welcome to bbc news, i'm mark lobel. our top stories. on the eve of the us mid—term elections, democrats and republicans make their closing arguments to american voters. president biden has been addressing the crowds in maryland, while donald trump is in ohio. elon musk, the new owner of twitter, wades into the politicalfight, urging people to vote republican. a stark warning at the opening of the un's climate summit — humanity must co—operate or perish. the clock is ticking. we are in the fight of our lives — and we are losing. and why europe's energy crisis is forcing some communities to rethink how

they will celebrate christmas. welcome to our viewers on pbs in america and around the globe. with hours to go, the final round of frenetic campaigning for the us mid—term elections is under way ahead of the in—person polls opening on tuesday. tens of millions of votes have already been cast. but there's still plently to play for. former president trump is speaking at a rally in support ofjd vance, the state's republican senate candidate. let's listen. you know that story. if you are being accosted, uncle sam, in a

certain number of cities, it takes hours and hours for the police to come. and they want to defund the police and it has to defund the police and it has to be the opposite, so vote republican, we all agree we've got to stop crime, the democrats are a catastrophe, every single democrat city is a disaster without exception. there is no exception. and the republican cities and the republican cities and the republican states run very well. and that's not because i'm out here to promote a product, i'm not. but that's the way it is. look at the tiie e?ee it. lfkfifiéfefthe 7 ' 77 7” 25 tfie e?ee it. iteeee’ehhe ’ ' ” ’” 25 out tiie e?ee it. lfkfifiéiefthe 7 ' w "7 25 out of the e?ee it. le7eeee7efthe7 7 7 77 777 25 out of 25, the e?ee it. ie7eeee7efthe 7 7 77 777 25 out of 25, the most list. 25 out of 25, the most dangerous places on earth... again, more dangerous than l a eff—r: when i told abdou mu; 7 7 7 7 7ku717$q7r soldiers7777 777 77ku717$u7r soldiers7kn7oc7k7 7 7 7 don't kill our soldiers knock they are killing a lot of soldiers, the snipers... look, under the obama administration, it was a disaster, and i said, don't do it, abdul. but why, he said, but why? send me a

picture of my house. i said, because i think you have a beautiful house, abdul. don't kill any more of our soldiers. a taste of donald trump campaigning there. he hasn't yet announced whether he is going to run again for the white house, although he did tell a rally in iowa that he was very, very probably going to run again and he did speculate that he would maybe announce his bid at this rally in ohio. he is certainly there to help the republican cause for the congressional elections. earlier, president biden spoke at a rally in maryland in support of the democratic candidate for governor, wes moore. a combat veteran from the us army. he told the crowd that the election is not a referendum, it's a choice of two very different visions for america. biden, who has avoided campaigning in several swing states as his approval rating continues to lag, travelled

to the reliably democratic state, where the nominee is widely expected to win back the republican—held governorship. president biden urged supporters, "we've got one more night to do everything we can to win." it all comes down to this. congress could change hands if republicans make a net gain of five in the house of representatives, and a net gain ofjust one in the senate. it's that close. let's get a sense of what things are like on the ground in three key states. in a moment, we'll hear from our correspondents in atlanta and florida, but first here's jon sudworth in pennsylvania. the polls are too close

call. over the key senate race thatis call. over the key senate race that is up for grabs here, the democrat candidatejohn democrat candidate john fetterman democrat candidatejohn fetterman suffered a stroke a few months ago and has recovered. he made it part of his campaign. and standing against him, dr mehmet oz, a slick celebrity tv doctor. the polls are so close, which is why the democrats have sent in joe biden, former president obama, why we have had trump rallying in this state, all of them trying to appeal to those key undecided voters in a race that could swing the senate either way and could determine the future direction for the rest ofjoe biden�*s first term in office. rest of joe biden's first term in office-— rest of joe biden's first term inoffice. ,,, ,. rest of joe biden's first term inoffice. ,n., n. in office. republicans expect a blow out night. _ in office. republicans expect a blow out night. where - in office. republicans expect a blow out night. where i - in office. republicans expect a blow out night. where i am i in office. republicans expect a blow out night. where i am in| blow out night. where i am in miami, — blow out night. where i am in miami, dade county, the state's most _ miami, dade county, the state's most populous. more republicans than democrats have cast early votes _ than democrats have cast early votes here, and while that is

