across an entire year. the last 12 months were the hottest on record. snow is expected in parts of northern england and north wales, which could bring travel disruption. yellow weather warnings are in place across all four nations. pakistan has temporarily suspended mobile services as millions head to the polls to vote in a new government. men who take drugs for erectile dysfunction may reduce their risk of alzheimer's disease, a study suggests. let's start with the story that snow is falling in parts of northern england and wales and it could cause travel disruption. 25 centimetres is forecast in the high ground of the peak district and the southern pennines. nick garnett reports from a gritting centre just

pennines. nick garnett reports from a gritting centrejust outside manchester. monroe isjust a little bit north of manchester. the and 62 is one of the biggest motorways and you see the lorries going past at the moment and they are on their way to the highest point of the motorway network, 372 metres above sea level, and that if the weather is going to hit any motorway network, it will hit any motorway network, it will hit its worst there. this is the gritting station where they try and stop the disruption because the disruption that happens economically is absolutely massive if the motorway network is affected. if you look at the amount of salt that is there aren't great, twice that amount is being put on the roads at this moment by a0 lorries that are looking after gritting the whole of the motorway and arterial route network. the man in charge of it all is simon bain. it is your responsibility, so no pressure on you to be making sure the motorway network stays running. why is it so

important that these roads remain open? important that these roads remain 0 en? ., ., important that these roads remain oen? ., ., ., . ., open? the amount of traffic that uses the road _ open? the amount of traffic that uses the road network, - open? the amount of traffic that uses the road network, we - open? the amount of traffic that uses the road network, we have| open? the amount of traffic that l uses the road network, we have to make sure they are usable 2a/7. we make sure they are usable 24/7. we have used assault on our roads for decades and decades, since cars were invented almost. is it really still the very best way of stopping snow and ice affecting the rows? yes. the very best way of stopping snow and ice affecting the rows?- and ice affecting the rows? yes, it is one of the _ and ice affecting the rows? yes, it is one of the cheapest _ and ice affecting the rows? yes, it is one of the cheapest forms - and ice affecting the rows? yes, it is one of the cheapest forms and l and ice affecting the rows? yes, it| is one of the cheapest forms and it is one of the cheapest forms and it is readily available from quarries underground. it is an indefinite source for the next good few years. and the amount that you have here, how long will that last? that is a huge amount we are looking at. there is about 2600 — huge amount we are looking at. there is about 2600 tonnes _ huge amount we are looking at. there is about 2600 tonnes here _ huge amount we are looking at. ti” is about 2600 tonnes here and that will do about 7a treatments of all the roots. will do about 74 treatments of all the roots. ., ., ., ., ., the roots. you have to look after a hu . e the roots. you have to look after a huge network _ the roots. you have to look after a huge network of _ the roots. you have to look after a huge network of road _ the roots. you have to look after a huge network of road and - the roots. you have to look after a huge network of road and this - the roots. you have to look after a huge network of road and this part of britain is very heavily busy with roads. how many roads do you have to

