the headlines on bbc news... celebrations in kherson after ukraine's army moved in on the russians withdraw from the strategically important city. as protests in iran continue the foreign secretary summons to run�*s most senior diplomat following a series of threats against journalists in the uk. bbc finds nhs england spent £3 billion on locum doctors, and other agency staff last year, an increase of 20% to fill holes in rotors. scientists are using ancient rocks from western australia to search for signs of ancient life on mars. fossils called stromatolites from pilbara region in australia are being used to to guide scientists to samples on mars that are most likely to hold signs of past life. the natural history museum are using techniques to establish the biological origins of earth's oldest stromatolites dating back

to 3.48 billion years ago. let's talk to frances westall director of research at the national centre for scientific research in france. she specialises in the origin of life and the search for life on mars. she first discovered stromatolites in 2000. let's stromatolites in 2000. start with the basics ks, wi sort let's start with the basics ks, what sort of geology do you do that it might be different from other types where we are used to hearing about? i am particularly interested in the geology of the early earth, what the early earth was like, because it was where life emerged, totally different environment to what we have today, there was no oxygen, it was pretty hot, steamy, in fact happening everywhere, think about the impact that destroyed the dinosaurs, that was going on all the time, so it was a very different

earth, but a very exciting and also very similar to what we might be finding elsewhere, for instance on mars or other planets. the finding elsewhere, for instance on mars or other planets.— mars or other planets. the next thin , mars or other planets. the next thing. what _ mars or other planets. the next thing. what is — mars or other planets. the next thing, what is a _ mars or other planets. the next thing, what is a stromatolite . mars or other planets. the next| thing, what is a stromatolite and why does it matter? it is thing, what is a stromatolite and why does it matter?— why does it matter? it is not an organism. _ why does it matter? it is not an organism. it — why does it matter? it is not an organism, it is _ why does it matter? it is not an organism, it is a _ why does it matter? it is not an organism, it is a structure - why does it matter? it is not an i organism, it is a structure formed by organisms called voters synthesising organisms, they obtain energy from sunlight, leaves, plants, they obtain energy from sunlight, these microorganisms create layers that have to be close to the surface, they have to have access to sunlight, so they create layers and layers and layers of microbes, which grow on top of each other, and gradually these layers become fossilised and this is what creates a stromatolite. so become fossilised and this is what creates a stromatolite.— become fossilised and this is what creates a stromatolite. so how can somethin: creates a stromatolite. so how can something you _ creates a stromatolite. so how can something you find _ creates a stromatolite. so how can something you find in _ creates a stromatolite. so how can something you find in western - something you find in western australia help you with what you

might find on mars? it is australia help you with what you might find on mars?— australia help you with what you might find on mars? it is the age of the rocks, these _ might find on mars? it is the age of the rocks, these rocks _ might find on mars? it is the age of the rocks, these rocks were - might find on mars? it is the age of the rocks, these rocks were formed very close to the time when a large crater was formed on mars and this is where the mars 2020 mission is. it's where it's searching for traces of life and searching for samples to bring back to earth. also the organisms that lived on the early earth were primitive compared to what we have on earth today, but they lived without oxygen, they lived in similar environments to the environment that we think may have existed on mars, stromatolites, the organisms that formed them, were very common on the early earth, but they had a long and illusionary history and we don't know what

happened on mars, we don't even know if life emerged there, and if it did emerge, was it able to evolve to this stage? but this is why these structures, these stromatolites is so important to us, they are an example, and analog of what we might find on mars if we are very, very lucky. find on mars if we are very, very luc . ~ ., find on mars if we are very, very luc . . . find on mars if we are very, very luc .~ . ., _ ., find on mars if we are very, very luc . ., ., ,, ., lucky. we are fascinated by what you have been able _ lucky. we are fascinated by what you have been able to _ lucky. we are fascinated by what you have been able to tell— lucky. we are fascinated by what you have been able to tell us. _ lucky. we are fascinated by what you have been able to tell us. thank - lucky. we are fascinated by what you have been able to tell us. thank you| have been able to tell us. thank you for starting the basics which is where we need to begin. thank you for your time. a former security guard at the uk embassy in berlin has pleaded guilty to charges under the official secrets act. david ballantyne smith, 58, was accused of passing information about individuals working at the embassy to russian officials and collecting further details about the embassy and its operations. 0ur security correspondent is gordon corera and he's here right now. how long is this been going on? you don't aet how long is this been going on? 7m. don't get many of these cases, but

