this is bbc news. i'm frankie mccamley and these are the latest headlines... the us braces for its coldest christmas in four decades as a major storm sweeps across the country with temperatures plummeting to minus 45 degrees celsius in some places. at least 1,500 flights have already been cancelled with more expected to follow. misery awaits passengers arriving at britain's

busiest airports — with warnings of delays at passport control as border force officials begin an eight day strike over pay and pensions. arrests continue in afghanistan as protests persist against the new ban by the taliban on women and girls attending universities. tuesday's late—night announcement has triggered international outrage. you are watching bbc news, now it's time for weather world. this time on weather world we are at raf coningsby which said the highest temperature record this summer. and i will find out how severe weather effects operations here. i

severe weather effects operations here. ., ., ., ., ., here. i am here at the national meteorological— here. i am here at the national meteorological archive - here. i am here at the national meteorological archive and - here. i am here at the national meteorological archive and i i here. i am here at the nationall meteorological archive and i will find out how the new record temperature and all weather observations are used to paint a picture of the uk and the world is changing climate. if picture of the uk and the world is changing climate.— changing climate. if we want to understand _ changing climate. if we want to understand the _ changing climate. if we want to understand the climate - changing climate. if we want to understand the climate of- changing climate. if we want to understand the climate of the l understand the climate of the future, — understand the climate of the future, we need to understand the climate _ future, we need to understand the climate now and the climate going back into — climate now and the climate going back into the past. all climate now and the climate going back into the past.— back into the past. all these slee - in . back into the past. all these sleeping bags _ back into the past. all these sleeping bags and _ back into the past. all these sleeping bags and tents - back into the past. all these sleeping bags and tents are | back into the past. all these i sleeping bags and tents are for people in pakistan still homeless after a devastating flood. i will report on the bigger storms of the year and look at what happened after weather disasters strike. iamat i am at raf coningsby, not only a place close to my heart in that it is where i began my broadcasting career but to british meteorology,

this july at this stevenson screen, we recorded the uk highest temperature of 40.3 celsius. it has been a day — temperature of 40.3 celsius. it has been a day of _ temperature of 40.3 celsius. it has been a day of record-breaking - been a day of record—breaking temperatures across the uk. more than 40 celsius for the first time. july the 19th, the uk is hard to stay and as temperatures soared after the driest star to year since 1976 drought and fire resulted. here in east london a small blaze soon became an inferno that 19 homes. the met office says more than half of the uk is oldest weather stations recorded their hottest day, so extreme it was almost impossible without human induced climate change. it was the hottest summer in europe, spain injuring multiple heat waves including its most intense on record. in france, rivers dried up in the countries worst drought on record and the scale that spread

across europe was said to be the worst in 500 years. a crippling water shortage across asia including here in china after its worst heatwave on record. for the first time, japan hit 40 degrees in the month ofjune during its second hottest summer which was followed by its warmest autumn. the most haunting image from that hot summer is of spanish farmer angel, hailed as a hero when he dug a trench with his bulldozer to stop the fire from spreading and he suffered severe burns and tragically died from his injuries in october. figures show the excess deaths reported across europe and the excess heat waves numbered more than 20,000. raf coningsby is home to front line combat ready squadrons protecting uk airspace whatever the weather so it's crucial we get accurate forecasts. here we are in the met

office forecast office, 20 years 0ffice forecast office, 20 years since i've been here. it has changed a little. in the chairfor i since i've been here. it has changed a little. in the chair for i used to sit is alice. you were on that day backin sit is alice. you were on that day back injuly when we saw temperatures of 40.3 degrees celsius recorded so what was it like? something we never expected in the uk. here it was even more incredible and remarkable because our previous maximum was nowhere near, so it was extreme for the uk as a whole. even more extreme for the local area. at more extreme for the local area. at what point did you realise raf coningsby was going to be the hottest place ever recorded in the uk? it hottest place ever recorded in the uk? ., , ., ., ., uk? it has to go through quite viaorous uk? it has to go through quite vigorous quality _ uk? it has to go through quite vigorous quality control - uk? it has to go through quite vigorous quality control before uk? it has to go through quite . vigorous quality control before we officially get the record so by the evening, we were pretty sure no one beat that 40.3 record but we were

