules that govern how we work in outer space. like me and the attendees, you'll have worked out why we want to keep things clean in orbit. we use satellites to check the weather, find our way around, even for financial transactions. and a quick look at nasa's interactive website, eyes on the earth, shows there's so much more we can do from space to help with earthbound challenges like climate change. so what sort of things can be measured from space that we might not know about? so, space data and measurements give us notjust beautiful pictures of the earth but also information about weather changes, the climate data, population density and other things that all can be integrated into the solutions that we really need. and here i'm talking about giving farmers, for example, real—time data

about when�*s the best time to plant their harvests and when is the best time to harvest their fields. so we depend on space every day. check. and it needs to be tidied up. check. so how do we help humans think as one big tribe? i mean, we allshare this planet, right? it's not going to be any one thing. governments are going to have to have more regulation. companies are going to have to engage in shared best practices. companies are going to have to exchange information. academia is going to have to continue to study this and give us the data so we can make decisions. most interestingly, these solutions come from companies that compete and cooperate with each other at the same time, an incredibly effective business model, sharing data and ideas to accelerate progress for everyone, because speed is of the essence when it comes to cleaning up after ourselves, then we can keep those orbital highways open for the next generation and beyond. that was lj cleaning up her space.

ok, your turn to close your eyes now. 0k. alright. i'm going to do this. now, what can you see? erm, patterns? yeah. so, when people look at flickering lights through closed eyelids, different people see different things. it's like when you're on a train and the light�*s shining behind the trees and it comes and goes. exactly. and this is a phenomenon that's been known... you can open your eyes now, by the way. this is a phenomena that's been known about for quite a while. but now there is an experience which is part science, part art, part music and part light that's trying to find out more about how your brain works. and it's pretty trippy. in this building... ..in this room... ..i'm about to have an experience. what kind of experience? possibly this kind of experience. what i saw was like a deep sea.

so it's like a sea, and i'm walking down the stairs into the water, and the water is very blue. and i step in the water to feel the atmosphere. and ifelt calm. we've all been given blankets. we've been told that we've got to sit back and close our eyes and then we're going to be bathed in lights and sounds. and apart from that, i have no idea what to expect. so...here goes nothing. with this project, we wanted to give people a kind of experience where they for themselves recognise the power of their brain in generating everything they experience. i'm in the dreamachine, a 30—minute sound and light show which you experience with your eyes closed. sounds weird, i know, and i think it's going to be. and, apparently, even though

we're all under the same lights, our brains will do different things. some people see shapes and colours. some people are, like, just dreaming or having images of, i don't know, the sunshine or nature or the ocean or colours and rainbows and travelling through space and dimensions. the lights go down, the music comes up and the dreamachine begins. now, the full experience uses strobe lighting, which we can't show you on tv and which means that those who are sensitive to flashing lights will need to do the more gentle version. but what i felt and what i saw, even though my eyes were closed, was really unexpected. even though the strobes are only white light, through my eyelids i saw a kaleidoscope of colours. this is my best attempt

to show you the kind of things that i experienced. and along with intricate, swirling and sparkling patterns, there was even something that looked a bit like i was flying through clouds. my brain seemed to take its best guess at what was going on based on the light signals that it was getting. your brain is always trying to figure out what's going on, and we project patterns into things. and in the dreamachine this is happening, i think to a large extent because the brain is not actually getting any structured visual input. it's just white light, it's just flickering white light. the brain is trying to make sense of it somehow, and it's very hard for it to make sense of what's going on so it makes up a lot of stuff. it makes up stuff that is, i think, very closely related to the underlying wiring of the brain. after the experience, we're invited to try and record what we saw by drawing or using particle simulators. but it was talking about it with my producer romana where we could best record our different experiences. i think the thing that was most

amazing immediately was all the colours that i saw. i had loads of colours, whereas you... just the blues and reds. yeah. no, i really enjoyed it, because i usually don't switch off easily, and here i am very much switched off. do you think you have no choice because your senses are being overwhelmed ? so for people who can't do it in calm situations, if you do the opposite and overwhelm people's senses, they have no choice but to go into almost a defensive meditative state. i think, yeah, because it's really hard for me to enter that stage where i don't have mental chatter, where my mental chatter was gone. but then i was also not "sleeping" sleeping. so it was, i guess, what they say with different brain wavelengths. i'd love to see, actually — which one was i on? and it turns out that romana was spot—on. we use a number of different frequencies in the dreamachine

