committed on the bridge tonight. was committed on the bridge tonight. civilians were killed. a child was wounded, left without parents. good evening. welcome to the programme. if you are watching on friday, you won't have heard one of our guests talking about ukraine's ingenuity and the stealth deployment of its trends and new technology. all of that on full display in the early hours of this morning when a naval drone took out part of the kerch bridge that links russia with ukraine. we will discuss tonight what that means two ukraine's counteroffensive. also, reaction to the news that russia is restoring its grain blockade in the black sea. the un says the poorest countries will play the price if ukraine is denied access to world markets. and a breakthrough on alzheimer's

treatment, two new drugs coming to market that will slow the effects of the disease, giving hope to millions of families all around the world. all of that to come. on sunday, vladimir putin told the russian people that the ukrainian counteroffensive had failed. in the early hours of this morning, the ukrainian special forces sent an unmanned naval drone, controlled remotely, and blew up his bridge that links ukraine with mainland russia. the daylight pictures show that one side of it is now out of action. for ukrainians, the kerch bridge, which was inaugurated by vladimir putin in 2018, is a hated symbol of russian occupation. for moscow, it is a vital link in resupplying russian forces that occupy crimea and the southern kherson region. and that further complicates their logistical problems. but more than that, it demonstrates in the most visible fashion that the ukrainian counteroffensive is very much alive and it is a further blow to putin's propaganda. our russia editor,

steve rosenberg, reports. it's been called russia's most important bridge, and it's been attacked again. you can see the roads split and sloping. russia says ukrainian naval drones struck at night. two people were killed in the explosion. the bridge links the russian mainland with annexed crimea. it's a vital supply route for russian troops fighting in ukraine. russian investigators called it a terrorist attack by the ukrainian security services. this was the scene here nine months ago. russia had accused ukraine then of attacking the bridge with explosives hidden in a lorry. ukraine calls this bridge illegal. the 12—mile—long road and rail bridge is not only strategically important to the kremlin, it's hugely symbolic. vladimir putin was first to cross when it opened in 2018,

as if he wanted to show the world that russia and crimea were now joined forever. so, for the second time in less than a year, the bridge that vladimir putin built, this symbol of russia's annexation of crimea, has come under attack. the kremlin says it will respond by continuing with what it still calls the special military operation — russia's war in ukraine. but what the kremlin won't be continuing, it said today, is with the deal that had kept global food prices stable. brokered by the un, the agreement allowed ukraine to keep exporting grain via the black sea. moscow, though, says it's not getting what it was promised and will no longer guarantee the safety of shipping. the kremlin insists its decision is unconnected to the attack on the bridge. but right now, russia seems in no mood for a quick compromise. steve rosenberg, bbc news, moscow.

we can speak now to mikey kay, former uk military strategic planner, who spent 20 years as an raf assault helicopter pilot. good to have you back on the programme. what kind of thing do you think the ukrainians might�*ve used to blow bridge up? think the ukrainians might've used to blow bridge up?— think the ukrainians might've used to blow bridge up? well, i think the first thing that _ to blow bridge up? well, i think the first thing that is _ to blow bridge up? well, i think the first thing that is really _ to blow bridge up? well, i think the first thing that is really important i first thing that is really important to talk about is there are rules in war, but when someone is backed in a corner or you have a strategic asset like crimea, that very much is a strategic asset to putin, which is home to the black sea fleet, it is also home to the airpower fleet that protects the black sea fleet from the air, when it comes to trying to get an advantage, when it comes to the rules of war so to speak, there are ways around that. if ukraine can

see an advantage to compromising what are called the "logistic lines of munication", then i think ukraine will see that as fair game. as to your question, what was used to blow the bridge, anything could be used to blow the bridge as long as it has got explosive type qualities. i think the question is, is not necessarily what material was used but how it was done by the ukrainians, how much was used, what is the intent of the ukrainians in order to do this, and you will have to forgive me here. do we have empirical evidence to suggest the ukrainians actually blew the bridge up? have they admitted to that? that is the bit i'm hazy on. $5 up? have they admitted to that? that is the bit i'm hazy on.— is the bit i'm hazy on. as per usual, is the bit i'm hazy on. as per usual. the — is the bit i'm hazy on. as per usual, the ukrainians - is the bit i'm hazy on. as per usual, the ukrainians are - usual, the ukrainians are maintaining their ambiguity about

