this is bbc world news, the headlines leftist leader luiz inacio lula da silva is sworn in as president of brazil — 20 years since he first

led the country. he has vowed to make his country a �*great environmental power�*. pope francis has addressed thousands of people who've gathered at st peter's square in the vatican, a day after the death of benedict xvi. the pope described his predecessor as a faithful servant of the gospel, and the church. the archbishop of canterbury, justin welby, has described britain's social care system as "broken". in his new year message he said that he wanted everyone to work the climate campaign group extinction rebellion says it will temporarily stop using public disruption tactics in the uk. hundreds of the activists have been arrested after blockading traffic, locking and gluing themselves together, but the group say "very little has changed". now on bbc news. review 2022 — the war in ukraine.

over the next half an hour we will chronicle russia's invasion and tell the story of the conflict which has seen many thousands of people killed or wounded — and millions of others displaced. the story of the war is told by our correspondent paul adams — and a warning you may find some of his programme distressing: translation: a decision has been taken about a special— military operation. singing. translation: we are defending our

independence, our country. - glory to ukraine. in the depths of winter, a growing menace. russia flexing its muscles, preparing for something. moscow said these were simply drills, it had no plans to invade. but for months, it held a gun against ukraine's head. the west was alarmed. satellite images showed russian forces massing along the border. what follows is the story of russia's invasion of ukraine, as told by the bbc reporters who were there. america's and russia's top diplomats met in geneva and at first, could not even agree how to greet one another, with one question on everyone's lips. is an invasion likely, _ as president biden suggested?

war is the last thing that people want here, but it won't be the public that decides this. it will be the president. whether he is willing to reach a deal, or determined to continue with coercive diplomacy. a month later, unmistakable signs. at the kremlin, vladimir putin approved plans to recognise two separatist areas of ukraine. and in a long angry speech, he railed against nato and said ukraine wasn't even a real country. warwas coming. until early this morning, some here in kyiv doubted he would do it. not any more. alarm sounds.

translation: i never thought this thing could happen, - not in my lifetime. i am lucky to be alive, but i will do anything to protect ukraine. this country's civilian infrastructure is being heavily struck. there are no more flights in or out. translation: we will strive for the demilitarisation - and denazification of ukraine. russia cannot feel safe, _ develop and exist, with a constant threat emanating from the territory of northern ukraine. _ so far, all the signs are this attack is working out exactly the way western leaders have been warning for weeks. the country is being attacked from all directions, and the fear now has to be that some of those russian troops are heading here, to the capital.

ukrainian troops burn piles and piles of documents. the enemy is literally at the gates. not far up the road, ukrainian armour, in a capital city braced for the worst. this is actually the main road out of the capital. that way is poland, it's lviv in the west, and you've got the city there, we have got armoured personnel carriers here and a whole line of traffic, for as far as the eye can see, trying to get out. from early morning in eastern ukraine, we found queues at atms. now there is war, people want cash in their pockets and fear it may run short. translation: we are shocked, we are totally shocked. - we are afraid for our children, for our families.

the women and the children of ukraine, fleeing their country. "you will not be allowed," a policeman shouts to the men on the stairwell. "women and children only." the police move to help those allowed to board. what cannot be held must be let go. until another day. the latest russian bombardments had hit yet more homes. injuring the very civilians the kremlin promised had nothing to fear from what it calls a targeted attack on the ukrainian military. this grandmother says russian occupation would be a disaster. translation: this is my city, the city of my parents, - my grandparents. i am not going to leave.

and as for what she makes of vladimir putin... translation: when a person l is so inadequate, nobody knows what will spring to his mind. this evening, the mind of president zelensky was defiant. speaking from the streets of kyiv he posted this message on social media. translation: we are all here, our soldiers are here. _ the citizens are here. we are defending our independence, our country, and it will continue this way. glory to our defenders, both male and female, glory to ukraine. this was saturday in dnipro. women making molotov cocktail is in the park. housewives, businesswomen and lawyers, all now preparing for the defence of their city. nobody thought that this would happen, how we would spend our weekend, nobody thought,

but now we are doing this and it seems like the only important thing to do now. the aftermath of a deadly missile attack in the town of zhytomyr. the target may have been an airbase nearby, but family homes were destroyed. oleg stands calmly in the rubble, but he has lost his wife. "she was the light of my life," he says. "she's the best thing that's happened to me. "but i'm trying to keep myself together." welcome to the town of borodyanka, population 12,500. parts of it a wasteland now of destruction, in an increasingly dirty war. and resistance, though noble, is futile in the city of kherson.