not officially holding the uk record until some days later when they came under the control on the observation equipment. i under the control on the observation ea-uiment. ., ~' under the control on the observation ea-uiment. ., ~ ., equipment. i did not think i would see 40 celsius _ equipment. i did not think i would see 40 celsius the _ equipment. i did not think i would see 40 celsius the scent - equipment. i did not think i would see 40 celsius the scent in - equipment. i did not think i would see 40 celsius the scent in the . equipment. i did not think i wouldj see 40 celsius the scent in the uk but do you think we will see that again anytime soon? we but do you think we will see that again anytime soon?— but do you think we will see that again anytime soon? we know it is ossible again anytime soon? we know it is possible so — again anytime soon? we know it is possible so we _ again anytime soon? we know it is possible so we know _ again anytime soon? we know it is possible so we know it _ again anytime soon? we know it is possible so we know it can - again anytime soon? we know it is possible so we know it can happen| possible so we know it can happen again and it will be increasingly likely with climate change. looking out the window _ likely with climate change. looking out the window today, _ likely with climate change. looking out the window today, a _ likely with climate change. looking out the window today, a big - out the window today, a big contrast, it is misty and foggy. likely to be flying later? you see on the satellite _ likely to be flying later? you see on the satellite this _ likely to be flying later? you see on the satellite this is _ likely to be flying later? you see on the satellite this is the - likely to be flying later? you see on the satellite this is the area . likely to be flying later? you see | on the satellite this is the area of folk so it's widespread today. we will not expect it to clear around midnight tonight. that will not expect it to clear around midnight tonight.— will not expect it to clear around midniaht toniaht. . , midnight tonight. that may stop some fl in: but midnight tonight. that may stop some flying but you — midnight tonight. that may stop some flying but you have _ midnight tonight. that may stop some flying but you have the _ midnight tonight. that may stop some flying but you have the quick - flying but you have the quick reaction alert squadrons and they have to be up in any weather? yes. have to be up in any weather? yes, regardless — have to be up in any weather? yes, regardless of _ have to be up in any weather? yes, regardless of the _ have to be up in any weather? 1a: regardless of the weather they go and we have to tell them what the weather is doing at the time and they will still have to go because

thatis they will still have to go because that is operationally important. that contact between the forecaster and the squadrons and pilots is crucial? , ~ ., ., ., crucial? yes. we add value to the forecast they _ crucial? yes. we add value to the forecast they can _ crucial? yes. we add value to the forecast they can get _ crucial? yes. we add value to the forecast they can get from - crucial? yes. we add value to the forecast they can get from the . forecast they can get from the website or from anywhere else by briefing the pilots so we showed them the satellite images and the charts that are made elsewhere in headquarters and we make our own product and show them those as well. more to come from coningsby later when i speak to pilots of aircraft new and old to see how heat and extreme weather effects operations. that new record of 40.3 is a significant moment in weather history. but every temperature reading, every weather observation plays its part in our understanding of how the climate is changing and thatis of how the climate is changing and that is why i am here at the national meteorological archive in exeter. it is home to daily uk weather reports from 1860 up to the

present day, among a vast collection of data that makes up one of the most comprehensive meteorological collections in the world. i am joined by mike, a climate information scientist and we are amongst this huge collection of historical data. looking at the oldest weather observations, thinking about temperature, how is that used alongside new data to compare how the climate is changing? great question. when we look at the records, these are from durham 0bservatory records, these are from durham observatory in 1890 and it can be quite difficult to read but they were very systematic. when we think about observations, we think about how they are used for weather forecasting, but the forecast we generate in the met office, there is observations coming in from a huge array of sources and it's important to understand the climate and if we want to understand the future climate, first we need to understand