not the — votes here, and while that is not the full picture, it is certainly adding to the republican hopes that they can slip this — republican hopes that they can slip this county, once a democratic stronghold. a key reason — democratic stronghold. a key reason for that is the game they— reason for that is the game they have made with latino voters. _ they have made with latino voters, notjust cuban—americans but south american that trump made gains with _ american that trump made gains with we — american that trump made gains with. we have more registered republicans than democrats in this state for the first time even — this state for the first time ever. many feel the governor r0h— ever. many feel the governor ron desantis will win by an even — ron desantis will win by an even larger margin than donald trump — even larger margin than donald trump did, and that would certainty— trump did, and that would certainly help him kick—start a presidential campaign if he decided to run. there is already— decided to run. there is already an ad he has put out that— already an ad he has put out that is— already an ad he has put out that is getting a lot of attention, it depicts him as being — attention, it depicts him as being a _ attention, it depicts him as being a fighter for god, appealing to the religious right, _ appealing to the religious right, the democrats right, painting the democrats as liberals trying to take away peopie's— as liberals trying to take away people's individual freedoms. a lot of— people's individual freedoms. a lot of eyes on how ron desantis does, _ lot of eyes on how ron desantis does, someone who is currently

behind — does, someone who is currently behind donald trump as number two in _ behind donald trump as number two in a — behind donald trump as number two in a hypothetical republican primary. absolute dead heat _ republican primary. absolute dead heat at _ republican primary. absolute dead heat at the _ republican primary. absolute dead heat at the moment - republican primary. absolute dead heat at the moment for| dead heat at the moment for this cruciat— dead heat at the moment for this crucial senate _ dead heat at the moment for this crucial senate seat - dead heat at the moment for| this crucial senate seat which could — this crucial senate seat which could decide _ this crucial senate seat which could decide the _ this crucial senate seat which could decide the outcome - this crucial senate seat which could decide the outcome ofl could decide the outcome of power— could decide the outcome of power in _ could decide the outcome of power in washington - could decide the outcome of power in washington for - could decide the outcome of power in washington for the i power in washington for the next — power in washington for the next two _ power in washington for the next two years. _ power in washington for the next two years. raphael - next two years. raphael warhock. _ next two years. raphael warnock, the _ next two years. raphael warnock, the reverend, | next two years. raphael. warnock, the reverend, the incumbent, _ warnock, the reverend, the incumbent, fighting- warnock, the reverend, the incumbent, fighting for- warnock, the reverend, the incumbent, fighting for hisl incumbent, fighting for his life against _ incumbent, fighting for his life against herschel- incumbent, fighting for his . life against herschel walker, incumbent, fighting for his - life against herschel walker, a controversial— life against herschel walker, a controversial republican, - life against herschel walker, a controversial republican, a - controversial republican, a former— controversial republican, a former football _ controversial republican, a former football star, - controversial republican, a former football star, facing allegations _ former football star, facing allegations of— former football star, facing allegations of violence - former football star, facing. allegations of violence against women, — allegations of violence against women, having— allegations of violence against women, having paid _ allegations of violence against women, having paid for- women, having paid for abortions, _ women, having paid for abortions, against - women, having paid for abortions, against his. women, having paid for- abortions, against his stated beliefs _ abortions, against his stated beliefs but— abortions, against his stated beliefs. but they _ abortions, against his stated beliefs. but they are - abortions, against his stated beliefs. but they are still- beliefs. but they are still hech— beliefs. but they are still neck and _ beliefs. but they are still neck and neck. _ beliefs. but they are still neck and neck. cruciallyl beliefs. but they are still- neck and neck. crucially they are both _ neck and neck. crucially they are both shy— neck and neck. crucially they are both shy of— neck and neck. crucially they are both shy of the _ neck and neck. crucially they are both shy of the 50% - neck and neck. crucially they are both shy of the 50% they need — are both shy of the 50% they need to— are both shy of the 50% they need to win _ are both shy of the 50% they need to win this _ are both shy of the 50% they need to win this race - are both shy of the 50% they need to win this race out - need to win this race out right _ need to win this race out right. georgia _ need to win this race out right. georgia demandsl need to win this race out. right. georgia demands that need to win this race out - right. georgia demands that if you want— right. georgia demands that if you want to _ right. georgia demands that if you want to get _ right. georgia demands that if you want to get elected, - right. georgia demands that if you want to get elected, you i you want to get elected, you have — you want to get elected, you have to _ you want to get elected, you have to get _ you want to get elected, you have to get more _ you want to get elected, you have to get more than - you want to get elected, you have to get more than 50% i you want to get elected, youl have to get more than 50% of the vote, _ have to get more than 50% of the vote, and _ have to get more than 50% of the vote, and at— have to get more than 50% of the vote, and at the - have to get more than 50% of the vote, and at the momentl have to get more than 50% of. the vote, and at the moment the libertarian — the vote, and at the moment the libertarian candidate _ the vote, and at the moment the libertarian candidate is _ libertarian candidate is preventing _ libertarian candidate is preventing both - libertarian candidate is preventing both men. libertarian candidate is i preventing both men from libertarian candidate is - preventing both men from doing that _ preventing both men from doing that so — preventing both men from doing that so we _ preventing both men from doing that. so we could _ preventing both men from doing that. so we could get— preventing both men from doing that. so we could get a - preventing both men from doing that. so we could get a run- preventing both men from doing that. so we could get a run off. that. so we could get a run off in four— that. so we could get a run off in fourweeks' _ that. so we could get a run off in four weeks' time, _ that. so we could get a run off in four weeks' time, at - that. so we could get a run off in four weeks' time, at the - in four weeks' time, at the beginning _ in four weeks' time, at the iteginning of— in four weeks' time, at the beginning of december, i in four weeks' time, at the beginning of december, to decide _ beginning of december, to decide the _ beginning of december, to decide the outcome - beginning of december, to decide the outcome for. beginning of december, to| decide the outcome for the senate _ decide the outcome for the senate. bear— decide the outcome for the senate. bear in— decide the outcome for the