deal with? we roads. how many roads do you have to deal with? ~ ., , ., roads. how many roads do you have to dealwith? ~ ., , ., ., ., , deal with? we have several motorways like the m 56. — deal with? we have several motorways like the m 56, which _ deal with? we have several motorways like the m 56, which are _ deal with? we have several motorways like the m 56, which are very _ deal with? we have several motorways like the m 56, which are very busy - like the m 56, which are very busy commuter routes. there are also other roads like the a 56 to wales. and every day you deal with 1500 kilometres of roads?— and every day you deal with 1500 kilometres of roads? yes, every day we deal with — kilometres of roads? yes, every day we deal with that. _ kilometres of roads? yes, every day we deal with that. gritters _ kilometres of roads? yes, every day we deal with that. gritters are - kilometres of roads? yes, every day we deal with that. gritters are out . we deal with that. gritters are out at the moment _ we deal with that. gritters are out at the moment doing _ we deal with that. gritters are out at the moment doing their- we deal with that. gritters are out at the moment doing their work. we deal with that. gritters are out l at the moment doing their work and the snow at the moment does not look as if it will affect this area at the moment but it can change rapidly. it the moment but it can change raidl. ., ~ . the moment but it can change raidl. , . ., rapidly. it takes a slight change in temperature. _ rapidly. it takes a slight change in temperature, it _ rapidly. it takes a slight change in temperature, it is _ rapidly. it takes a slight change in temperature, it is precipitation i rapidly. it takes a slight change in temperature, it is precipitation at| temperature, it is precipitation at the moment, but it is forecast of snow and it is a fine line between snow and it is a fine line between snow and it is a fine line between snow and sleet. it snow and it is a fine line between snow and sleet.— snow and sleet. it will be a busy time for you- — snow and sleet. it will be a busy time for you. yes, _ snow and sleet. it will be a busy time for you. yes, it _ snow and sleet. it will be a busy time for you. yes, it will- snow and sleet. it will be a busy time for you. yes, it will be - snow and sleet. it will be a busy. time for you. yes, it will be busy. that will carry _ time for you. yes, it will be busy. that will carry on _ time for you. yes, it will be busy. that will carry on through - time for you. yes, it will be busy. that will carry on through the - time for you. yes, it will be busy. that will carry on through the day| that will carry on through the day and they are here 2a hours a day and 365 days a year, never letting up, always on patrol in case they are absolutely needed to try and sort out the road network of northern england.

breaking news about the suspect in the clapham alkali attack. the news that has come through in the past few minutes is the metropolitan police have said two raids were carried out by armed officers at addresses in newcastle associated with the suspect in the early hours of this morning. the force said it was a joint operation with northumbria police. the addresses included his place of work, but the key thing here is that no arrests were made and inquiries and searches continue. that is the latest from police. to remind you of the background to this. this 35—year—old, who is believed to have carried out an alkali attack by using a corrosive substance on a woman and her two young children in clapham. it was last seen on the

315t clapham. it was last seen on the 31st of january after the attack and the metropolitan police have called on him to hand himself in. they have even offered a reward to try and get more information about his whereabouts. but eight days on there is still no information on where he could be at the moment. as you may have heard earlier, if you are watching earlier, the 31—year—old woman, the victim of the attack, is still in hospital and is sedated and police say she may lose the sight in her right eye as a result of the attack. meanwhile, hertwo young daughters have been discharged and are recovering from their injuries. the met has released range of photos showing his latest known whereabouts, including some of the ones you have seen there from cctv footage. but the latest that has come through in the past couple of minutes is that the metropolitan police have carried out two raids at addresses associated with the suspect early this morning in

newcastle, including his place of work, but no arrests have been made and the search continues. protesters who try to hide their identity, use flares or climb over war memorials could face jail or be fined under new government plans in england and wales. police will be given more powers to arrest but campaigners say it's a further clampdown on democratic rights. 0ur political correspondent hannah miller reports. protesters climbing a war memorial last year. police unable to make arrests, leading to promises within government to act. today, ministers say they will make this kind of behaviour illegal, carrying a three—month sentence and a £1000 fine. among the other measures to be announced today, fines for protesters carrying flares or fireworks. and those using face coverings could be arrested if they fail to remove them when asked, as ministers claim they are being used by demonstrators

to avoid being identified. campaigners say it is an attack on their rights, the third time the government has cracked down on demonstrations in the past three years. we really have to think about balance and the trend that we have seen over the last three years of ever—decreasing thresholds for committing offences at protests, ever—increasing sentences. we are seeing people go to prison for years and years for protesting, for peacefully protesting. and we really need to think about the role of protest in this country and understand it as a fundamental and essential part of our democracy. ministers point to these arrests ofjust stop 0il campaigners as a sign that recently announced laws are working. and say today's fresh announcement will help to fill in the gaps. but where some may see a welcome promise of an end to disruption, others fear an end to one of their long—standing rights. hannah miller, bbc news, westminster.