this. no doubt, though, it does complicate the logistical challenge for moscow. it is shaped a little bit like the isle of wight, although considerably bigger. not easy to resupply by ship. ihla. considerably bigger. not easy to resurnply by ship-— resupply by ship. no, absolutely not. christian, _ resupply by ship. no, absolutely not. christian, we _ resupply by ship. no, absolutely not. christian, we spoke - resupply by ship. no, absolutely not. christian, we spoke on - resupply by ship. no, absolutely not. christian, we spoke on this| not. christian, we spoke on this programme not so long ago when there were myriad cruise missile attacks going into ukraine from russia, and one of the areas where those christmas attacks are being launched from were from the black sea fleet at crimea. as these cruise missiles are going in from the black sea into ukraine, they are going to have to be resupplied in some way. and that critical resupplied line of communication will be a cross that bridge unless there is an alternate, which you have just alluded to, but when you start adding sea lines of communication to the mix, that is a

different logistical challenge that adds a lot of time. just different logistical challenge that adds a lot of time.— adds a lot of time. just in the context of — adds a lot of time. just in the context of the _ adds a lot of time. just in the i context of the counteroffensive, they have told us this weekend that they have told us this weekend that they have told us this weekend that they have taken 18 square kilometres, about seven square miles in the last week. that is in the east and south of the country. that means, in total, they have reclaimed about 81 square miles. do you think an attack like this, taking out one lane of the bridge, will put further pressure on that? and perhaps help them regain some further impetus in that counteroffensive? yes. them regain some further impetus in that counteroffensive?— that counteroffensive? yes, 100%. i'm not that counteroffensive? yes, 10096. i'm not zelenskiy _ that counteroffensive? yes, 10096. i'm not zelenskiy and _ that counteroffensive? yes, 10096. i'm not zelenskiy and i'm - that counteroffensive? yes, 10096. i'm not zelenskiy and i'm not - that counteroffensive? yes, 10096. i'm not zelenskiy and i'm not in . i'm not zelenskiy and i'm not in zelenskyi's mind, when you look at it from a war fighting perspective, anything that can delay a resupply, anything that can delay a resupply, anything that can add severe tensions on the ability for russia to be able to continue its objectives, what those objectives are is regaining some terrain, but

the numbers you are talking about in terms of how much terrain has been taken back by russia, you've also got to think about how many lines is that costing, how long is it taking and how much capability isn't requiring russia in order to make what i would call very limited gains? because at some point, the logistical resupply aspect is the key for success in any more. a famous russian general once said if you don't have the logistics supply, the war effort will run dry very quickly. and this is what we are seeing at the moment. this is always been the problem with russia's ability to lodge any sustained counteroffensive, and so what the ukrainians are doing are absolutely heading right to the nub of what will prevent them from doing that. in military parlance, we call that central gravity. if you look at what the critical kid abilities and you

try to look at what you can touch, what you can put a bomb on, it doesn't necessarily have to be a bomb, what is the thing that you have to do attack in order to bring the enemy to its knees. i think the bridge would have been high up there in the ukraine campaign centre of gravity analysis, to prevent what russia are trying to do at the moment which is effectively retake territory. hm moment which is effectively retake territo . �* ., , moment which is effectively retake territo .�* ., , ., ., ., territory. an outsized advantage, blowinu territory. an outsized advantage, blowing up _ territory. an outsized advantage, blowing no one — territory. an outsized advantage, blowing up one line _ territory. an outsized advantage, blowing up one line of _ territory. an outsized advantage, blowing up one line of the - territory. an outsized advantage, | blowing up one line of the bridge, but also hugely important to morale. you have vladimir putin last week saying the counteroffensive is floundering and then they go and take out his bridge. that damages russian propaganda, but it presumably is also hugely important notjust presumably is also hugely important not just to the presumably is also hugely important notjust to the morale of the soldiers but to ukrainian people more widely. {line soldiers but to ukrainian people more widely-— soldiers but to ukrainian people more widel . ., ., ., , , . more widely. one of the other aspect of this centre — more widely. one of the other aspect of this centre of _ more widely. one of the other aspect of this centre of gravity _ more widely. one of the other aspect of this centre of gravity analysis - of this centre of gravity analysis is critical vulnerabilities. i would