senate. bear in mind - decide the outcome for the senate. bear in mind what| senate. bear in mind what happened _ senate. bear in mind what happened two _ senate. bear in mind what happened two years - senate. bear in mind what happened two years ago . senate. bear in mind what - happened two years ago when they— happened two years ago when they were _ happened two years ago when they were two _ happened two years ago when they were two run _ happened two years ago when they were two run offs - happened two years ago when they were two run offs which i they were two run offs which gave — they were two run offs which gave joe _ they were two run offs which gave joe biden _ they were two run offs which gave joe biden a _ they were two run offs which gave joe biden a 50—50 - they were two run offs which . gave joe biden a 50—50 senate with a — gave joe biden a 50—50 senate with a casting _ gave joe biden a 50—50 senate with a casting vote _ gave joe biden a 50—50 senate with a casting vote by - gave joe biden a 50—50 senate with a casting vote by the - with a casting vote by the president _ with a casting vote by the president and _ with a casting vote by the president and the - with a casting vote by the - president and the opportunity to do— president and the opportunity to do his _ president and the opportunity to do his inflation _ president and the opportunity to do his inflation reduction . to do his inflation reduction act, _ to do his inflation reduction act, his— to do his inflation reduction act, his microchips- to do his inflation reduction act, his microchips act, - to do his inflation reduction act, his microchips act, the| act, his microchips act, the bil act, his microchips act, the irig hiits _ act, his microchips act, the big bills and _ act, his microchips act, the big bills and the _ act, his microchips act, the big bills and the legislative| big bills and the legislative wins~~~ _ big bills and the legislative wins~~~ this _ big bills and the legislative wins... this to _ big bills and the legislative wins... this to decide - big bills and the legislative wins... this to decide howl big bills and the legislative i wins... this to decide howjoe biden— wins... this to decide howjoe biden can _ wins... this to decide howjoe biden can do _ wins... this to decide howjoe biden can do and _ wins... this to decide howjoe biden can do and how- wins... this to decide howjoe biden can do and how he - wins... this to decide howjoe biden can do and how he canl biden can do and how he can operate _ biden can do and how he can operate and _ biden can do and how he can operate and what _ biden can do and how he can operate and what he - biden can do and how he can operate and what he can - biden can do and how he can operate and what he can get| operate and what he can get done — operate and what he can get done in _ operate and what he can get done in the _ operate and what he can get done in the next _ operate and what he can get done in the next two - operate and what he can get done in the next two years. i i'm joined now by our correspondent in washington nomia iqbal. the white house has been briefing that they will work together with the republicans whatever this result, but difficult to believe because they are such widely different views with what to do from ukraine to spending.- views with what to do from ukraine to spending. that is certainly the _ ukraine to spending. that is certainly the height - ukraine to spending. that is certainly the height by - gerteinly the. heightey" , ~ ~ biden and eerteihty the heighte'g ~ . ~ ~ biden and the president biden and the democrat that they can work together. the moment president biden became president two years ago he made a big point of bipartisan ship. he is