let's go back to the news that for the first time, global warming has exceeded 1.5c across an entire year. world leaders promised in 2015 to try to limit the long—term temperature rise to 1.5c, which is seen as crucial to help avoid the most damaging impacts. the latest figures come from the eu's climate service copernicus. earlier i spoke to asher minns from the tyndall centre for climate change research at the university of east anglia. i asked him whether the news of the 1.5 degrees increase was to be expected. yes, the research community, the scientific community did. we know there is no such thing as natural weather any more, that is a thing of the because of the huge human footprint we have on the planet now and global warming and deforestation. so we know that we

have had 1.1 degrees of warming already. this past year and the el nino effect, and the warming of the oceans adds an extra layer onto the warming that we know is happening already. so, yes, we did expect it, but we are always hopeful. what but we are always hopeful. what needs to be _ but we are always hopeful. what needs to be done _ but we are always hopeful. what needs to be done to _ but we are always hopeful. what needs to be done to bring - but we are always hopeful. what needs to be done to bring things back from the brink? does this suggest the effort so far are not really doing what they need to be doing? really doing what they need to be doinr ? . really doing what they need to be doinu? . , really doing what they need to be doing? yes, absolutely. global efforts to reduce _ doing? yes, absolutely. global efforts to reduce carbon - doing? yes, absolutely. global| efforts to reduce carbon dioxide doing? yes, absolutely. global- efforts to reduce carbon dioxide and fossilfuels are not efforts to reduce carbon dioxide and fossil fuels are not achieving what it is they are supposed to be achieving, especially if there is a 1.5 degrees target from the paris agreement. it is rapid, rapid decarbonisation this decade, so stopping putting fossil fuels decarbonisation this decade, so stopping putting fossilfuels into the atmosphere in the way that we

burn them for our energy and transport and deforestation and changes of crops, so that is absolutely key. we also have to be thinking about adapting to the impact of climate change. so it is about the extreme weather, the floods, droughts, heat waves. we have had a year like this in the uk and certainly we have had this in norfolk with lots of flooding and you can see the coastal erosion. and so it is adapting and reducing the risks of what we know is happening with global warming, so rapid decarbonisation, but let's make our society and infrastructure more resilient to these extreme weather impacts. it resilient to these extreme weather im acts. ., , ., ., ., impacts. it would be good to get our impacts. it would be good to get your questions — impacts. it would be good to get your questions on _ impacts. it would be good to get your questions on this _ impacts. it would be good to get your questions on this subject. l impacts. it would be good to getj your questions on this subject. if your questions on this subject. if you have anything you want to know about the warming climate, what it means, for example, then put your

questions to ask. coming up at half past 12 we will be joined by a panel of experts to answer your questions live on that panel includes the vice chair of the un intergovernmental panel on climate change. you can get in touch with us. it is on the screen at the moment. two by—elections are taking place next week, both in seats vacated by a sitting conservative mp. yesterday we looked at wellingborough and today we're looking at kingswood, near bristol. last month the sitting mp, conservative chris skidmore, quit the commons in protest at the government s energy plans. 0ur political correspondent iain watson has been speaking to voters. at thejojingles babies and toddlers group in the emersons green village hall, when parents say it's time for a change, they're usually talking about nappies. but with a by—election a week away, today, they're talking politics. cost of living, to be honest. bills are just rocketing.

it's quite frightening, actually, how much mortgages are going up, council tax. you know, something that's got to be done, i think. it's time for a new government. the heating, the bills. that's crazy — that's another crazy one. obviously, something's not been working before, so something's got to change. it's a struggle, - really, for everybody. time for change, i think. politics can be precarious. the conservatives have a majority of more than 11,000 here in kingswood, but labour has overturned bigger margins in recent by—elections. they hope that any desire for change can build support for them, but some voters are having difficulty choosing their political colours. there's a big push on health care, at the moment. i think everyone's aware that the nhs is kind of in crisis. i'm a nurse myself. have you made up your mind about how you would vote next week? that's something that i probably need to look into a little bit more. the former mp has now gone and his constituency won't be far behind — come the general election, because of boundary changes,

this seat will be split three ways and cease to exist. but the by—election has given kingswood one last hurrah and an opportunity for some voters to focus relentlessly on local issues. people campaigning here. even in their front gardens. yes, yeah. there's huge support in the local area for the campaign. the hanham district green belt conservation society isn't aligned with any political party. just over here, you can see one of the fields where they're looking to develop — full of sheep. they oppose what they see as a potential threat to green—belt land from the labour and liberal democrat—controlled local council. and they believe the by—election has given them a chance to pile on the pressure. it's going to change the whole character of the area. i don't think houses should be built on green—belt land. other alternatives should be looked at first. both the conservative and green party candidates have seized on this issue. labour and the lib dems are campaigning on the state

