this is bbc news. the headlines. reparations for slavery — the bbc understands several countries will defy the uk at the commonwealth summit in samoa. on track for catastrophe — the un warns we're missing the targets for tackling global warming. families of footballers who died from head injury trauma urge uk to mandate brain disease tests for contact sports players. ..marry like royals! balmoral estate plans to become a for—hire wedding venue. hello from the bbc sport centre. 13 wickets fell on the first day of the final test in rawalpindi

between pakistan and england. england won the toss and chose to bat first but were bowled out for 267, every batter falling to spin it it could have been a lot worse without a half century from opener ben duckett and barnstorming 89 from jamie smith that included six sixes in a century partnership with gus atkinson. joe root, ben stokes, ollie pope and harry brook all went cheaply. sajid khan took six wickets. pakistan closed on 73—3, so that england score doesn't seem so bad. i think it's a decent score, especially from the position we were in. anytime you are batting first, you have the luxury of the best conditions, no doubt about that, so it will be a tough first hour in the morning where we will look to take as many wickets as possible and we could get to a point where the first innings is crucial. another really busy night of european football coming up, with europa league and uefa conference league matches, manchester united are still waiting for their first win and are unlikely to get an easy ride in istanbul against

fenerbahce and their former managerjose mourinho. when you don't win games, then the criticism is coming, but at the criticism is coming, but at the end of the day also, it is about how you are at the end of the year and jose mourinho will lead his team to his best form and they will be successful and thatis and they will be successful and that is what we will be. and we follow the right path and we will achieve what our targets are. tottenham have won both their games in the europa league so far and host dutch side az alkmaar later. spurs didn't play in europe last season and are determined to give a good account of themselves. our ambitions are to do well in this competition, and where that takes us is kind of secondary to us trying to do well in the europa league.

we missed europe last year as a club comic when you are in there it is important you make an impact, so that is where the ambitions lie. lots of other matches on thursday, roma will meet dynamo kyiv — both sides looking for theirfirst win. olympique lyonnais will look to maintain their 100 percent record against besiktas, so too, lazio at twente, and rangers face fcsb in glasgow, the romanians have also won their first two matches world number nine daria kasatkina is through the quarter—finals at the pan pacific open in tokyo. she won the ningbo open last weekend and came from a set down to overcome the usa's mccartney kessler in three sets. she will now face sofia kenin in the quarterfinals

katie boulter is also through — the british number one beat the japanese lucky loser kyoka okamura in straight sets. she will now face canadian bianca andreescu, in her first quarter—final on tour since eastbourne in june. jack draper is through to the quarterfinals of the vienna open. he beat luciano darderi in straight sets. draper, who is trying to win a second atp title this year, raced past italian world no 42 luciano darderi 7—5, 6—1 in 76 minutes. he could meet third seed grigor dimitrov in the quarter—finals tua tungavailoa has practiced for the first time since suffering another concussion in the nfl in september. the miami dolphins quarterback has met with numerous medical experts who specialize in brain and head injuries

since being diagnosed with the third concussion of his career. the experts have deemed it safe for him to return to football and the dolphins are hoping for him to play on sunday against arizona. a couple of hours away from the first kickoffs in the european matches across europe. keep across them on the bbc sport website, but for now, that's it from me. ollie was mentioning head injuries in sport there. families of footballers who died from chronic traumatic encepholopathy have written an open letter to the uk government, saying it should be compulsory for anyone who s played contact sport to be checked for the disease when they die. cte is linked to repetitive head trauma and can cause mood changes and aggression. our sports correspondent natalie pirks has been speaking to some of the widows affected. kevin bird was a mansfield town legend. a no—nonsense defender who played for the stags a50 times.