he pleaded guilty last week a week ago, there were restrictions in place about reporting it until today, this was a locally hired security guard who was alleged to have contacted the russian military attacker in berlin with a letter with details about the identities and activities of the british embassy staff, potentially useful information, and then it was alleged that he had gotten on to collect more information about the embassy, about its operations, for instance about its operations, for instance about the operations of cctv. with the intent of damaging the uk state and that was all prior to his arrest. this was in august to 2021 at his home in potsdam where he had been living just outside berlin. he was then extradited to the uk, faced a series ofjudges and he pleaded guilty last week. what i had an eye—catching? we don't know all the details of that, it looks like a joint operation involving the german and the uk authorities. it looks like they somehow got wind of that

he had made some kind of contact and then watch on for a while and perhaps gathered more information until that final arrest. there will be a sentencing hearing next year, i think the interesting question will be motivation. because he was accused, by the prosecution, by having an ideological hatred of the uk and is one of of his work place at with his defence likely to suggest rather than being a disgruntled employee rather than i do logically inspired. even though he has pleaded guilty to the charges about why he was collecting this information, why he had contacted the russians, there was also 800 euros unaccounted for cash found in his apartment in potsdam.— euros unaccounted for cash found in his apartment in potsdam. because of the nature of— his apartment in potsdam. because of the nature of this _ his apartment in potsdam. because of the nature of this case, _ his apartment in potsdam. because of the nature of this case, we _ his apartment in potsdam. because of the nature of this case, we are - his apartment in potsdam. because of the nature of this case, we are not. the nature of this case, we are not going to know what you passed on at any point, but how much of a sentence might he be facing? lip any point, but how much of a sentence might he be facing? up to 14 ears in sentence might he be facing? up to 14 years in a — sentence might he be facing? up to

14 years in a case _ sentence might he be facing? up to 14 years in a case like _ sentence might he be facing? up to 14 years in a case like this, - sentence might he be facing? up to 14 years in a case like this, it - sentence might he be facing? up to 14 years in a case like this, it is - 14 years in a case like this, it is the question of damage, what kind of... he wasn't a diplomat who had access to top—secret cables coming out the embassy, but still, for instance alleged to have passed on identities of people working in the embassy, that potentially can be used by other states like russia to identify who might be undercover intelligence officers and therefore they may be meeting, layouts, cctv, that anything about an embassy is also potentially useful for instance if another state like russia wants to try to spy on an embassy and understand what is going on at the embassy. so you can see that even though he wasn't a diplomat with top secret clearance, is a security guard that there was still potentially information that could damage national security, but as i said the dispute is not about what he did, but his motivation for doing it. ., ~ he did, but his motivation for doing it. . ~ , ., he did, but his motivation for doing it. ., ~ , ., i: he did, but his motivation for doing it. ., ii, ., ,., he did, but his motivation for doing it, ., ii, ., ., it. thank you. 40 years on from the falklands war. _ it. thank you. 40 years on from the falklands war, veterans _ it. thank you. 40 years on from the falklands war, veterans have - falklands war, veterans have returned to the island to remark

remembrance sunday. many military personnel died in the conflict, a combination of a dispute with argentina about the sovereignty of the falklands. 0ur defence correspondent reports from the island. san carlos bay today, a picture of peace and tranquility. but 40 years ago, this was known as bomb alley, with argentine jets attacking a british task force sent to liberate these islands on the other side of the world. planes screaming through here and everybodyjust shooting at it. it was wild. gary marshall and mark white were here in may 1982 in the first wave of the assault. this is the first time they've