of the flashing light, but the frequencies that are most effective are ones that are around 10 hertz, ten cycles per second, because that's a similar frequency to what we call the alpha rhythm in the brain. one of the things that's happening in the dreamachine is that your brain is synching to the frequency of the light. the dreamachine was, for me, calming but fascinating. and through thousands of drawings from participants, plus an accompanying online perception census, anil is hoping to learn more about how and why each of us experiences the world differently. the patterns that people see, the colours that people see, the movement that people see, that's very, very tightly linked to the organisation, the wiring, if you like, of the visual cortex in the brain. and it seems that what's happening is that by the strobe light activating the visual cortex in a situation where it's not expecting to be activated because your eyes are closed, deep—seated aspects of the wiring of the brain itself kind of surface

into our experience. we see reflections and shadows of the brain looking at itself. you felt like you were flying. did you really feel weightless? not really. i think my brain was just trying to take its best guess at what was going on based on the signals that it was getting. and everyone has a different experience. they do. and that's why they're trying to get as many people involved as possible, so the dreamachine is leaving london this weekend and then it's going on to belfast and to edinburgh. anyway, that's it from us. i'm going to make lara try and feel like she's flying now. 0k. and i'm going to feed spencer some more chocolate. who needs dating apps, eh? see you. bye— bye! hello there.

it felt rather cool for the time of year on tuesday across much of the country, particularly in the north and the west, where we also had 1—2 heavy showers around. but high pressure dominates the scene, as well, as we head into wednesday, but its centre will be pushing towards the east of the country — and that means gradually, we'll start to import air from the south. always a slightly warmer direction, so it'll feel a touch warmer i think across the country on wednesday. we start off dry and sunny, but through the afternoon, cloud will tend to build, many places will turn quite grey, and we could see a few showers sparking off, particularly northern england in towards scotland. temperatures a bit higher — 19—20 celsius in the north, and around 20—23 celsius across england and wales, and winds will remain light. now through wednesday night, we continue with this slightly warmer southerly airflow. quite a bit of cloud around, some splashes of rain here and there, particularly through central areas. and temperatures no lower than around 13—15 celsius in the south, still a few cooler spots in the north. so, it is warming up as we end the week. for all areas, but in particularfor england and wales, it won't be wall—to—wall sunshine, there will be quite a bit of cloud around, and also some showers again, affecting more

northern and western areas. thursday, our area of high pressure is very weak, out towards the north sea, bringing south southeasterly winds — these weather fronts slowly encroaching into the far west of the country later in the day. so, it'll going to be a pretty benign day, light winds, variable clouds, some sunshine around — the best of the sunshine across central and southern areas, thicker cloud across northern england and scotland, where we could see some splashes of rain here or there. but it'll feel warmer, up to 21 celsius in the central belt of scotland, maybe 211—25 celsius across the southeast. similar story on friday — probably a chance of seeing some showery rain through central and northern parts. best of the sunshine in the south with the highest temperatures. but we'll start to see these weather fronts encroaching into the west of scotland, northern ireland later in the day. again, a warm day — up to 22 celsius in scotland, perhaps up to 27—28 in the southeast. beyond friday into the weekend, it looks like low pressure could bring more substantial

rain to the north and the west of the country. very little rainfall getting into the southeast, where we really do need it. so, it'll stay quite warm into the weekend, though, with low pressure nearby, certainly to the north, we're likely see the rain here, and there will be quite a bit of cloud around at times, too.

welcome to bbc news — i'm david eades. our top stories: the abuse and neglect of ukraine's disabled — a special report on the thousands of young people trapped in institutions. it's intolerable. if ukraine wants to _ it's intolerable. if ukraine wants to be _ it's intolerable. if ukraine wants to be part - it's intolerable. if ukraine wants to be part of - it's intolerable. if ukraine wants to be part of the i it's intolerable. if ukraine - wants to be part of the western world, law—abiding democracy, it can't right of children with disabilities. i might teetering on the brink of a world recession — the stark warning from the international monetary fund. russia says it will withdraw from the international space station and build its own craft — ending decades of cooperation with the rest of the world. and england thrash sweden 4—0 in the women's euros semifinal. next stop, the final.