the climate now and we need to understand the climate in the past. we have all the standardised observations just like the 40.3 from coningsby but how is that feeding into the models to create a bigger picture? we into the models to create a bigger icture? ~ . ., ., , into the models to create a bigger icture? . ., ., , picture? we calculate values across all of the uk _ picture? we calculate values across all of the uk and _ picture? we calculate values across all of the uk and if _ picture? we calculate values across all of the uk and if we _ picture? we calculate values across all of the uk and if we calculate - picture? we calculate values across all of the uk and if we calculate an | all of the uk and if we calculate an average, that provides us with a uk statistic. these maps show long—term average, average mean temperature 1961—1990 and in the right 1991 to 2020. the warmer areas, the areas have expanded across the map. between these periods, the uk has warmed by roughly1 degrees. 2022 will no warmed by roughly1 degrees. 2022 will go down _ warmed by roughly1 degrees. 2022 will go down in _ warmed by roughly1 degrees. 2022 will go down in history because it is the first time we broke the 40 celsius barrier but it's likely to be the hottest year on record in the uk? ~ be the hottest year on record in the uk? . , ., �* be the hottest year on record in the uk? ~ , ., �* ,

be the hottest year on record in the uk? �*, ,, _ uk? we shouldn't be too surprised by that because — uk? we shouldn't be too surprised by that because it _ uk? we shouldn't be too surprised by that because it follows _ uk? we shouldn't be too surprised by that because it follows the _ uk? we shouldn't be too surprised by that because it follows the pattern - that because it follows the pattern of what we might expect as the climate warms. we expect more high temperature extremes of this type so this shows the uk average daily temperature over the course of the year. the black middle line shows the long—term average we might typically expect. the areas in red showed the times of year which have been warmer than average. the blue areas show where it has been colder than average and what is apparent is that we have had so much more of the year warmer than average compared to colder than average, look at the speu colder than average, look at the spell through the year, through the summer and the autumn in particular. the other thing i will point out is this huge spike in the observations injuly. when we reached 40 celsius injuly. when we reached 40 celsius in the uk for the first time. in july. when we reached 40 celsius in the uk for the first time.- in the uk for the first time. thank ou. in the uk for the first time. thank you- 2022 — in the uk for the first time. thank you- 2022 in _ in the uk for the first time. thank you. 2022 in the _ in the uk for the first time. thank you. 2022 in the uk _ in the uk for the first time. thank you. 2022 in the uk will _ in the uk for the first time. thank you. 2022 in the uk will not - in the uk for the first time. thank you. 2022 in the uk will notjust l in the uk for the first time. thank. you. 2022 in the uk will notjust be remembered for extreme heat, it was stormy at times. a lorry overturned

wind in 0xfordshire during a storm units, the second and most powerful of three named storms to hit the week in february. thankfully the driver was not seriously hurt. falling trees caused damage and widespread travel disruption. mr; widespread travel disruption. my god! i caught that on video. and | widespread travel disruption. my l god! i caught that on video. and in whether record _ god! i caught that on video. and in whether record was _ god! i caught that on video. and in whether record was set _ god! i caught that on video. and in whether record was set on - god! i caught that on video. and in whether record was set on the - god! i caught that on video. and in l whether record was set on the coast of the isle of wight, a gust of 122 miles an hour, the strongest ever recorded in england. the worst weather disasters can often lead to a huge and global response and one of the biggest of these in 2022 followed the devastating floods in pakistan and here in west london, there is another batch of things waiting to go out there, food, toothpaste, sanitary products, we have seen tents and sleeping bags, all ready to go on a flight to pakistan to help those who are homeless and trying to get through

winter. thousands of people are still living in makeshift camps with no access to clean drinking water and fear of disease spreading in the conditions. the force of the flats was felt as early as may when a glacial lake outburst led to this bridge collapsing during a worsening pre—monsoon heatwave. by august, destruction was widespread. this new hotel was washed away in minutes. pakistan had its wettestjuly and august on record and the countries climate minister said a third of the country was under water. more than 1000 people died, over half a million homes destroyed. joining me now is abdullah ali, who has been helping to put the eight together so what is the ongoing need? we are several months after the main flood but loads of people are still homeless? that but loads of people are still homeless?— but loads of people are still homeless? �* ., �* , homeless? at the moment there's loads of people — homeless? at the moment there's loads of people without _ homeless? at the moment there's loads of people without homes - homeless? at the moment there's loads of people without homes or| loads of people without homes or shelter out there. we need to gather

