here on bbc news. live from london. this is bbc news reports from russia — the leader of the wagner mercenary group yevgeny prigozhin is killed in a plane crash — two months after his forces launched a mutiny against the russian military. the bbc can confirm that the wagner boss was listed as a passenger on a private plane which crashed north of moscow en route to saint petersburg. emergency services say all 10 people on board were killed. this radar recording shows the plane travelling north west — before disappearing from radar. hello, i'm nancy kacungira, welcome to the daily global, where we'll bring you the top stories from around the world. a stories from around the world. big breaking storyt the russian federal agency

for air transport says the wagner mercenary group boss yevgeny prigozhin was on board an aircraft that has crashed in tver region in russia. the russian emergencies ministry has said that the aircraft "came down" near the village of kuzhenkino in the tver region. the ministry said the jet was flying from moscow to st petersburg, and that ten people, including three crew members, were on board. the statement says everyone was killed. with me is our russia editor, steve rosenberg. for those joining for thosejoining us, tell us what we don't know. for those joining us, tell us what we don't know.— we don't know. there's a lot we don't know _ we don't know. there's a lot we don't know. so _ we don't know. there's a lot we don't know. so we _ we don't know. there's a lot we don't know. so we know- we don't know. there's a lot we don't know. so we know that a l we don't know. there's a lot we - don't know. so we know that a plane belonging to mr prigozhin crashed. we know that people on board were killed. we know that according to the russian authorities, for example, the russian aviation agency that mr prigozhin was on the list of

passengers of that plane. there are also reports there was a second plane belonging to mr prigozhin, just looking at some reports here which continued its flight safely. so we can't confirm yet that prigozhin was killed. we know that according to the authorities he was on the list of passengers of the plane that crashed. that's all been know at the moment. very often in these situations in russia, the situation is murky, to say the least. we don't know what happens, was it shot down? what happened? we cannot confirm that. $5 was it shot down? what happened? we cannot confirm that.— cannot confirm that. as he mentioned, _ cannot confirm that. as he mentioned, there - cannot confirm that. as he mentioned, there are - cannot confirm that. as he l mentioned, there are some cannot confirm that. as he - mentioned, there are some reports cannot confirm that. as he _ mentioned, there are some reports on social media saying that another business jet owned by prigozhin was also in the air at the time of the crash, also having departed moscow

and the wagner says the second jet turned around and is flying back to moscow. we also know that none of the social media accounts believed to be linked to prigozhin have so far made any claims or comments as to whether he is dead or alive. so we don't yet know. what we do know is that prigozhin was a hugely influentialfigure in russia. let’s influentialfigure in russia. let's take a moment _ influentialfigure in russia. let's take a moment to _ influentialfigure in russia. let's take a moment to reflect - influentialfigure in russia. let's take a moment to reflect on - influential figure in russia. let�*s take a moment to reflect on who this man is, was. prigozhin was a very private person for many years. he was the man who the kremlin would go to if they needed something done on the sly, if you like, on the quiet, without too much fuss. whether it was organising internet troll farms, putting out disinformation on social media or whether it was fighting abroad, for example, in syria. he has created the wegner mercenary

group, which for many years publicly was not associated with his name. —— at there. he denied any links to it. that changed more recently there was a role for wagner, for prigozhin�*s wagner. because after vladimir putin launched a full—scale invasion of ukraine commit didn't go according to plan at all for vladimir putin, for the russian army and they had to think about how to bring in other forces. so wagner was called upon. and prigozhin, what we sell last year, he was going around russian prisons recruiting, recruiting prisoners, and saying, well, if you come and fight in my team are my paramilitaries and you survive, then you can have yourfreedom. he can go home. and we believe he recruited possibly tens of thousands of

russian prisoners. this was quite astonishing. at the wegner phrase became quite a successful fighting force and was key and the taking of the ukrainian town, for example, didn't happen overnight, but that was on the battlefield. mr prigozhin became increasingly critical, publicly critical of russia's military leadership, particularly the defence minister and the chief of the general staff, blaming them for mistakes on the battlefield, blaming them for the fact that the war in ukraine wasn't going the way the kremlin had planned it. and accusing the ministry of defence of withholding ammunition from wagner to make it difficult, to embarrass prigozhin and the wagner fighters.

