this is bbc news, the headlines: the japanese prime minister has condemned north korea for firing another ballistic missile overjapan. the missile�*s flight set off japanese military early warning systems and prompted alerts for residents in the north of the country. the rocket eventually came down in the pacific ocean. the uk chancellor has tried to shore up his government's credibility following a u—turn on a major economic policy. kwasi kwarteng — who ditched plans to scrap the top rate of income tax — is now expected to bring forward publication of his medium—term fiscal

plan to this month. the indonesian authorities have sacked the police chief in east java, where one of the world's worst football stadium disasters happened on saturday. at least 32 children were among 125 people who died in a crush. the police have been widely criticised for using tear—gas on the fans. now on bbc news, witness history. we join celestina olulode in bristol with five important stories from black british history. a warning that this programme contains language that some may find offensive. hello. i'm celestina olulode, and welcome to this very special edition of witness history from the m shed museum in bristol. this month, we are getting first—hand accounts of some important moments in black british history.

coming up, the uk's first caribbean carnival set up to showcase west indian culture. we travel back over 100 years, to hear a witness to liverpool's 1919 race riots. we meet britain's first black female head teacher. and we're in manchester to discover a legendary nightclub that became a haven for the city's black and mixed heritage communities. but we start here in the city of bristol, where, in 1963, and 18—year—old called guy bailey wanted to get a job working on buses like this one here. he secured an interview, but when he arrived, the bus company turned him away because he was black. now, despite this being racist, it was completely legal in the uk at the time. the treatment guy faced sparked a boycott of bristol's buses.

in 1963, the bristol omnibus company refused to employ black people on its buses. we don't want them on there, that's the main reason. there ain't going to be enough work for the whites, leave alone the blacks. we intend to go on engaging white labour rather- than coloured labour. they didn't know that i was black, but on my arrival things changed and i become a black person, not a person. at the time, every day there was adverts in the paper for bus drivers and conductors. injamaica, i'd never seen a double—decker bus, and when i saw the double—decker buses over here i thought, "oh, i'd love to be able to drive one of those." what you want, mr green, is to restrict the numbers of coloured people who come and getjobs in the transport department as drivers and conductors?

well, that's what i am - instructed to do by my branch. a local west indian association felt it had to take action. you could arrange an interview by telephone, which i did, with the help of our spokesperson. the surprising thing was that the secretary was so shocked when i arrived and it was a black person. i could hear her saying, mr bailey is here but he's a black, he's a black man. and i could hear also that the person in the other room was saying, "tell him that the vacancy is filled." and this was only an hour after i'd confirmed that i was going to have an interview. the following day, we went to the manager's office and the manager told us, under no circumstances he's going to employ black people. i was working out how best to bring this to the notice of the public and it's then i was thinking of luther king

and his bus boycott, and i decided, yes, iwill ask the people of the city to boycott bristol's buses. the bristol omnibusl company carries over 1 million people a day. is this really going - to make any difference? there was good support. we had hundreds of university students that were supporting the boycott, they were sitting in the road and lying across in front of the buses. the controversy is now in its second week and the policy of the bus company that started it all still applies. once you change thisjob over, and it becomes known - as a coloured man'sjob, well, then the white - man does not take any further interest in it. . the campaign gained national support from among others sir learie constantine, howard wilson and tony benn. what about the west indies cricketers here? do you think they are having any trouble? they are not, but surely they can't be very happy playing knowing that their countrymen are discriminated against, 50 yards from the playing field.

mr paul stephenson, - you have now read the agreed statement between the company and the unions, what _ are your views on it? of course, we are very pleased indeed. i was asked if i wanted to be interviewed for a job, but i refused, because i was scared to be beaten up. i thought i was safer doing something else. a shopkeeper can't refuse to serve a man because of his colour. some people believe that the government should go much further, that it should be made illegal to deny a manajob. coming up, the uk's first caribbean carnival set up to