friends with a lot of republican so he had made a thing about how we can all get on. when the ukraine invasion happened, there was a rare glimpse of bipartisan ship, because both parties agreed that sending aid to ukraine was a good thing. however, many republican candidates running in a variety of races for the midterm elections who have said that if they win, they will make sure that not ip goes to ukraine. another thing to think about, the republicans in the house are saying that if they do win the house, this week, and the polls suggest they could do, they will more or less start investigations into president biden's son, hunter biden, a realfixation for the conservatives, they have accused him of corrupt business dealings, and thing he and his father have denied. they have said they will look into him, so if that happens, it's hard to see how both parties will be best of friends. it’s to see how both parties will be best of friends.— best of friends. it's been a rou:h best of friends. it's been a rough campaign, - best of friends. it's been a rough campaign, hasn't i best of friends. it's been a |

rough campaign, hasn't it? best of friends. it's been a - rough campaign, hasn't it? our reporter was saying earlier that the level of violence in political rhetoric has been unnerving compared to many of the mid—terms that she has reported on in the past. why do you think it has been such a brutal campaign? just recently, paul pelosi. _ brutal campaign? just recently, paul pelosi, the _ brutal campaign? just recently, paul pelosi, the husband - brutal campaign? just recently, paul pelosi, the husband of- brutal campaign? just recently, paul pelosi, the husband of thei paul pelosi, the husband of the house speaker nancy attacked in home. 77 home. you 77 77 77 home. you have 77 77 home. you have poll7 his home. you have poll watchers in tactical gear who are staking out ballot box drop boxes. in arizona, the republican nominee in the governor race saying she received an envelope full of suspicious white powder and she had to shut down her headquarters. a democratic candidate for pennsylvania named richard ringer was attacked in his home. just some examples. law enforcement saying there has been an

increase in election —related threats, mainly from far right circles, but it's worth also mentioning that the white house spokesperson did say today that while there have been threats, they don't believe there has been any credible threats that could happen this week in the run—up to the mid—term elections. run-up to the mid-term elections.— run-up to the mid-term elections. . . , . run-up to the mid-term elections. . , . . elections. and also news that a russian oligarch, _ elections. and also news that a russian oligarch, an _ russian oligarch, an influential russian oligarchs, has said that moscow has apparently been interfering in us elections.— us elections. this is really remarkable. _ us elections. this is really remarkable. this - us elections. this is really remarkable. this russianl remarkable. this russian businessman is very close to vladimir putin, and he was asked to comment on a recent report that russia was interfering in the mid—term elections. now, he is seemingly responding to that in a statement by his catering company. it said, gentlemen, we interfered, we are interfering, and we will interfere, carefully, precisely, surgically, the way we do it,

the way we can. pretty remarkable for him to make these comments, if he did. he alongside other russian nationals and companies were w by the special council indicted by the special council of robert muller in 2018 looking into russian interference in the 2016 presidential elections. he was presidential.ej.ectie.r.ls..he was. charged with presidential.ej.ectie.r.ls..he was charged with inciting also charged with inciting discord, something he denied at the the kremlin denied at the time, the kremlin denied at the time, the kremlin denied at the time, the kremlin denied at the time as well. the fact that these it seems they these comments, it seems they have come from him, if indeed have come from. him, ifrindeed have, pretty remarkable they have, pretty remarkable admission by him. fine they have, pretty remarkable admission by him.— they have, pretty remarkable admission by him. one of the first admissions _ admission by him. one of the first admissions i _ admission by him. one of the first admissions i can - admission by him. one of the first admissions i can think. first admissions i can think of. thanks so much. another interesting intervention, unexpected really, in this... the new owner of twitter, elon musk, has urged american voters to back the republican party ahead of the us mid—term elections. it's a break with tradition, since leaders of social media political endorsements.