tents, any shelter that can help them, food items, try to rebuild houses for them.— them, food items, try to rebuild houses for them. what do you feel about the response _ houses for them. what do you feel about the response you've - houses for them. what do you feel about the response you've had - houses for them. what do you feel about the response you've had to i houses for them. what do you feel. about the response you've had to get all this stuff together? it’s all this stuff together? it's amazing. _ all this stuff together? it's amazing, the _ all this stuff together? it�*s amazing, the response we've received this phenomenal and i appreciate everyone that has been helping, all of the donors and volunteers, we really appreciate it. i of the donors and volunteers, we really appreciate it.— of the donors and volunteers, we really appreciate it. i know you are particularly — really appreciate it. i know you are particularly interested _ really appreciate it. i know you are particularly interested to _ really appreciate it. i know you are particularly interested to get - really appreciate it. i know you are particularly interested to get tax . particularly interested to get tax relief on this stuff when it reaches pakistan? ., . ., ., pakistan? correct, at the moment we are caettin pakistan? correct, at the moment we are getting tax _ pakistan? correct, at the moment we are getting tax and _ pakistan? correct, at the moment we are getting tax and duty _ pakistan? correct, at the moment we are getting tax and duty over - pakistan? correct, at the moment we are getting tax and duty over there i are getting tax and duty over there for shipments being sent out so we are trying to do something that will waive that and help us out as much as it can. it waive that and help us out as much as it can. ., , ., . ., as it can. it would be great. what does it make _ as it can. it would be great. what does it make you _ as it can. it would be great. what does it make you feel _ as it can. it would be great. what does it make you feel like - as it can. it would be great. what. does it make you feel like knowing there has been this response? personally i feel great because we are coming together as a community, people donating stuff towards the people donating stuff towards the people that are poor. goad people donating stuff towards the people that are poor.— people donating stuff towards the

people that are poor. good luck with all of our people that are poor. good luck with all of your ongoing _ people that are poor. good luck with all of your ongoing efforts _ people that are poor. good luck with all of your ongoing efforts to - people that are poor. good luck with all of your ongoing efforts to get - all of your ongoing efforts to get that relief out there. 2022 has brought more shocking scenes of flash floods and landslides. here on the italian island of ischia, during the italian island of ischia, during the night month surges towards the sea taking everything with that after several days of intense rain. in october on crete, corus was swept into the sea by a powerful flood that locals say caught them by surprise, also at night, after a day of rain. brazil endured severe storms that caused deadly flash flooding. this is the aftermath of a landslide that swept onto a motorway in early december and in patroclus in early december and in patroclus in february, over 200 people died in a catastrophic mudslide that followed several hours of torrential rain. still to come an abscess the science behind storm surges as herrick and ian wreaks havoc in florida. welcome back to raf

coningsby. this base has a special place in my heart, it is where i started forecasting and it is the place with the highest temperature in the uk ever recorded was the summer, 40.3 celsius. behind me or some typhoon aircraft based here but what impact does the temperatures have on operations? join the station commander group captain billy cooper. let's go back to that day in july. what sort of impact does the temperatures have on coningsby? than? temperatures have on coningsby? any extremes temperatures have on coningsby? iffy} extremes of weather and particularly temperature can have an effect even on modern aircraft. in particular the engine performance, and very high altitude or temperature. we find the density of the fuel will change so the way in which the maintainers operate with the aircraft can be different. that aircraft can be different. at coningsby you have the quick

reaction alert squadron who have to be up in the air at a moments notice what sort of weather impacts do look at? we what sort of weather impacts do look at? ~ . what sort of weather impacts do look at? . ., ., , what sort of weather impacts do look at? ., .,, ., ., what sort of weather impacts do look at? . ., ., , ., ., ., what sort of weather impacts do look at? ., ., ., ., ., at? we have to be aware of what the weather conditions _ at? we have to be aware of what the weather conditions are _ at? we have to be aware of what the weather conditions are not _ at? we have to be aware of what the weather conditions are not just - at? we have to be aware of what the weather conditions are notjust here | weather conditions are notjust here at coningsby but across the uk and europe and we've been particularly concerned about thunderstorms, if any areas were particularly cloudy, which might make it difficult for us to intercept other aircraft. it’s to intercept other aircraft. it's not 'ust to intercept other aircraft. it's notjust modern—day to intercept other aircraft. it's not just modern—day aircraft to intercept other aircraft. it's notjust modern—day aircraft in operation here, it's home to the battle of britain memorial flight and these priceless artefacts are keptin and these priceless artefacts are kept in airworthy condition and can be seen in the skies above all sorts of events during the summer keeping their rich history alive. and here we are in the hangar of the battle of britain memorial flight. behind mejust one of of britain memorial flight. behind me just one of only two operational lancaster bombers in the world and it is here with other aircraft and in charge of them is squadron leader mark sugden. thank you for having a