loved, loved football. thought he was a really lucky man to play football for a living. 12 years ago, sue started to notice changes in her husband. diagnosed with alzheimer's and depression, he'd gone from a loving granddad... come to mummy, come to mummy. ..to snappy and aggressive. it all came to a head on new year's eve in 2019, when kevin attacked sue — but couldn't remember. i said to him, i've got to go to a&e, you'll have to come with me. i sat him on a chair and i went to the desk... sorry... ..i said, "my husband's got dementia and he's attacked me and i don't know what to do." and they sectioned him. and i thought they'd give him something to calm him down, and he'd come home. but he never came home after that. when kevin died last year, sue had his brain examined. she believes the results

were unequivocal. heading the ball. football. the game he loved killed him. this is one of those sections we've examined from kevin's brain and you can see the level of damage that there is here in the brain. professor willie stewart is a consultant neuropathologist at the university of glasgow. all this brown material that you see on the screen shouldn't be there. these brown splotches are cte — chronic traumatic encephalopathy. it's a form of dementia, likely caused by repetitive head impacts and it can only conclusively be proven after death. both dr stewart and the fa's own studies show footballers are three and a half times more likely to develop neurodegenerative diseases than the average population. all our attempts to try and find other reasons fail. we keep coming back to it is something to do with the sport. it is repetitive head impact. the english fa is phasing out deliberate heading for under—iis over the next three seasons and says it's continuing to take a leading role in reviewing and improving the safety of the game, including investing in multiple

projects to research the issue. i'm absolutely certain that it's a ticking time bomb. but the woman behind the head safe football charity believes education for the next generation is lacking. judith gates' husband, bill, played for middlesbrough. he never headed a ball again after retiring with terrible migraines the day before his 30th birthday, yet died with cte last year. cte is brutal. i would like to have a national slogan that says "think head safe, reduce heading in training." i hope that bill's legacy from ourjourney will be saving every kid who plays football in a cobbled back street. drjudith gates is the chair and founder of head safe football and widow of former middlesbrough footballer bill gates, who inspired the campaign highlighting links

between heading footballs and dementia. thank you so much for being with us live on bbc news. tell us what more you think needs to be done on this issue.— be done on this issue. thank ou be done on this issue. thank you very _ be done on this issue. thank you very much _ be done on this issue. thank you very much for _ be done on this issue. thankj you very much for having me be done on this issue. thank. you very much for having me on the programme. what more needs to be done on the issue is i am very supportive of the families who have written the open letter asking for autopsies and diagnoses of all players who have died as a result, we assume are repetitive head impacts and those autopsies would give proof and would be very valuable in terms of demonstrating the link between repetitive head impacts and cte, so i'm extremely supportive of that. as a family we embarked on opening up an

inquest following bill's death because his pathology report was very different from his death certificate so i understand otherfamilies death certificate so i understand other families want to go down the same journey because essentially all we want to know is the truth and we want to know what these players died from and we want to know any causation. the other things that are absolutely necessary are dashes education so act head safe we have embarked on an education program with trailblazers and grassroots players at all levels where we encourage them to think head safe and reduce heading in training and we are educating us to the reasons why. and from that education we certainly hope that every player, every coachin hope that every player, every coach in recognising the science behind the director from the football association will take personal responsibility to safeguard the players of today and tomorrow.

to be clear, you want to reduce heading in training but not ban it completely from the sport? absolutely. we are often asked if we are in favour of banning heading and we know that head impacts are dangerous and we do not know what level if any of head impacts are safe but equally we know that by reducing heading in training we will make the game safer. we obviously recognise the majority of headers occur in training. my husband headed the ball a hundred times a day as a strong centre back in training and if we make that reduction, we plan to be, hope to be a pass on the dash along the pathway safe again. we 'ust heard on i pathway safe again. we 'ust heard on the i pathway safe again. we 'ust heard on the report i pathway safe again. we just heard on the report about . heard on the report about action to stop under 11 is in england heading the ball. is this an age issue? is it more