taking to his new platform, he wrote, "to independent—minded parties, therefore i recommend voting for a republican congress, given that the presidency is democratic." our news reporter azadeh moshiri joins us now. is it unusual for the is it unusualfor the head of a social media company to put out an endorsement in this way? it an endorsement in this way? it is a departure. it's not news that elon musk leans republican. he did say on twitter a few months ago that he had voted republican in a congressional race in texas. he predicted a big red wave. he also tweeted before he owned twitter that he believes the democrats have been hijacked by extremists. but it is unusual for the head of a social media company to publicly tell his own users that they should vote a certain way, especially so close to the actual elections. that's partly because they have

been so many high—profile congressional hearings, grilling executives, from companies like facebook, youtube and even twitter under jack dorsey, if they were doing everything they could to ensure their platform was not used for election meddling. and yet you now have the new self dubbed chief twit, telling his users on the very same platform that they should specifically vote for a certain party. he has couched it in careful language. he said it's not because he's republican, it's because he believes in a shared power structure and the democrats are largely in control right now. but it's certainly another sign that his view of how to protect free speech and democracy may be different to what we have seen before.— be different to what we have seen before. certainly painting himself as _ seen before. certainly painting himself as a _ seen before. certainly painting himself as a centrist, - seen before. certainly painting himself as a centrist, but - himself as a centrist, but whether that washes with people using twitter or who might interview him in congress one day, that remains to be seen. he has sacked nearly half of

twitter�*s workforce and perhaps he has bitten off more than he can chew?— can chew? yes, he is breaking the mould _ can chew? yes, he is breaking the mould in _ can chew? yes, he is breaking the mould in a _ can chew? yes, he is breaking the mould in a lot _ can chew? yes, he is breaking the mould in a lot of - can chew? yes, he is breaking the mould in a lot of ways. - can chew? yes, he is breaking| the mould in a lot of ways. but he is also sort of going back to cold, hard corporate decisions. he doesn't believe in remote work. as you say, he fired many of his workforce, half his workforce, with mass e—mails. he looked people out of their it accounts, and he seems to be making some decisions by shooting from the hip. it does feel like he is harking back to move fast and break things, mark zuckerberg's map so that he has tried to distance himself from now. two schools of thought are possible here. —— mantra that he has tried to distance himself from now. perhaps we are going to see similar with twitter that we saw with tesla, but you could also say that social media websites are different beasts, tied to the fabric of

society, with impact on freedom of speech and democracy which is much wider and therefore it takes a slower, more careful kind of leadership to protect those things. either way, kind of leadership to protect those things. eitherway, elon musk has shown he is very keen on shaking things up, and that he wants to turn twitter into a moneymaking business. the bottom line _ moneymaking business. the bottom line is _ moneymaking business. the bottom line is key _ moneymaking business. the bottom line is key for him, although he was revelling in the fact that twitter is at one of its highest usages ever. stay with us on bbc news — still to come. trying to avoid a christmas blackout — why the war in ukraine is presenting stark choices for western europe. the bombastic establishment outsider, donald trump, has defied the pollsters to take the keys to the oval office. i feel great about the election results. i voted for him because i genuinely believe he cares about the country. it's keeping the candidate's name always in the public eye that counts. success or failure depends not

only on public display, but on the local campaign headquarters and the heavy routine work of their women volunteers. berliners from both. east and west linked hands and danced around their liberated territory. i and, with nobody to stop them, it wasn't long before the first i attempts were made to destroy the structure itself. _ yasser arafat, who dominated the palestinian cause for so long, has died. palestinian authority has declared a state of mourning. after 17 years of discussion, the result was greeted with an outburst ofjoy. women ministers, who have long felt only grudgingly accepted amongst the clergy, suddenly felt welcome. this is bbc news, the latest headlines. us politicians are making their final push for votes ahead of tuesday's midterm elections, which will decide

president biden has been addressing the crowds in maryland, while donald trump is in ohio. the cop27 climate summit has started in egypt with the darkest of warnings from the head of the united nations. antonio guterres said the world was on the "highway to climate hell" with no sign of slowing down, and that humanity needed to "co—operate or perish". on cutting emissions, but the un says progress on these has been "woefully inadequate". the sharm—el—sheikh summit and sent this report. in the egyptian desert, world leaders have been gathering to try and tackle the climate challenge — including the british prime minister rishi sunak, arriving in egypt for what are expected to be some of the most difficult discussions in the three—decade history of these climate summits.