year, amazing. we were with the station commander earlier chatting about the typhoons and their technology but this is historic aircraft so what sort of weather requirements do you have? we fly national treasures _ requirements do you have? we fly national treasures and _ requirements do you have? we fly national treasures and safety - requirements do you have? we fly national treasures and safety and l national treasures and safety and preservation at the forefront of what we do and weather plays a big part. before we go near the aircraft planning starts with weather and getting a good understanding of what is out there, we ask an awful lot of the met office, i know they do not have a crystal ball but we fly around the country, it is not an exact science, we know. but our limits are less than a typhoon and we need to have an understanding of it before we take flight. what we need to have an understanding of it before we take flight.— it before we take flight. what sort of im act it before we take flight. what sort of impact did _ it before we take flight. what sort of impact did the _ it before we take flight. what sort of impact did the record _ it before we take flight. what sort of impact did the record he'd - it before we take flight. what sort of impact did the record he'd have on your operations? the of impact did the record he'd have on your operations?— on your operations? the engines create a huge — on your operations? the engines create a huge amount _ on your operations? the engines create a huge amount of- on your operations? the engines create a huge amount of heat. on your operations? the engines| create a huge amount of heat and on your operations? the engines - create a huge amount of heat and on the ground they get hot quickly which back in the 40s was great. you

want the engine to get up to temperature quickly but for us, the aeroplane behind me on a normal summer day probably from starting the engine on the ground you have eight minutes before she overheats. with the temperatures we have had it makes the problem worse. back with the temperatures we have had it makes the problem worse.— with the temperatures we have had it makes the problem worse. back in the da the makes the problem worse. back in the day they were — makes the problem worse. back in the day they were operational _ makes the problem worse. back in the day they were operational fighter - day they were operational fighter planes and they had to fly in some tricky conditions?— tricky conditions? exactly, the -recise tricky conditions? exactly, the precise words _ tricky conditions? exactly, the precise words they _ tricky conditions? exactly, the precise words they need - tricky conditions? exactly, the precise words they need to, i tricky conditions? exactly, the - precise words they need to, there was no choice, in the 40s, flying at night and in challenging conditions. we lost aircrew through no enemy action and just because of the weather they had to fly in. stunning and as ou weather they had to fly in. stunning and as you say _ weather they had to fly in. stunning and as you say national _ weather they had to fly in. stunning and as you say national treasures i weather they had to fly in. stunning j and as you say national treasures to be looked after. thank you for joining us. i am here at the national meteorological archive looking at how weather data is collected and used to inform us about how the climate is changing. earlier i looked at temperature but now we look at rainfall. 0ne earlier i looked at temperature but now we look at rainfall. one of the most important types of weather data

recorded is rainfall. how do we recorded is rainfall. how do we record rainfall at specific sites and interpret that to say the instance back in the 3rd of october 2020 it was the wettest day on record in the uk? we 2020 it was the wettest day on record in the uk?— record in the uk? we monitor carefully. _ record in the uk? we monitor carefully, how— record in the uk? we monitor carefully, how we _ record in the uk? we monitor carefully, how we take - record in the uk? we monitor carefully, how we take the . carefully, how we take the observations from a network of 2000 rain gauges across the uk, we interpolate the data into a gridded data set and we make this map of rainfall on the third of example, —— 3rd of october rainfall on the third of example, —— 3rd of 0ctoberfor rainfall on the third of example, —— 3rd of october for example, rainfall on the third of example, —— 3rd of 0ctoberfor example, the wettest day on record with 30.1 millimetres. that statistic is basically an average across the uk but when we do the maths on that, 30.1 millimetres comes up as 7.6 cubic kilometres, approximately enough rain to fill loch ness so quite a remarkable amount! {lime enough rain to fill loch ness so quite a remarkable amount! once we had the system _ quite a remarkable amount! once we had the system for _ quite a remarkable amount! once we had the system for knowing - quite a remarkable amount! once we had the system for knowing how- quite a remarkable amount! once we | had the system for knowing how much rain falls across the uk told me about this one which goes back 180