showcase west indian culture. however, one of the uk's first caribbean carnivals took place in 1959. the actor and dancer, corinne skinner—carter, was there and tells us how its organiser, claudia jones, was determined to showcase caribbean culture and counter racial violence. claudia did it at exactly the time that we were having it in trinidad, which meant it was cold here! when people got off the train, got in with the costumes on, everyone was staring at them. "what's wrong with these black people, coming out in costumes and things like that in this weather? !" you know. in highgate cemetery lies the grave of a woman

who was probably the most influential afro—caribbean in britain's post—war history. her name was claudia jones. she was a communist and she was imprisoned in america for quite some time. claudia came here the same year that i came, and she was such a warm person that you took to her immediately. something new and uglyl raises its head in britain. in notting hill gate, only. a mile or two from london's west end, racial violence. about 15 fellas came out the car, all with bottles, sticks and knives. at that time, we were having riots in notting hill gate. we can't go home. our homes is all surrounded by young teenagers who are | hurling bottles and bricks. she was always for black people, most of her politics was because of our treatment, and she decided enough�*s enough. let us have a party that we can involve everybody. so they would see what we are

and what we can give. so that was her whole idea of having the carnival, to bring people together. it was indoors in st pancras town hall. she had singers and dancers. i danced there at the first carnival. she had groups and she had steel band and people paraded in their costumes to show what carnival in the west indies is really like. we relaxed, not putting the prejudice away, but in the background. we were there to enjoy ourselves. and where people were scared of going home because of what might meet them on the street, they forgot about all that for that space of time. in late 1959, just eight| months after the riots, notting hill again made -

national news, when a west indian carpenter named - kelso cochrane was stabbed to death by three teddy boys. it was britain's first - acknowledged race killing. the murder of kelso cochrane shocked claudia. she was really, really angry. they had gone beyond what they should have done. he was just a normal person and they treated him like dirt. so she tried her best to do whatever she can. i want to declare the fourth annual caribbean carnival officially open. she thought that if she brought people together, they would understand us more. because, as far as she was concerned, they didn't understand us. it was a very good success. when claudia jones diedj in 1964, rhaune laslett, another community worker, picked up the mantle - and started up a multicultural neighbourhood festival-

of her own. claudia would have loved the carnival as it is now, because she was that type of person that enjoyed pleasure as much as she enjoyed politics. corinne skinner—carter talking about her friend claudia jones. and now to liverpool, home to one of europe's oldest black communities. as troops returned home from the first world war, increasing levels of unemployment turned the working class against minorities and led to rioting in seaports across the country. in liverpool, one young serviceman who had just returned from action found himself targeted. it'sjune 1919. world war i is over, there is huge social unrest, the working class are angry. ernest marke was a

seafarer from sierra leone in west africa. while he was living in liverpool, he joined the army to defend the motherland in her hour of need. after all, there was lord kitchener pointing his finger at everybody, "your king and country want you!" and we considered ourselves, well, that the country is our country, and the king is our king, so we march along with them. the next thing we know, we are in the recruiting office. black and asian people played an absolutely crucial role during world war i as the british call for patriotic support was heard throughout the empire. many men and women answered that call, leaving their homelands to contribute as soldiers, sailors, labourers and nurses. during the war, there were a lot ofjobs. anybody could get a job at the munition factories, colour didn't mind, black, white, yellow, green, everybody can work. after thejob was over, and they were all demoralised, the white soldiers seemed

to forget that the black man was also in the navy and the army with them. and they couldn't get the jobs and they demanded that these black people would leave the factory so that they can get in, englishmen, these black people were savages from africa. so the race riots started. a gang attacked and they got really mad and some of them took off their clogs, because men used to wear clogs in those days, took off their clogs and, "leave him alone, he's done nothing to you!" they got me. and all i could do was fixing my hand, i couldn't fight, punch anything, punching the air, punching anything. finally, i ran and got away from them.