be flabbergasted if, in the russian campaign planning strategic process, they wouldn't have identified the bridge as one of their critical vulnerabilities, and therefore what that would then lead you to do is, how do you defend that bridge at all costs from being compromised because of the significant consequences it will have if the ukrainians managed to compromise line of communication in any way. this is all part of getting ahead of the game, understanding what you're vulnerabilities are and how you defend those vulnerabilities at all costs, and then understanding what the consequences are and the contingency planning is if that critical vulnerability is compromised. and now it has happened, i think what will be really interesting to see play out is the way russia deals with that. you mentioned using ac line of communication, which is one contingency plan, but there are only so many contingencies that you can actually have until you get to what

is called a culminating point. this is called a culminating point. this is all campaign planning parlance. if there is a culminating point, why were russia leaving that bridge open to vulnerability and how could they have prevented ukraine from taking such an action?— such an action? well, in the long term, it such an action? well, in the long term. it may _ such an action? well, in the long term, it may turn _ such an action? well, in the long term, it may turn out _ such an action? well, in the long term, it may turn out to - such an action? well, in the long term, it may turn out to be - such an action? well, in the long term, it may turn out to be a - term, it may turn out to be a crucially important moment. thank you for coming on. that attack on the kerch bridge may have influenced russian thinking on the un broken grain deal, which sincejuly last year has given ukraine precious access to world markets. on friday, the turkish president said he was optimistic the deal would be renewed again because he and putin were of the same mind. today, though, a spokesperson for the russian foreign ministry said the deal had "de facto ended" — hours before it was due to expire. which has implications for all of us. over the past year, that deal has enabled

ukraine to export more than 32 million tonnes of grain. sunflower, maize, wheat and barley. and sincejuly, when the blockade was lifted, world prices have dropped 20%. the un secretary—general has strongly criticised russia's decision, which he described as a lifeline for global food security. today's decision by the russian federation will strike a blow to people in need everywhere, but it will not stop our efforts to facilitate the unimpeded access to global markets for food products and fertilisers from both ukraine and the russian federation. i particularly want to recognise the efforts of the government

of turkiye in this regard. looking ahead, our goal must continue to be advancing global security, food security and global food price stability. this will remain the focus of my efforts, taking into account the rise in human suffering and that will inevitably result from today's decision. doctor peter alexander is a senior lecturer in global food security in the university of edinburgh. thank you very much for being with us. do you very much for being with us. do you think the two are linked? was there a chance in your mind that the deal could have been saved if the bridge had not been blown up? it's very hard to say, of course. russia has been unhappy about this deal from their perspective, not being fulfilled. in from their perspective, not being fulfilled. , ., , fulfilled. in terms of their request to reconneet _ fulfilled. in terms of their request to reconnect with _ fulfilled. in terms of their request to reconnect with the _ fulfilled. in terms of their request to reconnect with the swift - fulfilled. in terms of their request | to reconnect with the swift banking payment _ to reconnect with the swift banking payment system so that russian exports — payment system so that russian exports of food and fertilisers can be less _ exports of food and fertilisers can be less impeded. obviously the sanctions — be less impeded. obviously the sanctions the eu and us don't include — sanctions the eu and us don't include food and fertiliser, but russia — include food and fertiliser, but russia claims that there is exports are being —

russia claims that there is exports are being still curtailed in some sense _ are being still curtailed in some sense because of for example the swift _ sense because of for example the swift payment system. there are also keen to _ swift payment system. there are also keen to re—establish fertiliser exports — keen to re—establish fertiliser exports through a pipeline which actually— exports through a pipeline which actually goes across ukraine, which seems _ actually goes across ukraine, which seems highly unlikely. but, yeah, they werem — seems highly unlikely. but, yeah, they were... we seems highly unlikely. but, yeah, they were- - -_ seems highly unlikely. but, yeah, they were... we have talked before about the drug _ they were... we have talked before about the drug on _ they were... we have talked before about the drug on the _ they were... we have talked before about the drug on the russian - about the drug on the russian economy, the fact as you say chipz can't get the swift payment through the banks, and in a way we need is that russian fertiliser, the world needs that fertiliser, because without it we cannot replace the grain that is now blockaded. bath grain that is now blockaded. both fertiliser and _ grain that is now blockaded. both fertiliser and food _ grain that is now blockaded. both fertiliser and food exports from russia — fertiliser and food exports from russia and ukraine are important, you are _ russia and ukraine are important, you are right to put the emphasis a little bit _ you are right to put the emphasis a little bit on — you are right to put the emphasis a little bit on fertiliser. we quite often — little bit on fertiliser. we quite often here in terms of the food supply— often here in terms of the food supply situation, a common statistic