years and how has rainfall changed in the uk over time? this years and how has rainfall changed in the uk over time?— in the uk over time? this is a uk national rainfall _ in the uk over time? this is a uk national rainfall series _ in the uk over time? this is a uk national rainfall series and - in the uk over time? this is a uk national rainfall series and there | national rainfall series and there is natural variability in the weather from one year to the x of the line goes up and down but what we have done is we have put a trend line through the data. you can see there are fluctuations in the data but what we can see most apparent towards the end of the data is this increase in rainfall and that is as we expect, as the climate gets warmer, it gets wetter. ih we expect, as the climate gets warmer, it gets wetter. in 2022 the met office was _ warmer, it gets wetter. in 2022 the met office was able _ warmer, it gets wetter. in 2022 the met office was able to _ warmer, it gets wetter. in 2022 the met office was able to extend - warmer, it gets wetter. in 2022 the met office was able to extend the l warmer, it gets wetter. in 2022 the i met office was able to extend the uk official rainfall record back even further, an extra 26 years back to 1836, after thousands of volunteers help to digitise millions of handwritten rainfall observations in the spare time they had during the pandemic. all of this is bound for pakistan for the victims of the

catastrophic flooding. just one of a number of weather—related disasters in 2022. another is drought in east africa, a huge gate every continuing as famine limbs following for failed rainy season is bad in west africa, the problem is there is too much rain and the worst floods in a decade in nigeria. declared an overwhelming disaster, the floods here killed more than 600 people and over 200,000 homes were destroyed. rainfall levels in the north and east of the country were estimated to be up to 75% above normal. the european union has partnered with countries across west africa on a project to improve flood warnings in the area and nigeria says without its enhanced short—term forecast, the devastation would have been worse. ~ ., ., , , ,

worse. what it does is give us the whole year _ worse. what it does is give us the whole year in _ worse. what it does is give us the whole year in a — worse. what it does is give us the whole year in a row. _ worse. what it does is give us the whole year in a row. for - worse. what it does is give us the whole year in a row. for the - whole year in a row. for the country. with the model, we are able to get a trent and data is more accurate portrayal term so it might help us. to be forewarned, is to be for armed. help us. to be forewarned, is to be for armed-— help us. to be forewarned, is to be for armed. australia in october and more flooding _ for armed. australia in october and more flooding rain, _ for armed. australia in october and more flooding rain, this _ for armed. australia in october and more flooding rain, this from - more flooding rain, this from victoria as the country went on to record its second wettest spring. a rare third consecutive la nina weather pattern produced deluge after deluge in the south—east of the country and for sydney, a truly remarkable year, it's wettest in data going back to 1859, a record the city broke with nearly three months of the year still left. few places have been harder hit than liz moore, one of the most blood prone places in new south wales but even here, the february floods with the worst they had known. we here, the february floods with the worst they had known.— worst they had known. we had literally water _

worst they had known. we had literally water coming - worst they had known. we had literally water coming from - worst they had known. we had| literally water coming from the ocean, water coming from the catchment. 800 millilitres of rain in about 24 hours landing on top of us. it was literally the perfect storm. you know, there's no doubt there is an issue with climate change. there is an issue with climate chance. ~ . ., , there is an issue with climate chance. ~ , ., there is an issue with climate chance.~ , ., change. when it comes to tropical clones change. when it comes to tropical cyclones in _ change. when it comes to tropical cyclones in 2022, _ change. when it comes to tropical cyclones in 2022, super— change. when it comes to tropical cyclones in 2022, super typhoon l change. when it comes to tropical. cyclones in 2022, super typhoon was one of the fastest strengthening storms ever recorded in the pacific as it approached the philippines in september. as it approached the philippines in se tember. ,., ., as it approached the philippines in setember. ., september. good afternoon. hurricane ian is about september. good afternoon. hurricane lan is about to — september. good afternoon. hurricane ian is about to make _ september. good afternoon. hurricane ian is about to make landfall. - september. good afternoon. hurricane ian is about to make landfall. in - ian is about to make landfall. [m the ian is about to make landfall. the us, few hurricanes are as ian is about to make landfall.“ the us, few hurricanes are as costly as ian richard florida in september causing so much damage that losses are expected to exceed $50 billion. these scenes from fort myers shows the scale of destruction from a storm tide as the fifth strongest hurricane ever to make landfall in the us. ian �*s was devastating