charles wootton was a bermudan seafarer, 2a years old. his boarding house was raided by police. he fled and was chased by an angry white mob into the river here and was then pelted with stones until he drowned. the homes of black men and theirfamilies were looted and burned. 700 were marched to local police stations and fire stations and housed there for their own safety. a friend and i, a west indian from saint lucia, we were going to see a friend in brownlow hill, liverpool this was. this gang spotted us. before we know what's happened, they were chasing us. so we ran like hell. a woman opened a door, and they were all white women, there were no black women in those days, so my friend and i ran around the corner,

into the hallway and we found a door open, came in, the woman shut the door and we went upstairs. they made us a cup of tea while she looked out of the window to see if everything was all right. and it wasn't long after when she said, "ok, you can go now." now, she saved our lives. ernest marke there, talking to the bbc back in 1989. remember, you can watch witness history each month on the bbc news channel, or you can catch up on all of ourfilms, along with more than 1,000 radio programmes, in our online archive. head to... next, when yvonne conolly became britain's first black female head teacher in 1969, she received so many racist threats she needed a minder for her first day in the job.

yvonne told us how she refused to let prejudice define her relationship with the children she taught. archive: there is no | colour problem at ring cross infant school. mrs yvonne conolly has to be thanked for that. i but there is an awful lot . of love, most of it for her. she is london's first - west indian head teacher, and what a hit she is withi the kids, all 200 of them. i'm yvonne, i'm yvonne conolly. i was one of the first black head teachers in inner london in 1969. i had done three years of teacher training injamaica, so i thought, "i'll come to britain." i came in august 1963. a grey, grey day. i wondered what i had done. i had planned to be here for three years. but three years led

to four years. i was very aware that there were racial tensions in quite a number of schools. i would turn up and somebody would just...i suppose without meaning it, say, "but you are black." my reply was, "yes i am, but i am also a teacher." so they were small silly things. nothing dangerous, but enough to cause discomfort. after six years, i applied fora headship, and ijust wanted to see what interviews at this level might be, and i was absolutely amazed when my name was called. you know, "mrs conolly." the newspapers picked this up the next day and the school was inundated by quite a number ofjournalists who came to take photographs.

since she took over - the headship of the school a few weeks ago, she has. brought a new vitality to it. her children, from many parts of the world, mix happily, - unaware of prejudice. when i was appointed, somebody threatened to burn down the school. i had newspaper articles were actually sent to me, with crossing out my photograph with actually nasty comments. "go back to jamaica." i also had letters from, interestingly enough, members of the black community, who felt that i had sold out to the white establishment. these letters reminded me in no mean terms that i was here only for the black children. "dear black sister. the racism was coming, both from the white side and from the black side. i had a responsibility for all

the children in my school, regardless of race or religion. in fact, the differences were less than the commonalities that we shared. and therefore, one had to get on with it. happily, the parents were only interested in whether their children would get a good education. and that certainly was my focus. i felt that i had a job to do in britain, and i am happy, having been here now for 56 years. the remarkable yvonne conolly there, who died in 2021 at the age of 81. finally, we bring you the story of the reno nightclub, opened in manchester by a nigerian man, phil magtotiwan.

new to the city, phil wanted to create a space that was welcoming to all. my name is lisa and my dad owned the reno nightclub in manchester. he'd lived in nigeria his whole life, he knew where he was there wasn't the scope to do anything, but had the vision from being really young that he wanted to do more and he thought the opportunities to go on a ship and try and make his way here. he was looking at the premises of the reno and opposite, there was a pub on the corner with big glittering lights and they went into the pub and asked for a guinness and the barman said "we don't serve monkeys in here." and he pointed to a large wooden barrel at the side of the bar that people were throwing dead ends of the pints in and he said to my dad, "monkeys drink out of there." my dad said, "one day i will have a bar, i will remind you of this."

many years later, he managed to get a liquor license, opened the reno and the owner of the pub on the corner came over and was like, "can i get a title like a red stripe?" my dad said, "you don't remember me?" he said, "no i don't remember you." i said, "i came in your place and asked for a drink and this is what you told me." and he said the man was really embarrassed and said, "i'm so sorry, it is wrong, can you forgive me?" my dad said "yes, everybody is entitled to make a mistake." i think the reno was a great destination for everyone because it was a safe place. it was inclusive for all. i suppose mainly it was black, but there was a really nice mix of a lot of white women, and then obviously a lot of mixed culture coming from the marriages of black men with white women. and other places you would go, i think they would be