global temperatures keep rising, and our planet is fast approaching tipping points that will make climate chaos irreversible. we are on a highway to climate hell, with our foot still on the accelerator. mr sunak said acting on climate also makes economic sense. putin's abhorrent war in ukraine and rising energy prices across the world are not a reason to go slow on climate change. they are a reason to act faster. but developing nations say they need the rich world to deliver on its promises of finance. with its stalling, delayingl tactics and procrastination that have hampered - implementation and delivery, is simply cruel and unjust.

it has been a year of climate—related led to extensive fires last month. at the glasgow climate conference last year, countries agreed to raise their carbon—cutting ambitions every year. butjust 29 out of 193 have done so — and only one of them, australia, significantly raised its game. so where does that leave us? take a look at this. this is how much emissions have been growing. they have been increasing steadily. the un says we need to cut them almost in half by 2030, but this is the direction the world is currently going. the un says that puts us on track for a temperature rise of almost three degrees centigrade. it would be, it says, a catastrophe for humanity.

for the first time in the history of these conferences, professor todd eisenstadt is research director for the center for environmental policy in the school of public affairs at the american university. he's in washington. professor, with rich nations already dragging their feet, asking for funding asking for immediate funding asking for immediate funding a climate —related following a climate —related disaster, an open—ended pledge, just wishful thinking, it's just wishful thinking, isn't it? . it's just wishful thinking, isn'tit? , , isn't it? yes, absolutely. we've heard _ isn't it? yes, absolutely. we've heard all - isn't it? yes, absolutely. we've heard all of - isn't it? yes, absolutely. we've heard all of these | televe heere et's�*ets tbs-h- before. and as we go arguments before. and as we go into this annual exercise of the cop we are hearing these refrains again. they not refraiha again. theirare. hat ..,...,......,...a...., have a refrains again. the};r are. mat " ' ' ' have a tremendous going to have a tremendous amount of meaning, and perhaps it's time for us to divest all of our efforts or some of our

efforts, i should say, from the diplomatic environment of the cop and try to broaden our efforts to reduce climate change so that we don't have all of our eggs in the same all of eureggsin. the same even officials are basket. even un officials are growing utterly 7 7the uk7prime minister indeed the uk prime minister wasn't going to attend, he changed his mind. a lack of leaders from china, canada, leaders'from china, canada. you are a regular australia. you are a regular attendee, we can say you are not in sharm el—sheikh at the moment. to excuse the expression, is it a big copout, eeb’eeeieq; is. it'a'eia ceeeet ~ it turned into a talking has it turned into a talking shop with no real teeth? i shop with no real teeth? i think if you look at the incentives of diplomats, it's to do things they not to do things quickly. they are not trained... they are trained to be incremental and very cautious. and indeed, if too many agreements are reached

too many agreements are reached too quickly, perhaps they are out of work. theirjob is to continue to negotiate, and out of work. theirjob is to contir part» negotiate, and out of work. theirjob is to contir part of egotiate, and out of work. theirjob is to contir part of the iate, and out of work. theirjob is to contir part of the problem. that's part of the problem. another of the problem, another part of the problem, cop another part of the problem, cop by another part of the problem, cop by nature is based on consensus. every single country has to agree, so what we are hae tra agree. as? what weate '*""”*"”*”" we hee te agree. ee what we'ere' " " we are making hae te aeree. ee what we'ate' " " we are making agreements 77 int)? 77 in saga}; 77 77 in bésigaéasi 77 that will be signed by the lowest common denominator. basically, we have to find something that we can agree with russia, saudi arabia, venezuela... with venezuela... countries with strong interests in fossil fuels, and perhaps not a lot of collective view of how the world needs to proceed. fine world needs to proceed. one thin is world needs to proceed. one thing is clear, _ world needs to proceed. one thing is clear, the _ world needs to proceed. one thing is clear, the world - world needs to proceed. one thing is clear, the world needs to cut emissions. we had a statistic that 29 countries have managed to do that. why do find it so hard? that countries find it so hard? that was such a clear policy last time around.— time around. the paris agreement, _ time around. the paris agreement, these - time around. the paris - agreement, these nationally determined contributions you