he wasn't critical publicly of the president, of vladimir putin. and some people thought for a long time that his criticism of the military leadership was supported, to an extent, privately, by vladimir putin. and that criticising, by criticising senior military officials, well, president putin quite liked that. i thought that was a possibility, until those dramatic events of two months ago exactly when mr prigozhin launched what he called the march ofjustice and called the march ofjustice and called on his troops to march within, to read the country of the current military leadership, and that's when we side the wagner troops march into the city of rostov in southern russia and quite easily take over the city, certainly take over the key military installations

in that city. demanding that the defence minister, the chief of the general staff be removed. and then the following day, those astonishing events where wagner forces continued their march towards moscow. and for several hours, it seemed as if there was no one really stopping them. we didn't see crowds of people coming onto the streets in support of vladimir putin. we didn't see huge crowds coming out to stop them. yes, the closer they got to moscow, there were attempts to dig trenches, to put vehicles in their way. there was a shoot—out, several russian soldiers were killed in this mutiny. and then suddenly towards the end of the day, it was all over. mr prigozhin had marched his troops up

to the top of the hill, then he suddenly marched them down again. adil had been done between prigozhin and the kremlin to and the the mutiny ended. in return, all charges were dropped against mr prigozhin. despite vladimir putin having warned that these people were traders who had stabbed russia in the back and they would be punished, suddenly they would be punished, suddenly they weren't being punished. at mr prigozhin was allowed to go free. according to the deal that was done that was announced, he had to leave russia and moved to belarus, taking with him those wegner fighters who were to remain loyal to him. that was the deal that was announced. it's extraordinary. and if what has been reported today is confirmed, even more extraordinary. so great to have your expertise and analysis. thank you so much, steve rosenberg, joining us.

live now to aric toler, who is the director of training & research at belligncat. thank you so much forjoining us on the programme. i'm sure you have been looking into this. tell us what you are seeing so far. 50 been looking into this. tell us what you are seeing so far.— you are seeing so far. so we know there is a — you are seeing so far. so we know there is a plane — you are seeing so far. so we know there is a plane crash, _ you are seeing so far. so we know there is a plane crash, of - you are seeing so far. so we know there is a plane crash, of course l you are seeing so far. so we know| there is a plane crash, of course in that region, from a flight between st petersburg and moscow which is where prigozhin is based. we know that the plane was owned by prigozhin. we don't know for sure if prigozhin. we don't know for sure if prigozhin is on the plane, but the russian authority has said he was on the passenger list, and it is this mysterious i can find thatjust landed literally ten minutes ago outside of moscow that there are some rumours and unsubstantiated but rumours that prigozhin may have been on the second plane, but we are still waiting to find out. we have received some _ still waiting to find out. we have received some pictures - still waiting to find out. we have received some pictures from - still waiting to find out. we have - received some pictures from reuters reportedly of that crash, but as you say, we cannot verify whether

prigozhin was on that plane. talk us through any situation like this, how do you go about verifying this information? what are some of the pitfalls you have to look for? you have to think— pitfalls you have to look for? ml, have to think about what is actually hard evidence and what is hearsay, for example, we know that a plane crashed. we can see the data, we can see the flight tracking, the gps data, the videos on the ground where you can see part of the tail number of the plane in the wreckage. it's clear this plane crashed in this location. that's obvious. as to who is on the plane, we've got to trust the aviation authority about the passenger list they listed in the work of russian journalists on the ground where trying to reach prigozhin and the people in his inner circle. by all appearances, prigozhin and the people in his inner circle. by allappearances, no one can get a hold of prigozhin right now, some russianjournalists have reported that people close to him or trying to get a hold of him, no one can, he is not picking up the phone. the same thing for other people, including the extensible

head of wagner. prigozhin is the funder and the other is the guy who headsit funder and the other is the guy who heads it up, he is the president. so we kind of separate but you know you know and what you think you know and what you know you don't know, all of that. g what you know you don't know, all of that. �* ., ., ~ ., ~ ., that. a lot of knowing. what you know ou that. a lot of knowing. what you know you know _ that. a lot of knowing. what you know you know and _ that. a lot of knowing. what you know you know and what - that. a lot of knowing. what you know you know and what you - that. a lot of knowing. what you l know you know and what you don't know. very important in a situation like this. if we talk about what we are seeing on social media, you can go on there and find practically anything about this. have you seen anything about this. have you seen anything particularly egregious or that you know is wrong because my car there are lines that we should be very careful this point? we kind of see the image _ be very careful this point? we kind of see the image 17 _ be very careful this point? we kind of see the image 17 trajectory, - be very careful this point? we kind of see the image 17 trajectory, so i of see the image 17 trajectory, so annex 17, for those who don't remember, the malaysian airliner that was shot down over ukraine back in 2014. as we now know from the evidence can that was shut down by russian forces. they thought it was ukrainian flight. we are seeing the same trajectory for some russian propaganda services who are saying