of the nhs and cost of living. but local issues can be important at by—elections. i'm willing to focus on local issues with this particular vote. whereas normally in a general election, i would look at the wider picture. politics is an art, not a science. perception matters. the labour candidate grew up in the area, but moved to london, so the conservative campaign insists he's not local. here at the palettes art club in cadbury heath, some of the amateur artists had different perspectives. you don't select a candidate for bristol who lives in london. they've probably been away from this area for many, many years. they don't understand the situation. he went to our local school — the same school as my children went to. he grew up here. he moved away for his job and he's moved back. reform uk, formerly known as the brexit party and ukip, are both hoping that some wavering voters will be receptive to their messages on controlling immigration. i think the balance - of the country is gone.

in what way? immigration. i think there's got to be a stop to it. too many people here now and it's affecting all our nhs and housing. with just one exception, in the past 50 years, the party that won kingswood also won the general election. so next week's result here might reflect the national political mood. iain watson, bbc news, kingswood. you can see a full list of all the candidates standing in kingswood next thursday. just visit the bbc news website. men who take drugs for erectile dysfunction, such as viagra, may reduce their risk of alzheimer's disease, a study suggests. research found that those taking the drugs were 18% less likely to develop the dementia—causing condition. but more research is needed to prove that the drugs are causing the effect.

i spoke to professor tara aspires jones from the uk dementia research institute. . ., . jones from the uk dementia research institute. , ., , ., , , _ institute. this was a study run by scientists at _ institute. this was a study run by scientists at university _ institute. this was a study run by scientists at university college i scientists at university college london and they looked at 250,000 men roughly, a few more, and all of these men had been diagnosed with erectile dysfunction and half of them were prescribed drugs like viagra. then they followed them up over time and looked at how many of those people developed dementia and about 18% less people who are taking the drug developed dementia than those who were not. it is a great result, but as you mention, it is not a guarantee that it is the drug having the effect. i not a guarantee that it is the drug having the effect.— having the effect. i was going to ask what more _ having the effect. i was going to ask what more needs _ having the effect. i was going to ask what more needs doing - having the effect. i was going to ask what more needs doing to i ask what more needs doing to conclusively establish that link? this conclusively establish that link? is the conclusively establish that link? sis the authors point out, one of the things that would be important to conclusively establish this would be a randomised control trial involving

both men and women and approximately half of them would get the drug and half of them would get the drug and half a placebo, and then you would be able to know whether there is a difference in the amount of people who get dementia. another confounding factor could be other risks for dementia, like socialisation. it could be that the man taking the drug had less social isolation. . . , man taking the drug had less social isolation. , , , ., isolation. this study looks at the im act on isolation. this study looks at the impact on men. _ isolation. this study looks at the impact on men, for _ isolation. this study looks at the impact on men, for obvious - isolation. this study looks at the - impact on men, for obvious reasons. is there work being done to focus research on women?— is there work being done to focus research on women? absolutely. women are more likely — research on women? absolutely. women are more likely to — research on women? absolutely. women are more likely to have _ research on women? absolutely. women are more likely to have alzheimer's - are more likely to have alzheimer's than man and they are also more likely to be caregivers, so there is a large impact. we don't fully understand why there is a sex difference, but there is a lot of active research in that area. this type of drug could be used in women as well, it is notjust proof or erectile dysfunction, it is used for hypertension. so this could work. we have seen big strides in research into preventing alzheimer's over the