are referring to, the building block of the paris agreement and of the cop system that we are using now is built on voluntary contributions. unless there are sticks, you know, we are not going to get emissions reductions with carrots, because there are too many domestic interests in most countries which are acting against climate action, right? the fossilfuel against climate action, right? the fossil fuel industry, to name the most obvious. so i think we are going to continue to see, mark, it's going to be very difficult, without adding some sticks at the un, that is sanctions of countries that abide gap. by7 abide by new emissions don't abide by new emissions cut pledges that they made. the pledges have been very soft to begin with. they are not ambitious. the problem isn't country living up to their so much, as it is even 7 ambitious 7pledges to making ambitious pledges to

begin with. it's called the ambition gap and it's getting wider and wider every year. professor, thanks forjoining a memorial has been held after the air crash at the weekend. the pilot had told passengers he was experiencing poor visibility moments before the plane crashed into lake in tanzania. the pakistan supreme court has ordered the provincial police chief of punjab to launch an immediate investigation into the gun attack on the former prime minister imran khan. imran khan has accused the prime minister shehbaz sharif, the interior minister and an army general of plotting to assassinate him. the politicians and the military have denied the charges. now to donald trump speaking in

ohio, in support of now to donald trump speaking in ohio, in support oij vance is standing for congress. for 7 7 7 77fo7rjoin7i7ng77 forjoin7i7ng us, 7 for joining us, g7oodbye. hello there. tricky weather conditions out there at the moment, but tuesday generally is an improving story. it's going to be a case of sunny spells and scattered showers for many, accompanied by some squally winds, though, still from time to time. so we've seen this massive cloud spilling in off the atlantic, and the weather front is producing some rain, it's quite a narrow band of rain, and it is pushing through at quite a pace because it's driven along by gusts of winds in excess of 60—70mph. so by around 5—6am, the front will be sitting out in the north sea and leaves a trail of squally so there will also be a little more sunshine around for tuesday. some of those showers really quite heavy with hail, with some thunder mixed in there, as well.

and they are going to push their way in from the west further inland. now, as we go through the afternoon, we're still going to see some gusty winds, widely 30—40mph, but we could still see gusts in excess of 50mph down in the southwest. it's going to be a relatively mild story, though, because the wind direction coming from the southwesterly, so temperatures above where they should be for the time of year. we're looking at highs of 11—15 celsius. now, the wind direction will change from a south—westerly to a bit more of a westerly as we go into wednesday. weather fronts waiting out in the wings, but that means a slightly fresher start to the day first thing on wednesday morning, single figures in one or two places. so not as mild as it has been of late. again, another day of sunny spells and blustery showers to look out for on wednesday. showers most frequent perhaps developing in the far northwest as we go through the afternoon. so there should continue to be some spells of sunshine, because we've got that westerly

flow, temperatures may be down a notch for some areas, generally between 10—15 celsius. now, as we move into thursday and towards the end of the week, we've got an area of high pressure that's going to build and centre itself across europe, and that will keep these weather fronts out in the far northwest. it still continues to drive in this southwesterly flow, this milder air across the country, so temperatures will continue to be above the average for the time of year. and that high pressure should keep things a little bit quieter and drier.

this is bbc news — the headlines... candidates and leading political figures in the united states are making their final pitches ahead of tuesday's midterm elections, with control of both houses of congress at stake. president biden has been addressing crowds in maryland, while the former president donald trump is in ohio. the new owner of the social media website twitter — the billionaire elon musk — has recommended that americans vote for a republican congress in tuesday's election. back in april this year, elon musk said that twitter must remain politically neutral so as to earn public trust. the cop27 climate summit has started in egypt, with the darkest of warnings from the head of the united nations. antonio guterres said the world was on the highway

to climate hell with no sign of slowing down