that working for a ukrainian independence day coming up, they did this to celebrate. it makes no sense, ukraine doesn't have the capabilities to shoot down a plane way up in the sky deep inside of russia like this. so it is possible that they will try to pin this on ukrainians can even though there have been quite a few eyewitness accounts that this was likely anti—airfare from a nearby russian base 15 km from the base there we don't know for sure what happened, but most likely based off of eyewitnesses, that was the source of the shoot—out. eyewitnesses, that was the source of the shoot-out— eyewitnesses, that was the source of the shoot-out. thank you very much. very useful- — the shoot-out. thank you very much. very useful. director— the shoot-out. thank you very much. very useful. director of _ the shoot-out. thank you very much. very useful. director of training - very useful. director of training and research at bellingham. thank you very much for sharing your expertise with us. joing me now is dr yuri felshtinsky, head of the modern history department at kharkiv university and a former advisor to the ukrainian foreign office and the author of blowing up russia. thank you forjoining us on the

programme. what is your reaction to the news we are hearing that potentially prigozhin might have been on that plane which crashed? i think it's good news. i don't think you will_ think it's good news. i don't think you will find too many people who would _ you will find too many people who would you — you will find too many people who would you be upset if prigozhin is gone _ would you be upset if prigozhin is gone he — would you be upset if prigozhin is gone. he was killed, whether he was in the _ gone. he was killed, whether he was in the second plane, i would not be surprised _ in the second plane, i would not be surprised if— in the second plane, i would not be surprised if he was using the second plane _ surprised if he was using the second plane but _ surprised if he was using the second plane. but prigozhin was a major operative — plane. but prigozhin was a major operative for the russian government. so he was involved in major— government. so he was involved in major missions, i think wagner is one of— major missions, i think wagner is one of those efforts, where he was in charge — one of those efforts, where he was in charge. and from the moment when putin called _ in charge. and from the moment when putin called ten a trader, it was questionable whether prigozhin would be able _ questionable whether prigozhin would be able to— questionable whether prigozhin would be able to survive the entire story,

because _ be able to survive the entire story, because he — be able to survive the entire story, because he obviously overstepped on the 21st _ because he obviously overstepped on the 21st of— because he obviously overstepped on the 21st ofjune nick, i think that he was _ the 21st ofjune nick, i think that he was doing this under instruction of the _ he was doing this under instruction of the fsp. — he was doing this under instruction of the fsp, and particularly i think it's not— of the fsp, and particularly i think it's not that — of the fsp, and particularly i think it's not that he disobeyed orders, he was _ it's not that he disobeyed orders, he was doing what he was told to deal~ _ he was doing what he was told to deal~ he — he was doing what he was told to deal. he became a major inconvenience for everybody and it is very— inconvenience for everybody and it is very possible that if there was a compromise reached between them on behalf— compromise reached between them on behalf of— compromise reached between them on behalf of the fsp and putin, that, you know. — behalf of the fsp and putin, that, you know, prigozhin taking him away for the _ you know, prigozhin taking him away for the part— you know, prigozhin taking him away for the part of that deal. we know that putin — for the part of that deal. we know that putin had a meeting with prigozhin and his officers, the wagner— prigozhin and his officers, the wagner officers. soon after the 24th ofjune, _ wagner officers. soon after the 24th ofjune, but prigozhin was not arrested — ofjune, but prigozhin was not arrested surprisingly because