conquered by russian tanks, the first major urban area to fall in this war. ukrainian troops were moving back in irpin and this is why its people left. huge explosion. the civilians are getting out over what is left of a bridge that was blown to slow down the russians if they take irpin. russian shells were very close. shouting. explosions. there's a fair amount of incoming fire coming into this now. artillery fire. there are loads of civilians around. head to the very eastern edge of ukraine and a ghostly vision of the country's fate unfolds before you. the city of kharkiv is being purged of life. a near total blackout, the police in the country's second

largest city take us on patrol. the russians aren't far. distant explosions. but russia's assault on the capital did not go according to plan. armoured columns were attacked and destroyed. russian losses mounted. by the end of march, the attempt to take kyiv was over. russia's defeat around kyiv may have started on the suburban street, in the last few days of february, just after the invasion. a long column of russian armour was destroyed as it pushed forward towards the capital. a war barely six weeks old, but a landscape already scarred, littered with the wreckage of two armies locked in combat, but there is more. stories of horrors

inflicted on civilians. allegations of war crimes. this is the line of fire, that is how they shoot. on the 7th of march, this drone unit showed civilians trying to get to kyiv to escape the russians. and then they saw the tank. one of the cars was forced to stop. the driver tried to show he was harmless. and the russians shot him dead. in a couple of hundred yards, we counted 11 other dead bodies. in bucha, close to kyiv, satellite images appear to show a mass grave. signs of excavation beginning on march the 10th when russian troops controlled the area. as bucha's remaining civilian population grapples with the scale of what has happened to them, the world is asking who did this, when and why.

translation: we believe these are war crimes, - we believe it is genocide in the purest sense. because children have been killed, women have been raped and civilians executed. in the basement of a building, we saw the bodies of five men, hands tied behind their backs. translation: people have been shot in the head by russian snipers. - people on bicycles, people delivering potatoes. - i can tell you so many stories, but i don't want to. _ i want to forget them. the more you talk to people in bucha, the more you learn of the terror this town lived through. a local resident told us that a woman riding a bicycle was shot on the street. after they killed this woman's only son, she had to bury him in their garden,

on her own. the fighting now shifted to the east. long, grinding artillery battles, as russian forces inched slowly forward. but out in the black sea came another dramatic setback for russia's war effort. this was the moskva, russia's prized warship in the black sea. ukraine says its missiles hit the vessel. russia says a fire caused the ship to sink. the ukrainian military are on the move, in defence of the homeland. the landscape, flat open country, perfect for heavy armour, as russia readies to seize the donbas region.

the first sounds of spring now drowned out by heavy shelling. russia is making small gains, but creating widespread chaos and devastation right across the region. lysychansk has become an underground city. they say they are running out of clean water and food. there is no peace from the constant barrage of artillery. it is becoming yet another russian war of attrition. they are trying to break ukrainian forces, along a front line that stretches for 300 miles. further south, one of the war�*s biggest tragedies had been unfolding for weeks. the destruction of an entire city. the city in agony, mariupol burning. apartment blocks in ruins, after two weeks of unrelenting

russian bombardments. mariupol is a big, important city and the russians need to capture it to help their advance here in to southern ukraine and their tactics becoming brutally familiar. if you can't seize a city, then simply flatten it, whatever the cost in human lives. survivors emerge from the wreckage, after what ukraine says was a russian air strike on a maternity hospital. the local governor says pregnant women are among the wounded. in the besieged city of mariupol, a theatre was hit where the deputy mayor says civilians were sheltering. russian forces are gaining more ground. these pictures were filmed with their troops at the theatre where so many lives were lost.

yesterday, there was some success in getting residents out of mariupol to safety, but some convoys came under attack and tens of thousands are still trapped. translation: i could not leave at first because myl mum can barely walk. there is no way i would have left her behind. . there was constant shelling. the last bastion of ukraine's resistance is the azovstal steel plant, perhaps a few thousand soldiers and civilians in its bunkers and tunnels. translation: this is our appeal to the world, it could be - the last of our lives. we are probably facing our final days, if not hours. the enemy is outnumbering us ten to one. finally, after two months, women and children were allowed out into the light. it's been a brutal

and bloody 83 days. but their battle is over, for now. further north, the war seemed to be grinding almost to a halt, both sides suffering terrible losses. nearby explosion. the shells start landing closer, as the russians adjust their aim. are we heading back? loud explosion. so, you get a sense of what russia's artillery and tanks can do to ukrainian homes. this is relentless. residents praying for salvation... ..as russia lays waste. nearby, the rush to

evacuate civilians. ukraine's artillery lines were still firing, even as their troops were pulling out of nearby lysychansk. this unit has been relying on mostly old soviet—era artillery. still waiting for more western weapons to arrive. but while the fighting raged in the east, nowhere in ukraine was truly safe. this inferno is not a ukrainian military target. it is a ukrainian shopping centre. these were the bewildering minutes after russia's latest devastating missile attack, today on the central city of kremenchuk. alarms blare. a man filmed this right

after the russian missiles hit. and now this whole square is a disaster scene. there are dozens of rescuers here, working through the debris, the wreckage, of this missile strike. this was a building of offices, there were shops at the bottom, and they were completely destroyed. now, in istanbul, a rare diplomatic breakthrough, a deal to resume grain exports. for the first time in a long time, a major artery is unblocked. and a ship, which could save millions from hunger, moving slowly into hostile waters. the razoni, the first grain vessel to leave ukraine since the 24th of february, making its way out to lebanon