is 29%_ supply situation, a common statistic is 29% of— supply situation, a common statistic is 29% of wheat exports come from russia _ is 29% of wheat exports come from russia and — is 29% of wheat exports come from russia and ukraine combined, or did in 202i _ russia and ukraine combined, or did in 202i and — russia and ukraine combined, or did in 2021. and although that is true, it also— in 2021. and although that is true, it also slightly misrepresents the situation, — it also slightly misrepresents the situation, because most wheat is produced — situation, because most wheat is produced and consumed in the same country. _ produced and consumed in the same country, domestically. 75% of wheat is consumed like that. if there representation of the trade markets for wheat— representation of the trade markets for wheat would be looking at the source _ for wheat would be looking at the source of — for wheat would be looking at the source of supply for the rest of the world, _ source of supply for the rest of the world, and — source of supply for the rest of the world, and actually in those terms it is about — world, and actually in those terms it is about 7.5% from russia and ukraine — it is about 7.5% from russia and ukraine combined in terms of wheat. something _ ukraine combined in terms of wheat. something in the order of a bit less of 3%_ something in the order of a bit less of 3% from — something in the order of a bit less of 3% from ukraine. so we are talking — of 3% from ukraine. so we are talking tens of millions of tonnes, so it is— talking tens of millions of tonnes, so it is still— talking tens of millions of tonnes, so it is still significant, but i think— so it is still significant, but i think it _ so it is still significant, but i think it does sometimes get overstated in terms of the significance if we look at it purely in terms — significance if we look at it purely in terms of— significance if we look at it purely in terms of what the percentage is

in terms of what the percentage is in terms _ in terms of what the percentage is in terms of— in terms of what the percentage is in terms of internationally traded commodities. | in terms of internationally traded commodities.— in terms of internationally traded commodities. . commodities. i mean, the future... quite naturally _ commodities. i mean, the future... quite naturally it _ commodities. i mean, the future... quite naturally it has _ commodities. i mean, the future... quite naturally it has big _ quite naturally it has big indications for the ukrainian economy. what about the rest of us question mark the secretary general is hinting that millions will pay the price. do you think the hit to the price. do you think the hit to the global grain market will be the same it was injuly 2022? i the global grain market will be the same it was in july 2022?— same it was in july 2022? i don't think so. prices _ same it was in july 2022? i don't think so. prices are _ same it was in july 2022? i don't think so. prices are up _ same it was in july 2022? i don't think so. prices are up in - same it was in july 2022? i don't think so. prices are up in a - same it was in july 2022? i don't think so. prices are up in a veryl think 50. prices are up in a very short— think 50. prices are up in a very short period _ think 50. prices are up in a very short period of time, but prices today— short period of time, but prices today are — short period of time, but prices today are more akin to levels at the beginning _ today are more akin to levels at the beginning of 2021. as you mentioned in the _ beginning of 2021. as you mentioned in the introduction, well off the peaks— in the introduction, well off the peaks they were a year ago in the middle _ peaks they were a year ago in the middle of— peaks they were a year ago in the middle of last year when they were at their— middle of last year when they were at their highest. and i think one of the reasons— at their highest. and i think one of the reasons for that is that the energy— the reasons for that is that the energy market and fertiliser market have largely stabilised. so in organic— have largely stabilised. so in organic nitrogen fertiliser is