dangerous for younger people up to a certain age? the dangerous for younger people up to a certain age?— to a certain age? the science is still currently _ to a certain age? the science is still currently quite - to a certain age? the science is still currently quite quiet i is still currently quite quiet on the danger of age. we know young brains have a particular vulnerability, but eagerly what the science tells us is it's the science tells us is it's the number of impacts over a period of time and the intensity of the impacts. so equally, just as we wish to protect young players, we recognise players playing at the age of in their 20s should be reducing the amount of headers they have in order to protect their brains for the future. we obviously very much know that this also affects amateur players so it's a wise perspective to say i only have one brain, let me reduce headers in order to safeguard my brain. headers in order to safeguard my brain-— headers in order to safeguard m brain. ., , ., ~ my brain. doctor gates, thank ou for my brain. doctor gates, thank you for being _ my brain. doctor gates, thank you for being with _ my brain. doctor gates, thank you for being with us - my brain. doctor gates, thank you for being with us and - you for being with us and condolences from all of us on

the loss of your husband. thank you for talking to us on bbc news. . ~ , ., you for talking to us on bbc news. . ~ i., . you for talking to us on bbc news. . ~ . �*y turkey's interior minister says it has established that the two people who were killed as they attacked a state—owned arms company near ankara were members of the kurdish militant group the pkk. no group has yet claimed responsibility for the attack in which a total of five people were killed and more than 20 injured. the turkish government has responded. it says its armed forces have hit sites in iraq and syria linked to the pkk, destroying a total of 32 targets. let's look now at how the attack on wednesday in ankara unfolded with nick eardley from bbc verify. the turkish government says terrorists were responsible for an attack on turkish aerospace industries, a major defence companyjust outside the capital, ankara. it manufactures drones and jets, among other things, for both military and commercial use. there's a lot of footage online of what happened. here's what we verified

and what we know so far. this appears to be the moment the attack began. you can see two people emerging from a yellow taxi. they are heavily armed. others run away as they emerge from the car. at least one person falls to the ground. we've verified that this took place here. here's another video we've looked at. you can see a large explosion. this has been filmed just beside the tie complex in a car park. this has been filmed just beside the tae complex in a car park. we've circled where you can see someone heavily armed. this video isn't clear enough to be sure, but it looks like it could be one of the gunmen. let's look at more verified footage. we can see two attackers, one man and one woman, approaching an entrance to the complex. they're taking their time, seemingly scoping out the area. we've blurred out some of the footage because there's at least one body on the floor, and what appears to be another person crawling on the ground. if we then go inside, here's a closer—up picture of one of the attackers,

the man. he's wearing the same dark clothing, and has a rucksack and an assault rifle. one final video to show you of turkish military arriving at the scene to respond to the attack. the government has said two attackers were killed. this is the aftermath of the same entrance we saw earlier. turkish authorities say at least five people were killed and many more were injured after the attack. were killed and many more were injured. after the attack, turkey launched strikes on kurdish separatists the pkk, is seen as a terrorist group by turkey and some other countries, and has been fighting the turkish state for a0 years. joining me now is our security correspondent frank gardner. a dramatic attack. talk us through the fallout from it and the significance of it. it seems to have taken the turkish authorities completed by surprise. the intermittent struggle between the pkk, and

outlawed terrorist group prescribed by the uk, the us, nato, other countries, has been going on since 1984 but recently there was talk of a ceasefire so the pkk has been pushing for greater rights for turkey's kurdish minority but ultimately for an independent state and they have bases across the border in syria and iraq. and those were the ones that were attacked and turkey has recently said that they have attacked 47 of those bases. there is an awkward dynamic here which is this, that the kurdish authorities, sorry, the syrian kurds, are the us and nato's best ally for them not researching in the middle east and there is something called the y pg and the stf, these acronyms

basically refer to syrian and kurdish groups that guard cams that are holding islamic state prisoners including men and women and some very dangerous people, and places in the camp in north—east syria but they are coming under attack from turkey in nato countries. frank, thank you for the analysis, our security correspondent. around the world and across the uk, this is bbc news. we will see you in a minute.