prigozhin knows too much. and he would _ prigozhin knows too much. and he would not — prigozhin knows too much. and he would not be allowing people like this what — would not be allowing people like this what is really in a position towards — this what is really in a position towards the president as this would be towards the president as this would he too _ towards the president as this would be too damaging. so that's why i think— be too damaging. so that's why i think his — be too damaging. so that's why i think his days were numbered. we've talked uuite think his days were numbered. we've talked quite a — think his days were numbered. we've talked quite a bit _ think his days were numbered. we've talked quite a bit about _ think his days were numbered. we've talked quite a bit about how - talked quite a bit about how important prigozhin was to vladimir putin into the russian military. what is the ukrainian view of his influence and his impact, especially on the war in ukraine? he influence and his impact, especially on the war in ukraine?— influence and his impact, especially on the war in ukraine? he was a very cruel man- — on the war in ukraine? he was a very cruel man- he _ on the war in ukraine? he was a very cruel man. he was _ on the war in ukraine? he was a very cruel man. he was guilty _ on the war in ukraine? he was a very cruel man. he was guilty of- on the war in ukraine? he was a very cruel man. he was guilty of many - cruel man. he was guilty of many crimes, _ cruel man. he was guilty of many crimes, probably, you know, sooner or later— crimes, probably, you know, sooner or later called inventive tribunal to answer— or later called inventive tribunal to answer those crimes because his wagner— to answer those crimes because his wagner group committed war crimes in ukraine, _ wagner group committed war crimes in ukraine, no— wagner group committed war crimes in ukraine, no question about this. but he was _ ukraine, no question about this. but he was very— ukraine, no question about this. but he was very important, i think, when

with working — he was very important, i think, when with working quietly when he became a politician _ with working quietly when he became a politician slash military leader. this would — a politician slash military leader. this would have called for trouble. again, _ this would have called for trouble. again, from the moment when people started _ again, from the moment when people started to _ again, from the moment when people started to see prigozhin, whether he saw himself the same way is the question. — saw himself the same way is the question, but when people started to see him _ question, but when people started to see him as _ question, but when people started to see him as a politician, some were even _ see him as a politician, some were even saying — see him as a politician, some were even saying that he has ambitions to be president of russia, next president of russia. this became very dangerous for him and, again, i think— very dangerous for him and, again, i think from _ very dangerous for him and, again, i think from that moment, it became clear that _ think from that moment, it became clear that sooner rather than later he will _ clear that sooner rather than later he will and — clear that sooner rather than later he will and there. we will also probably— he will and there. we will also probably see that the russian government well try to pretend that this was— government well try to pretend that this was done by ukrainians because

of prigozhin's activity and military activity— of prigozhin's activity and military activity in — of prigozhin's activity and military activity in ukraine. they definitely will claim — activity in ukraine. they definitely will claim this. i am not sure that too many— will claim this. i am not sure that too many people will believe this story _ too many people will believe this story i_ too many people will believe this story. i think everybody would believe — story. i think everybody would believe that this is done by putting because _ believe that this is done by putting because putin called him a traitor. and we _ because putin called him a traitor. and we know that the people whom putin considers to be trade areas are usually— putin considers to be trade areas are usually killed. we putin considers to be trade areas are usually killed.— putin considers to be trade areas are usually killed. we will leave it there, but thank _ are usually killed. we will leave it there, but thank you _ are usually killed. we will leave it there, but thank you very - are usually killed. we will leave it there, but thank you very much. l are usually killed. we will leave it i there, but thank you very much. the former adviser to the crane for office. thank you. as we continue to report on the reports from russia that the leader of the wagner mercenary group, prigozhin, has been killed in a plane crash. let's speak now to shashankjoshi who is defence editor of the economist magazine.

this is huge news. i'm sure you are covering it. tell us what the top lines out of this are for a year. i think the most important thing is after the meet me or a coup, insurrection that prigozhin launched backin insurrection that prigozhin launched back injune, the most striking thing about this was put in's weakness in dealing with it. he called prigozhin a traitor by implication but he allowed him effectively to go free, apparently free exiled in belarus where he could continue, and of the wagner group. and i think that was a clear sign of his inability or unwillingness to impose authority on someone who had potentially posed the most serious threat to the russian state in over 20 years. i think by consequence, this event today, if it is a deliberate act, and i think there are some reasons to believe so, if it is a deliberate shoot down or destruction of the