impact came from the storm surge, and susan powell explains what this is and why they can be so damaging. when powerful hurricanes and typhoons hit the headlines, there is much focus on the wind speed and categorisation. but for coastal areas, the biggest concern by far is storm surge. this is known to be the biggest threat to life and livelihoods. storm surge is a rise in water level above normal tides generated by the storm. heights of over 8.5 metres, or 28 feet, have been recorded. how do storms produce this? a small part, around 5%, comes from an atmospheric pressure for before the storm and relatively less pressure pushing down let's water up well. the major driver by far is wind. the stronger the wind, the more force that can be applied to the water surface and literally push

up the water surface and literally push up an increasingly large body of water. as an approach land, where wind direction is onshore, the mass of water literally pushes inland. the opposite however can apply, where it storm winds or offshore a negative storm surge can suck water away from the coast. predicting searches is complex. storm intensity, forward speed, size and angle of approach all play a part as does the shape of the coast. 2022 saw another united nations cop climate conference. this one in a chip needed an extra second day to finally reach agreement on loss and damage, a pooled fund for countries most affected by climate change. i most affected by climate change. i hear no objections, it is so decided. hear no ob'ections, it is so decided._ hear no ob'ections, it is so decided. �* ., ., , ., decided. but that deal comes in a ear in decided. but that deal comes in a year in the _ decided. but that deal comes in a year in the world _

decided. but that deal comes in a year in the world meteorologicall year in the world meteorological organisation says atmospheric concentrations of key greenhouse gases reach record levels. we concentrations of key greenhouse gases reach record levels.- concentrations of key greenhouse gases reach record levels. we are in the fi . ht gases reach record levels. we are in the fight of — gases reach record levels. we are in the fight of our _ gases reach record levels. we are in the fight of our lives _ gases reach record levels. we are in the fight of our lives and _ gases reach record levels. we are in the fight of our lives and we - gases reach record levels. we are in the fight of our lives and we are - the fight of our lives and we are losing — the fight of our lives and we are losing. greenhouse gas emissions keep— losing. greenhouse gas emissions keep growing. global temperatures keep growing. global temperatures keep rising. and our planet is fast approaching tipping point that will make _ approaching tipping point that will make climate chaos irreversible. finally, — make climate chaos irreversible. finally, when there is too much snow and it is coming at you much too quickly, this is one of 2022 �*s luckiest escapes. an avalanche caught on camera and heading towards a british hiker in kurdistan in july. he was on the edge of a cliff with no escape. his excitement at what initially seemed so far away turned to fear as the snow and ice surged towards him. dear turned to fear as the snow and ice surged towards him.— turned to fear as the snow and ice surged towards him. dear god! snow was -aorin surged towards him. dear god! snow was poring over _ surged towards him. dear god! snow was poring over the _ surged towards him. dear god! snow was poring over the top _ surged towards him. dear god! snow was poring over the top of _ surged towards him. dear god! snow was poring over the top of me. - surged towards him. dear god! snow was poring over the top of me. for. surged towards him. dear god! snow was poring over the top of me. for a| was poring over the top of me. for a second, _ was poring over the top of me. for a second, carried _ was poring over the top of me. for a second, carried on _ was poring over the top of me. for a second, carried on getting _