research suggests that as the arctic warms, polar bears face a growing risk of contracting viruses, bacteria and parasites which they were less likely to encounterjust 30 years ago. scientists have been examining recent blood samples collected from wild polar bears and compared them with samples from the same part of the arctic which were taken in the late 1980s

and early 1990s. they found that significantly more of the recent blood samples contained indications that the animals had suffered from infections. joining me now is the lead author of this study, research wildlife biologist with the alaska science center, dr karyn rode, who's been studying polar bears since 2006. this research is quite alarming. this research is quite alarming-— this research is quite alarming. this research is quite alarmin. , . alarming. yes, we saw increases that were _ alarming. yes, we saw increases that were higher _ alarming. yes, we saw increases that were higher than _ alarming. yes, we saw increases that were higher than seen - alarming. yes, we saw increases that were higher than seen in - that were higher than seen in other parts of the arctic in terms of the proportion of areas exposed to different pathogens. so areas exposed to different pathogens-_ areas exposed to different pathogens. so what sort of results have _ pathogens. so what sort of results have you _ pathogens. so what sort of results have you found? i pathogens. so what sort of i results have you found? talk pathogens. so what sort of - results have you found? talk us through some of the details. we looked at through some of the details. - looked at six different pathogens and specifically what we were looking at is antibodies and polar bear serum which indicates whether they were exposed to the pathogen

and then comparing between the two time periods we saw increases in five of the six we looked at and some of them were more than doubling over time, so twice as many bears exposed to the pathogens than in the past and those changes appear to be associated with increased land use by polar bears but also changes in the exposure of their prey that then gets transmitted up the food chain. it sounds like the whole arctic eats —— ecosystem is changing and changing for the worse as far as the bears are concerned. yeah, i think it's important to note this this population seems to be a healthy population overall, so the population is not declining, so we don't think that the pathogens and causing disease in polar bear, which is hard to detect and, in

some areas we know the population is healthy and top of the arctic food chain. these are the key changes across species across the arctic. presumably this is something that will keep getting worse and worse as a problem as climate change continues and global warming increases? this globalwarming increases? this is evidence _ globalwarming increases? this is evidence not _ globalwarming increases? this is evidence not only _ global warming increases? ti 3 is evidence not only of the population but in other populations that exposure is changing and the question is, what is the impact of the exposure and there is a need for increased surveillance of exposure to arctic environments and it is the distribution of these pathogens.- and it is the distribution of these pathogens. were you surprised — these pathogens. were you surprised by _ these pathogens. were you surprised by the _ these pathogens. were you surprised by the results - these pathogens. were you surprised by the results of. surprised by the results of your research? i surprised by the results of

your research?— surprised by the results of your research? i think seeing, havin: your research? i think seeing, having known _ your research? i think seeing, having known to _ your research? i think seeing, having known to other- having known to other populations had seen increases in pathogen exposure to some degree we thought that would probably be the case. certainly the changes were higher than we expected but it is consistent with previous research in other populations. with previous research in other populations-— populations. thank you very much indeed _ populations. thank you very much indeed for _ populations. thank you very much indeed for being - populations. thank you very much indeed for being with | populations. thank you very i much indeed for being with us. with that alarming evidence, really about polar bears in the arctic and research wildlife biologist with the alaska science centre.— biologist with the alaska science centre. we are going to talk about weddings in bowel moral.

—— balmoral. what is the latest on this? -- balmoral. what is the latest on this? ., , -- balmoral. what is the latest on this? , on this? lengden three has been used as a holiday _ on this? lengden three has been used as a holiday home - on this? lengden three has been used as a holiday home by - on this? lengden three has been used as a holiday home by the i used as a holiday home by the royal family since the late 19th century and where the late queen