past few years. how close do you think we are to actually finding a cure? ., �* . think we are to actually finding a cure? ., �* , ., think we are to actually finding a cure? ., �*, ., ,., cure? that's the million pound ruestion cure? that's the million pound question or — cure? that's the million pound question or the _ cure? that's the million pound question or the £50 _ cure? that's the million pound question or the £50 million - question or the £50 million question. we have now in the field two drugs that have been approved in the us that can slow disease progression and it has only been approved in the last couple of years, and it shows proof of principle that scientists and medical doctors can do this, we can treat dementia, we can meaningfully either prevent or treat people who have these devastating diseases. when it is harder to know. it will be a gradual step up from here and we have a few things that can help a bit, but they are expensive. these can get better and better and hopefully in about five or ten years we will have things that will be hopefully much more effective. izierr; hopefully much more effective. very briefl , hopefully much more effective. very briefly. what — hopefully much more effective. very briefly, what more _ hopefully much more effective. very briefly, what more is _ hopefully much more effective. very briefly, what more is needed to ensure the right level of research and investment in order to get to that point?— that point? thank you for that ruestion that point? thank you for that question because _ that point? thank you for that question because research - that point? thank you for that - question because research works. we know this from things like cancer and hiv and covid that if we have

research and smart people, it works. everyone can do their best to look after themselves and you can vote for politicians who will fund us and you can look after charities like alzheimer's society and help us in that way. alzheimer's society and help us in that wa . ., ,., alzheimer's society and help us in thatwa . ., , , that way. one final point, because it has been — that way. one final point, because it has been really _ that way. one final point, because it has been really good _ that way. one final point, because it has been really good to - that way. one final point, because it has been really good to get - that way. one final point, because | it has been really good to get some positive information and encouraging information, for people who are watching at home and who are concerned because either they are a carer for someone with alzheimer's or they have loved ones or they are concerned about themselves, what is your advice for them? the concerned about themselves, what is your advice for them?— your advice for them? the best advice we _ your advice for them? the best advice we can _ your advice for them? the best advice we can give _ your advice for them? the best advice we can give at _ your advice for them? the best advice we can give at the - your advice for them? the best l advice we can give at the minute your advice for them? the best - advice we can give at the minute is advice we can give at the minute is a look after yourself. generally what is good for your heart is good for your what is good for your heart is good foryour brain, so what is good for your heart is good for your brain, so exercising, keeping well, keeping socially stimulated, treat your hearing, hearing aids, because that keeps your brain engaged and anything that keeps your brain engaged will help protect your brain from diseases like dementia.

you don't need to tell me that it has been a pretty stormy week across the uk. seals often need help before they can be released into the wild. corn seal hospital has seen an increase in the number of pubs needing care and john maguire has been to see the work they do. so, lizzie, ithink you actually were on the beach with this one last night. yeah, this one was called at the far end of penhale. so pitch black. you can get him with a torch. and as you can see, he's very dark himself. the thing that i could see with the torch, there was definitely something wrong with his right eye. like any hospital, the day here at the cornwall seal hospital starts with ward rounds. and for the head vet, the first chance to examine a patient who was rescued and brought in last night.

i'm having a listen to the lungs, and his breathing is nice and relaxed. like the storms that so often are the seal pups�* main threat, they�* re given names. the current theme is dogs. and so this is dingo. honking. the fact that he's so vociferous is a good sign. he has enough energy to complain and doesn't of course realise that the staff here are saving his life. we're kind of doing that intensive care period where they need a lot of veterinary attention each day and they need help feeding themselves as well. so initially, they will be rehydrated with fluids for the first sort of 2a to 36 hours and then we'll focus on starting to get some fish introduced to them and try and get them eating fish on their own as quickly as possible. being a seal pup is tough. they only stay with their mothers for three weeks after birth and at that point should weigh more than 30 kilos. all the patients here are underweight and struggled to fend for themselves in the winter seas. so then the last one that we have is jack russell, who came in yesterday from newquay town. lizzie started out by caring for the rescued pups in her garage, but now the operation has expanded

into this purpose—built hospital in somercotes, near newquay, where they are busier than ever before. so loads of challenges. so predominantly things like climate change causing more storms at the time that seal pups are really small and having to learn how to make their way in the world. they have to fight against swell. they become malnourished, dehydrated, bashed up against rocks. so that's a big issue that's human—caused. disturbance. people getting way too close to these animals could cause things like separation between mums and pups. and then we have things like entanglement issues with things like ghost fishing nets, which can cause a huge hazard to these animals. and this is an example of that abandoned fishing gear. ghost gear, as it's known. 11 metres long and obviously hazardous. this is actually the largest piece of net we've taken off a live seal in the charity. this was a couple of years ago near st ives. what happens? the flippers get stuck in there? so the seal, this is an old piece of gear. it has got holes in it in places where the net has actually already been damaged from being dashed on rocks in storms.