produced using natural gas. we all know— produced using natural gas. we all know about the very dramatic increases _ know about the very dramatic increases in natural gas prices and that leads — increases in natural gas prices and that leads to very high fertiliser prices — that leads to very high fertiliser prices. and that is really come back to much— prices. and that is really come back to much more normal levels now. if farmers— to much more normal levels now. if farmers are — to much more normal levels now. if farmers are then able to use fertilisers in the way they have done _ fertilisers in the way they have done previously, we wouldn't expect to see _ done previously, we wouldn't expect to see any— done previously, we wouldn't expect to see any reduction in harvests and productivity — to see any reduction in harvests and productivity. and therefore come up with the _ productivity. and therefore come up with the supply in that market, i don't _ with the supply in that market, i don't think— with the supply in that market, i don't think we will see anything like the — don't think we will see anything like the resumption of the prices that we — like the resumption of the prices that we saw last year. we like the resumption of the prices that we saw last year.— like the resumption of the prices that we saw last year. we will watch and see. doctor— that we saw last year. we will watch and see. doctor peter— that we saw last year. we will watch and see. doctor peter alexander, i and see. doctor peter alexander, good of you to come on. around the world and across the uk, this is bbc news. let's take a quick look at some of the other stories making headlines here in the uk today. the train drivers' union, aslef, has announced a third ban on working overtime,

which will see fresh disruption on railways. drivers will refuse to work overtime for six days from mondayjuly 31st. it comes as the union begins its second overtime ban in three weeks in a dispute about pay, jobs and conditions. people who have been injured in terror attacks in the uk have condemned the government's compensation scheme. in a survey carried out by the support group survivors against terror, more than half of those who responded said the process was unfair. the ministry ofjustice says it's reviewing the support available. we'll be speaking to a survivor of the manchester arena terror attack later in the programme. universities in england will be forced to limit the number of students they recruit onto courses deemed as underperforming, as part of government plans announced today. the prime minister says he wants to crack down on what he calls "rip—off" degrees that don't lead to graduate jobs. labour has described the plan as "an attack on the aspirations of young people." you are watching bbc news. a period of intense heat is a sweeping

southern europe at the moment with extreme conditions expected to continue well the week. forecasters say local records are likely to be broken in italy, greece, turkey and the balkans. in fact, the italian authorities have issued red alerts for16 authorities have issued red alerts for 16 cities. the hottest temperature ever recorded in europe was 48.8 degrees celsius in august 2021. we could be somewhere near that this week in sardinia, where they are forecasting 47 celsius. in spain, a wildfire on the canary island of la palma has forced the evacuation of 4000 people. there are also heatwaves in north america, canada, china, north africa and japan, which we will talk about in the next hour. but we are going to focus on europe. gale—force winds fanned the flames of wildfires just

south of athens today. several seaside villages were cleared, as more than 100 firefighters — supported by 11 planes — battled to contain the blaze. and more than 1,000 children were evacuated, as a second wildfire threatened to engulf the holiday camp in southern greece they were staying in. it comes as a second blistering heatwave sweeps into europe. temperatures in southern spain are already pushing into the 40s — up to 10 degrees celsius hotter than normal. it means it is almost impossible to work outside. it's been extremely hot this year. like, i normally get up at, like, eight, nine in the morning, but i've been getting up at, like, five just to get things done by nine o'clock because it's just, it'sjust harsh. make you feel a bit better. colin brown runs an animal sanctuary inland from alicante. hot animals mean more work for colin. they need to be hosed down to keep them cool. you've got sweat all over you.

and it is too hot for the tourists, too — his main source of donations — so colin has had to close the place. meanwhile, the local river has run dry. and a terrible harvest, thanks to the heat and a lack of rain, means he's finding it hard to get hay for the horses. at the same time, the cash is running out. here's why it's so hot. a high—pressure system, held in place by the rapidly moving air high in the atmosphere known as the jet stream, is funnelling heat up from the deserts of north africa and across southern europe. the climate of southern europe is changing, say local people. it's becoming more and more like north africa. "the sahara desert is slowly creeping into europe," one man told me. what's changed is global warming. humans are 100% to blame for the global trend in high temperatures that we're seeing.

so all of the observed global warming is because of our burning of fossilfuels. we're seeing record—breaking temperatures in asia this summer, too. china provisionally recorded its highest temperature ever yesterday — 52.2 degrees celsius in xinjiang, in the north—west, according to the uk met office. in the us, a heat dome over the south—west has left tens of millions of people under extreme heat warnings. death valley, in california, hit 53.9 celsius on sunday — not far off the all—time global temperature record of 56.7 degrees, recorded in july, 1913. climate change means southern spain, like the rest of the world, is only going to get hotter.