was poring over the top of me. for a second, carried on getting worse. i second, carried on getting worse. that is— second, carried on getting worse. that is when_ second, carried on getting worse. that is when i_ second, carried on getting worse. that is when i did _ second, carried on getting worse. that is when i did not _ second, carried on getting worse. that is when i did not know- second, carried on getting worse. that is when i did not know whatl second, carried on getting worse. i that is when i did not know what was going _ that is when i did not know what was going to _ that is when i did not know what was going to happen _ that is when i did not know what was going to happen. which _ that is when i did not know what was going to happen. which is _ that is when i did not know what was going to happen. which is probably. that is when i did not know what was going to happen. which is probably aj going to happen. which is probably a moment— going to happen. which is probably a moment i_ going to happen. which is probably a moment i will— going to happen. which is probably a moment i will not— going to happen. which is probably a moment i will not forget _ going to happen. which is probably a moment i will not forget to - going to happen. which is probably a moment i will not forget to soon! i moment i will not forget to soon! and then — moment i will not forget to soon! and then it— moment i will not forget to soon! and then it steadily _ moment i will not forget to soon! and then it steadily turned - moment i will not forget to soon! and then it steadily turned into i and then it steadily turned into this weird — and then it steadily turned into this weird kind _ and then it steadily turned into this weird kind of _ and then it steadily turned into this weird kind of blizzard, i and then it steadily turned into this weird kind of blizzard, thei and then it steadily turned into i this weird kind of blizzard, the air displacement, _ this weird kind of blizzard, the air displacement, i'm _ this weird kind of blizzard, the air displacement, i'm not— this weird kind of blizzard, the air displacement, i'm not sure. i displacement, i'm not sure. literally— displacement, i'm not sure. literally all— displacement, i'm not sure. literally alljust_ displacement, i'm not sure. literally all just blew - displacement, i'm not sure. literally alljust blew me i displacement, i'm not sure. i literally alljust blew me over. i was not — literally alljust blew me over. i was not covered _ literally alljust blew me over. i was not covered in— literally alljust blew me over. i was not covered in more - literally alljust blew me over. i was not covered in more than. literally alljust blew me over. i was not covered in more than a| literally alljust blew me over. i- was not covered in more than a few inches— was not covered in more than a few inches so— was not covered in more than a few inches so i— was not covered in more than a few inches so i was— was not covered in more than a few inches so i was able _ was not covered in more than a few inches so i was able to _ was not covered in more than a few inches so i was able to stand - was not covered in more than a few inches so i was able to stand up- inches so i was able to stand up straightaway _ inches so i was able to stand up straightaway. be _ inches so i was able to stand up straightaway. be grateful- inches so i was able to stand up straightaway. be grateful i- inches so i was able to stand up straightaway. be grateful i wasl straightaway. be grateful i was still there _ straightaway. be grateful i was still there. . straightaway. be grateful i was stillthere. . , straightaway. be grateful i was stillthere— straightaway. be grateful i was stillthere. ., ,, ., . ., still there. that is set for weather world and our— still there. that is set for weather world and our review _ still there. that is set for weather world and our review of _ still there. that is set for weather world and our review of 2022, i world and our review of 2022, another of the worlds top ten warmest years on for the uk, one of the warmest. that is what will go down on record here in the national meteorological archive. in the form of the weather records here and globally, it is the hot ones that are overwhelmingly being broken the most often. from all of the team, until next time, goodbye!

hello again. as we go through the next few days, the mild weather continues in all but the far north of scotland. it's not until boxing day that we start to see it cool down everywhere. today we have this weatherfront bringing rain steadily northwards as it engages with cold air in northern england. there will be some transient snow in the hills. ahead of it, a mixture of bright spells, sunshine and showers, some of those wintry with height. behind it, sunshine and showers and it's going to be a windier day than it has been. tonight, that band of rain, sleet and hill snow moves northwards. behind that, clearing skies, but we're not anticipating any issues with frost. tomorrow where we have the clear skies, of course, is where we will

start with sunshine. for many of us tomorrow, it is going to be dry and there will be plenty of sunshine. a few more showers out towards the west. some of those could be heavy. windy here as well as our band of rain, sleet and snow pushes up into the northern isles. by then, the milder air will be following behind and we will be looking at highs between eight and 12.

this is bbc news broadcasting in the uk and around the globe. i'm frankie mccamley, and these are the latest headlines. the us braces for its coldest christmas in four decades as a major storm sweeps across the country with temperatures plummeting to minus 45 degrees celsius in some places. misery awaits passengers arriving at britain's busiest airports — with warnings of delays at passport control as border force officials begin an eight day strike over pay and pensions. i over pay and pensions. know things are difficult, b is i know things are difficult, but it is right that there is an independent body that makes recommendations to the government, and the government accepted those. it increased its offer, match those recommendations, i think that is the

right thing to do, and the right