and the seal had managed to get its head through there, but luckily it was found before any real damage had been done. but this pup only weighs 13 kilos. remember, three weeks old, once they've left their mother, they should be something like 30 or a0 kilos. you can tell that he's undernourished because of the folds in his skin. if he was up to weight, he'd look like a blimp. but as you can see, he really is underfed. all right, then. all right. thank you. this time of year, they receive up to 20 calls a day. are you alright to do that? yeah. so we going right now? so apparently down the stairs, they said, but imagine steps. 0k. and on the right. so lizzie's just had a call about a pup that's on one of the beaches on the north cornwall coast. so we're just going to go and see if it needs rescuing. it may not, it may be in good enough condition, but the people who called in thought that it was vulnerable. so we'll see what happens. no, no sign? maybe it's not there.

there's one in the water. the pup looks like it's quite awake and alert when it's looking back out at us. it means it's either been disturbed by people or it may have just gone back out of its own accord. but yeah, we like to see them out in the wild and quite often when we come out on call outs, that happens. it's obviously gone out... and it's probably quite happy. fingers crossed. yeah, fingers crossed. we better have that outcome than bring them into us. and they'll probably be happier if we get off the beach. i think so. i think so, yeah. so a positive outcome. and just as well as this is already a record year for rescues and welfare centres are full. so the best thing for pups is for them to be fit, fat and happily fishing in the sea. john maguire, bbc news, cornwall. they are the cutest animals. i want to show you live images from iceland, have a look. they are

spectacular images. this is a volcano in south—west iceland and it has erupted. it is the third volcanic eruption since december. you can see fountains of lava spewing from the fissure. a little while ago there was a digger digging some of the ground up there. what the are trying to do is to create channels to help divert the burning lava flows away from homes and critical infrastructure. so that is what was happening a little bit earlier and the digger has moved away now. this is what you are seeing live now. to give you a bit of context, the previous eruption started on the 1ath of january and lasted a couple of days and the lava flows reached the outskirts of a fishing town nearby and a000 inhabitants there had to be evacuated and some of the houses were set alight. it is not immediately clear at the moment how that fishing town is going to be affected by this latest outbreak happening today. the icelandic

authorities in november started building the bikes and channels to help divert the lava flows away. despite downgrading the book volcanic eruptions, they have downgraded it. what is interesting as you can actually watch this live on the bbc web page. there is a live feed of the icelandic volcano spewing out fountains of molten rock. you might find it soothing, you might find it a bit strange. but either way you can see the live images coming from iceland. it is spectacular footage. that is the scene live in iceland which you can watch on the bbc news website as well. conservationists say the

population of the endangered monarch butterfly has plummeted by more than 60% over a year at their wintering sites in mexico and they blame climate change and the use of herbicides killing the plant they feed on as caterpillars. the large butterflies featuring distinctive black and orange patterns travel more than four—thousand kilometres from canada to mexico's forests in winter before returning. wildlife officials say logging is also presenting a huge threat to their habitat. just to remind you, you can watch the iceland icelandic volcano live on the bbc news website. it is almost like a real—life version of a lava lamp. we will have updates for you on that story and all of the rest of the day's news for you, so stay with us here on bbc news.

live from london, this is bbc news. for the first time, global warming has exceeded 1.5 degrees celsius across an entire year. the last 12 months were

the hottest on record. labour is ditching its policy of spending £28 billion a year on its green investment plan in a major u—turn. two people are killed in a blast near polling station in southwest pakistan, as millions head to vote—in a new government. 0ne one of the first things we noticed was that pretty much on the dot at 8am, our internet was cut and we could not make any phone calls. a volcano in south—west iceland erupts for the second time this year. hello, i'm luxmy gopal.

is the planet warming faster than we thought,