plane, i think it indicates effectively putin belatedly reestablishing i was really struck to listen to bill burns, the director of the cia speak last month thinks revenge is a dish best served cold, and putin is the ultimate apostle of payback. we see so many instances of that. he said i would be surprised if prigozhin escapes for their retribution. so i think we have to view today's he in light of that long history of putin �*s ability and commitment to serving vengeance against his perceived enemies. i vengeance against his perceived enemies. . ., vengeance against his perceived enemies. , ., vengeance against his perceived enemies. ., , enemies. i should say, of course, that what we _ enemies. i should say, of course, that what we can _ enemies. i should say, of course, that what we can confirm - enemies. i should say, of course, that what we can confirm at - enemies. i should say, of course, that what we can confirm at this l that what we can confirm at this point is the wagner box was listed as one of the passengers but if you say, if that was the case, talk to us about why we are hearing so many

people say why he was so likely to end up in a situation like this. how has vladimir putin delta before with people who threatened his authority? we are in the uk, the uk perspective commits the russian intelligence services that have attempted to murder a former russian intelligence officer, notjust murdered him, but they used a theatrical very public using a radiological substance. it's beyond any doubt that that was by unit and the russian intelligence services. it was an attempted murder using an extremely rare nerve agent, originally developed by the soviet union. so i can connect with an active vengeance against a perceived enemy vladimir putin and it was

designed to send a signal to all others. of course prigozhin's mutiny was the ultimate act of betrayal as your correspondence of said in africa and then later on in ukraine. this was the ultimate challenge to put in's real i think the weaker he left and the more he encouraged other rivals it's notjust the anniversary of the coup to month sign it's also that day in which a top russian general he was also relieved of, and but there are

coincidences in this there are reasons to be suspicious as well. thank you, defence editor of the economist magazine. of course, we are bringing you all the latest on those reports coming in from russia that the leader of the wagner mercenary group, prigozhin has been killed in a plane crash, this as was mentioned two months after his forces launched that mutiny against the russian military. now, what we can confirm at this point is that prigozhin was indeed listed as a passenger on a private plane which did crash north of moscow. emergency services say that all ten people on board where killed. so at this point we are trying to verify whether indeed mr prigozhin was on board, even though we do know that his name was on the passenger list. let's go live now to

dr sergey radchenko, an historian and professor of international relations at the john hopkins school of advanced international studies. there is a reason that the whole world is interested in this development because this sort of personal relationship between vladimir putin and neck are too played out on the international stage in a hugely significant geopolitical way. stage in a hugely significant ”eooliticalwa . ~ , geopoliticalway. absolutely. putin has a lot of — geopoliticalway. absolutely. putin has a lot of power. _ geopoliticalway. absolutely. putin has a lot of power. it _ geopoliticalway. absolutely. putin has a lot of power. it goes - geopoliticalway. absolutely. putin has a lot of power. it goes after i has a lot of power. it goes after his enemies as other presenters here and commentators have said. when he made the original statements and criticise the minister of defence, that was a moment of great surprise. i thought how could prudent allow this mutiny? i thought to myself how can prudent allow this? this sort of thing is not supposed to happen. he sort of lets prigozhin go free when

prigozhin d escalates and then the knee fizzles out. how can prudent allow that? welcome now we can see what happened. 0f allow that? welcome now we can see what happened. of course, all of this is still unconfirmed is it putin? is it revenge taken by another? i would think prudent of course because that's how the russian system works. the things make sense now. 5m? russian system works. the things make sense now.— russian system works. the things make sense now. stay with us, but i 'ust want make sense now. stay with us, but i just want to — make sense now. stay with us, but i just want to show _ make sense now. stay with us, but i just want to show our _ make sense now. stay with us, but i just want to show our viewers - make sense now. stay with us, but i just want to show our viewers these | just want to show our viewers these first verified live pictures that we are getting, sorry, verified pictures, not live, obviously. verified pictures that we are getting of the crash. now, this has been verified by the bbc, and those are pictures of that plane that crashed. now, prigozhin is listed as a passenger on this private plane. it's not yet confirmed whether or not he was in fact on the plane. those are the first verified picture is that we have been getting of