ridiculed, be made to feel uncomfortable, whereas anybody who would go down they would have a good time and would feel welcomed. my dad had previously gone to montreal to see muhammad ali fight, a year, maybe 18 months later, muhammad ali came to manchester, england, and came to the club and brought him a gift, which was a gold boxing glove that muhammad ali had received for one of his fights. them days, the police was very. . . harassing. they was very harassing to people and very aggressive with black people. they are not like they was today. the rioting in moss side was brief, but such was the legacy of tension and bitterness left afterjust two nights of disorder, that greater manchester council decided a speedy inquiry was essential, if peace was to be restored to the community. it wasn't long after that that they forced my dad to close the reno. they made an excuse of, they

was extending princes road. music is a stress reliever for everybody, so yeah, to take away venues where music is being played and black people was able to relax and let go of all of their worries what the race wars was causing is going to then cause a lot more attention. so, this is the spot where the reno used to be, it is hard to believe, cos it is just wasteland now. i think my dad was quite upset to see it demolished. it was his legacy. he did build a really good vision that was everything he wanted it to be, and i'm really proud of him. lisa talking about the renowned soul and funk club that was founded by her father in a manchester basement. and that's all from this special edition of witness history from the m shed in bristol. we will be back soon with more first—hand accounts

of extraordinary moments in history, but for now, from me and the rest of the witness history team, goodbye. records going back to 1984. 1884. september was slightly wetter than average in rainfall was just above this redline which is the average mark. figs which is the average mark. as welcome as that may be we know that the drought continues across a large part of england and for wales and in fact september was the only second month this year after february which was wetter than average. there is some rain in the forecast as we go through the rest of this week and in parts

of scotland there is a lot of rain building up particularly over the hills in the west. little huge amount feeding down to the east and south—east of england because further systems are coming in from the west and east anglia has had the third drier start to september this year on record. the system on tuesdays well to the north of us but feeding with a front southwards. the day will start quite wet across western scotland with disruption because of the rain. it is so wet across much of wales and we will see some across the northern and western parts of wales feeding into the midlands. after the wet start in scotland parts of northern ireland, gradually turning dry and bright with the chance of a shower, a mild day but still blustery. concerns for wednesday from the developing level of —— area of low pressure moving across the uk but some uncertainty as to how the stronger the area will be. firstly it will bring a dose of

heavy rain and a band of squally downpours spreading south—east woods as we go through the day. behind that a scattering of heavy and thundery showers towards the north—west of the uk. the main concern is windspeed. these are some of the average speeds but gusts could be significantly higher and the northern areas could see gusts of 70—80 miles an hour. more likely the wind will not be that strong just raising the potential that there could be disruption because of the wind on wednesday. remains blustery for the rest of the week as we see further weather systems bringing in some rain from the west. this picture entering thursday a lot of dry weather will start to the day as well. it will feed some outbreaks of rain particularly into this part of scotland as you can see. ahead of that, however, you may catch a shower towards wales in the western part of england. weatherfronts england. weather fronts overnight and england. weatherfronts overnight and into friday will move southwards and as it does

so it will bring some outbreaks of rain with heavy downpours gradually sell south—east woods and, again, you will see it starting to weaken as it reaches down towards east anglia and south—east england. behind that further showers move towards northern ireland and western scotland but it is another blustery day out there. as we go into the start of the weekend it will be a breakout there, they try to nudge in from the south—west so still initially perhaps on saturday with a few showers around but the tendency will be for a day which is not as windy, is brighter, drier in more areas than saturday but we may not have to wait too long before the next weather system comes in. some uncertainty about development and timing of these systems but it looks as if we will start to see a situation where we have systems moving and providing wet and windy weather at times and then we will see a ridge of high pressure settled down before more wind and rain heads our way. more useful rainfall across parts of the uk on the way.

this is bbc news, i'm david eades. our top stories: tokyo condemns north korea for firing another ballistic missile — this time overjapan. authorities warned people to evacuate buildings and take shelter. the uk chancellor tries to shore up his government's economic credibility after a major u—turn on a key budget policy. i know the plan put forward only 10 days ago has caused a little turbulence. i get it, i get it. we are listening and have listened. indonesia sacks a police chief after one of the world's worst football stadium disasters —