returned, and it's bringing back painful memories. they came over the hill, two pucaras, and dropped the bombs onto the actual refrigeration plant. we lost quite a few guys in that and one of them was aaron's uncle paul. he was wounded during the attack and he subsequently died of his wounds on the 10th ofjune, you know, four days before the end of the actual conflict itself. so, sad. some of their comrades who never came back, never lived to tell the tale, now lie in this small cemetery. jackie giffin has come to remember her brother. brett patrick giffin was one of the first casualties of the war, killed when his helicopter was shot down. he was buried at sea. there is no grave forjackie to visit. for her, there'll always be a void. but this trip has provided comfort. coming here and meeting people,

ex—soldiers that were there, has meant an awful lot because it was real. and they say, "oh, i know him and i knew him," and "oh, i remember the gazelles went down," and, yeah. so that's very sort of reassuring. very comforting in a strange way. the distance of time may have made these islands even more remote to many, but the british forces who fought here are still living with this conflict, a war which, though painful, they still believe was just. jonathan beale, bbc news, the falkland islands. let's ta ke let's take a look at the weather. pretty extraordinarily mild for november, today we have seen some

very unusually high temperatures, peaking about 19 degrees in parts of north—west england and also north—east of scotland, the average damages for this time of year should be 9-13 . damages for this time of year should be 9—13 . so the mildness has been quite exceptional, brought about by a strong jet stream, the wind high up a strong jet stream, the wind high up in the atmosphere and been blowing at more than 200 mph at times, that has been feeding some really warm air northwards in our direction and it's not only the days that have been mild, the nights have been mild as well, in fact last night, provisionally according to the met office, scotland and northern ireland had their warmest november nights on record, temperatures in some places staying above 14 celsius. in the north—west of scotland, that is not the whole story, because here we have had a lot of rain, this week some places have seen a months worth of rain, that rain has been petering out and also drifting south eastwards, what we had to take us into the evening is a band of cloud and patchy rain across parts of southern scotland, getting into the finals in england

before then returning northwards again. more rain across northern ireland. to the north of that rain, northern scotland certainly chillier than last night, and even further south, won't be quite as mild as it was last night, but broadly speaking we stick with temperatures above where they should be, as we head through this weekend, they will be some spells of sunshine but fog could be a feature through the morning, high pressure dominating across continental europe, close enough to keep most areas largely dry, the winds won't be as much of a feature as they have been, so with those lighter winds could start up with fog patches, especially across parts of england and wales, giving way to sunny spells more sunshine than we have had of late. northern ireland and scotland seeing sunny spells as well as the rain pulls away north—west words. temperatures, white as mild as today in northern scotland, further south we are looking at highs of 18 degrees. fog is likely to feature on sunday morning, east wales, the west country, past midlands, lincolnshire, could be murky or

eastern coast of england as well and scotland as well, then we will see some spells of sunshine and another mild day, we will see rain into northern ireland late on and is that rain bands weaves its way eastwards, it will leave cool air behind, temperatures during next week will be easing downwards, closer to where they should be at this time of year, but it is going to stay unsettled, they will be some wind and rain at times. that is all from me.

0n the bbc news at six: recession looms across the uk as the economy shrinks. the latest figures show it contracted over the summer, driven in part by steep declines in manufacturing. the chancellor warns of a tough road ahead. what manufacturing. the chancellor warns of a tough road ahead.— manufacturing. the chancellor warns of a tough road ahead. what we need is a [an of a tough road ahead. what we need is a plan that — of a tough road ahead. what we need is a plan that shows _ of a tough road ahead. what we need is a plan that shows how— of a tough road ahead. what we need is a plan that shows how we - of a tough road ahead. what we need is a plan that shows how we are - is a plan that shows how we are going to get through this difficult period. if it is a recession, how we make it shallower and quicker. $1150 make it shallower and quicker. also on the programme: president zelensky hasjust declared on the programme: president zelensky has just declared today historic in the face of a russian retreat. russian troops withdraw from the city of kherson and the ukrainian flag flies again in what is a hugely consequential moment in this nine—month war. the price of failing

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