that. another line to bring injust now as we are hearing from the white house who are saying that president joe biden has been briefed on that reported plane crash in moscow. so, as we are discussing, this is a matter of international concern but just coming back to what you are saying there about how important it is for vladimir putin to maintain this position of strength and how unusual it was that prigozhin seemed to have died ten away with that march on moscow. a previous guest was talking about how for vladimir putin, revenge is a dish served cold. it seems that his method sometimes when it comes to dealing with his detractors are just an important message as what he actually achieves. he important message as what he actually achieves.— important message as what he actually achieves. he is not unique to this. actually achieves. he is not unique to this- among _ actually achieves. he is not unique to this. among other _ actually achieves. he is not unique to this. among other russian - to this. among other russian dictators, josef stalin got rid of

people by shooting down aeroplanes. there has been a story like that before. they key question for me now is what happens in this broader nationalistic community? there is this group of ultra—patriots who actually sympathise with prigozhin who say, yeah, the ministry of defence is corrupt. he was right to call them out, etc, etc. now of course they will have seen their hero die if prigozhin is dead. and what's next? well they say, that was a cowardly act by prudent and the ministry of defence? with that tell us about the stability of the system thatis us about the stability of the system that is still to be seenmake another key question we need to think about is what happens to wagner? prigozhin us in africa for discussing that russia will continue its operations now prigozhin possibly other members have died in this plane crash, what happens to wagner? it's a juicy

asset. in the gangster wars, the gangster would get killed, his turf would be taken over. who takes over thatjuicy would be taken over. who takes over that juicy asset? would be taken over. who takes over thatjuicy asset? that would be taken over. who takes over that juicy asset? that something would be taken over. who takes over thatjuicy asset? that something i would be very interested in observing at this stage. thinking aaain observing at this stage. thinking again about _ observing at this stage. thinking again about the _ observing at this stage. thinking again about the implications - observing at this stage. thinking again about the implications of l observing at this stage. thinking i again about the implications of this within russia, can you just explain to us, for instance, what happens with that support that prigozhin had? because as you mentioned, when he staged that march in moscow, he did appear to have support even amongst the public. amongst the public and also it seemed in the military certainly within the military, wejust military certainly within the military, we just heard that military certainly within the military, we just hear military, we 'ust heard that it's been military, we just heard that it's been dismissed, _ military, we just heard that it's been dismissed, so _ military, we just heard that it's been dismissed, so that - military, we just heard that it's| been dismissed, so that person military, we just heard that it's - been dismissed, so that person who is seemingly supporting prigozhin has been taken out of the picture. but i think a certain resentment in some parts of the russian military will remain, the ministry of defence is not very popular in the russian military and in this conflict

between them, a lot of people actually thought that prigozhin is right. he was right to call him out for this. will this now create new tensions in the russian military establishments? i don't think so. i think there will be press down, what does the future hold for putin and his various power ministries around him? well, we don't know, what we do know is that russia increasingly looks like a gangster state. it's like the gangster wars of the 1990s in russia are now playing out at the highest of power. just in russia are now playing out at the highest of power.— highest of power. just very briefly, how do you — highest of power. just very briefly, how do you think— highest of power. just very briefly, how do you think we _ highest of power. just very briefly, how do you think we are _ highest of power. just very briefly, how do you think we are going - highest of power. just very briefly, how do you think we are going to l how do you think we are going to do, what do you think we are going to hear about this from vladimir putin? probably not much. probably silence or accidents happen or something like that. the russian state is

known for covering up and for lying and for creating all kinds of fake stories when they hear that the ukrainian guerrillas blew it up to him i'm sure that's where the propaganda will make its appearance very quickly. we have to wait and see. we have to wait for real confirmation that he is dead. if he is dead, then i think it will be pretty clear as to who took him out. that is something we will have to wait for confirmation, of course. great to have you on the programme. a historian and professor of international relations at the johns hopkins school of advanced international studies. of course, we are bringing you all began of story every fresh line that we have received, some pictures as we have received, some pictures as we mentioned earlier of the plane falling from the sky. we will bring you that and so much more here on bbc news. all the updates on this

very fast—moving developing story, stay with us here on bbc news. thank you forjoining us. the russian federal agency for transference as the wagner mercenary group says he was on board an aircraft that has crashed in the region in russia. the russian emergency ministry says the aircraft came down near the village. the ministry said thejet came down near the village. the ministry said the jet was flying from moscow to st. petersburg, and that ten people, including three crew members, or on board. the statement says everybody who was on board was killed. joining us joining us now on the line is bbc monitoring russia editor, vitaliy shevchenko. so so much has been happening since the news broke, tells with the latest is.