let speak live to a meteorologist from the regional environmental protection agency. thank you very much for being with us. just give us a quick impression of what the situation is in italy and how high those temperatures have gone? yeah, the situation — those temperatures have gone? yeah, the situation is _ those temperatures have gone? yeah, the situation is quite _ those temperatures have gone? yeah, the situation is quite bad _ those temperatures have gone? yeah, the situation is quite bad in _ those temperatures have gone? ie—u the situation is quite bad in terms of temperatures. we are experiencing now what we call an extreme heatwave. again, close to breaking many records, tomorrow would be kind of the worst day probably in which many records, including probably rome, will be beaten. it is interesting, _ rome, will be beaten. it is interesting, isn't _ rome, will be beaten. it is interesting, isn't it? - rome, will be beaten. it is interesting, isn't it? i- rome, will be beaten. it is interesting, isn't it? i havejust come back from italy and people were telling me thatjune was a bit cooler and a bit more temperate. but when i got back here, i read it was actually the 11th hottestjune since

records began. we are breaking records began. we are breaking records everywhere.— records began. we are breaking records everywhere. yeah, june was the warmest — records everywhere. yeah, june was the warmest month _ records everywhere. yeah, june was the warmest month globally. - records everywhere. yeah, june was the warmest month globally. of- the warmest month globally. of course, there have been differences in different parts of the regions, of the globe. we had the beginning of the globe. we had the beginning of summer quite cool. in may, you might remember, we had extreme rainfall with an extreme flood. it is the other side of global warming. you have extremes and more heavy, intense precipitation, but also at the same time long periods of drought and very high temperature. so, from july, the situation changed radically in italy and the high pressure from the subtropical belt set out into the mediterranean, and

this is producing higher and higher temperatures. basically, since the beginning of this century, since the beginning of this century, since the beginning of this century, since the beginning of 2000. we beginning of this century, since the beginning of 2000.— beginning of 2000. we are out of time. beginning of 2000. we are out of time- thank— beginning of 2000. we are out of time. thank you _ beginning of 2000. we are out of time. thank you very _ beginning of 2000. we are out of time. thank you very much - beginning of 2000. we are out of time. thank you very much for. beginning of 2000. we are out of. time. thank you very much for that. we will talk about climate change after this short break. good evening. there's no sign of any of the heat that's been affecting southern europe heading our way any time soon. but that is probably a good thing when you look at the temperatures that have affected large parts of the south of europe and indeed the north of africa during today, temperatures into the middle 40s celsius. but that heat is being trapped in southern europe and north africa. thejet stream is running just about here. to the south of it, a persistent area of high pressure feeding in that warmth. to the north of it, an area of low pressure which today has been bringing us north—westerly winds, quite a cool feel to the weather and also quite a few showers, as you can see on our earlier

satellite and radar picture. but those showers are now fading in many places. so overnight we're going to be largely dry with some clear spells, although you can see behind me, cloud getting back into northern ireland, parts of wales, maybe the south—west of england later in the night, ahead of some outbreaks of rain. a rather chilly night in north—east scotland, maybe down to four or five degrees. and for tomorrow, well, here's our weather maker — this weather system, an area of low pressure pushing its way in from the west. and this is going to bring some outbreaks of rain. in fact, some quite heavy rain in places to start the day across northern ireland, some of that rain getting into parts of north—west wales. it's going to turn very wet across northern england and also in southern scotland. i think south—west scotland may see some of the wettest weather of all, but to the south of that, some hazy sunshine, and with more of a southerly wind, actually a warmer feel, 23 to 24 degrees. stuck under the cloud and rain, maybejust 14 or 15, a slightly drier day than it has been today in the north of scotland.

and then, as we head through tuesday night, well, that rain could persist for a while in parts of southern scotland, north—east england, then tending to pull away into the north sea. some clear spells elsewhere. and these are the starting temperatures for wednesday, generally between 8 and 14 degrees. now, as we head deeper into the week, we'll see that weather system running away eastwards. high pressure trying to build from the west, but not making a lot of progress. and actually, later in the week, it could well be that low pressure starts to return. so what does that mean for our weather? well, it means it is going to stay quite changeable, quite showery and rather cool for the time of year as well. temperatures as we get into the weekends between 16 and 22 degrees. bye for now.

hello, i'm christian fraser. you're watching the context on bbc news. the us climate envoy visits beijing to resume talks on fighting climate change at a time when china is seeing record—breaking temperatures.