and the hope is it'll the first of many in a route that will allow vessels in and out of what is still an active war zone. and now, at the height of summer, the tide of the war began to turn. this was the aftermath of a ferocious ukrainian attack on a key bridge in russian—controlled territory. the start of a series of ukrainian counterattacks that took russia by surprise. made possible by the arrival of highly accurate american weapons. running for cover in russian—controlled crimea. russia says ammunition was detonated, but there are suggestions supporters of ukraine may have caused the blast. the latest satellite imagery gives

a much clearer idea about the damage done at the airbase. several modern sukhoi bombers were destroyed and there was a great deal of damage to the surrounding base infrastructure, too. ukraine's rapid counteroffensive is gaining ground. its troops taking some casualties, but also taking territory on several fronts. in some areas, russia's front line has collapsed. and liberation has come. "for six months, we prayed you would come," she says. under pressure in ukraine, russia's president has chosen under

chosen the path that is most familiar to him. escalation. seven months after invading ukraine, the kremlin is calling up 300,000 reservists. translation: | want the kyiv i authorities and their real masters in the west to hear me, _ so that they remember this forever. people in luhansk and donetsk, kherson and zaporizhzhia - are becoming our citizens, forever. moscow says these territories are joining russia after holding referendums, but they have been widely discredited. translation: ukraine will get back what belongs to her. _ both in the east and in the south. what they try to annex now, and crimea, which they annexed in 2014. our flag will be everywhere. ukrainian forces on the move again.

this time, taking back villages in the south. progress has been slow here since the summer, but this all seemed to happen quickly, again taking russia by surprise. russia now has major headaches on two fronts at the same time, just when it is trying to conscript, train and equip badly needed extra troops. vladimir putin may have celebrated annexing chunks of ukraine, but his problems keep multiplying. this is the bridge that links russia to annexed crimea. and it was under attack. russian officials claim a lorry had been blown up here and that the fire then spread to a fuel train and parts of the road had collapsed into the sea. triumphant chanting. kherson�*s residents emerge from their homes as the first ukrainian soldiers reached

the main square. for them, it is the end of more than eight months under occupation. "it is the best!" said this woman. "a sunday without russians. "even the air, i can breathe." ukrainians have got a lot to celebrate because they have scored a major victory over the russians, much more quickly and smoothly than they had expected and while the russians have left behind a great deal of damage, for now, the ukrainians aren't focusing on that, because they believe they have taken a giant step forward to victory. but with winter coming, russia had already resorted to a new strategy. a war on ukraine's infrastructure. screaming. after months of quiet in the capital, the war is back.

for three chaotic hours this morning, the missiles kept coming. for one young woman, already recording her own sense of shock, a narrow escape. huge explosion. my bbc colleague, hugo bachega was broadcasting live when it all began. explosion. the target, destroy the whole infrastructure of ukraine, destroyed the infrastructure in our hometown. _ they left people - freezing in the winter. left people doing. without electricity. engineers from ukraine's biggest energy company head out. today'sjob, a downed electricity cable. landmines mean they cannot work beyond the tape.

the authorities want to give people power and warmth, but the shelling is not stopping and it is happening right across this region. this woman's makeshift home is built where her old one used to be. but the kitchen is freezing and damp. icy water drips from the roof. her swollen hands hurt from the cold. she looks far beyond her own worries. translation: i want us to win as soon is possible, _ so that there is peace l and tranquillity, so that all soldiers return- home, alive and well. as winter drags on, and the country freezes, ukraine's long agony continues. despite its many setbacks, russia still controls territory and with missiles and drones, inflict suffering.

this all—out war, unthinkable a year ago, has no obvious end in sight. mother further south i think mild air will be not for the most part this week with rain at times but also be some drier and chillier interludes. tonight outbreaks of rain will affect the south. further north one or two showers but clear spells, ice is likely to be an issue across the north. with temperatures

likely to drop below freezing. —8 there in scotland. into monday we will see some showers grazing the south and southeast of england. some more into western scotland and some of those would be wintry. in between, lengthy spells of sunshine was up temperatures north to south between three and 9 degrees. tuesday it bring some wet and windy weather from the west. it is going to feel it pretty mild, some rain will linger in places for the middle parts of the week.

this is bbc news with the latest headlines for viewers in the uk and around the world. leftist leader luiz inacio lula da silva is sworn in as president of brazil, 20 years since he first led the country. pope francis pays tribute to his predecessor, benedict, as a "faithful servant of the gospel and the church". as russian missiles strike kyiv, nato secretary generaljens stoltenberg says western countries must be prepared to provide long—term support to ukraine. crowd: three, two, one! and celebrations have taken place around the world to herald the start of 2023.