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climate change is bringing droughts and floods around the world, but in many countries it's doing something else as well... ..acting as a kind of chaos multiplier. i'm in somalia, one of the most dangerous countries in the world, to report on how climate change is making conflict in places like this even worse. when drought hits, people begin to fight for access to food and water. translation: they stay back when they see my gun. - somalia didn't cause somalia didn't cause the problem. the problem. the entire country has emitted the entire country has emitted as much carbon dioxide as much carbon dioxide since the 1950s as americans since the 1950s as americans have in — wait for it — have in — wait for it — the last three days. the last three days. but somalia is beginning but somalia is beginning to help itself — investing to help itself — investing in new technology. in new technology. starting new businesses. starting new businesses.

translation: | buy food from the shop. | i cook it and i keep the profit. there is hope. there is a whole narrative in the country that's called somalia rising. so what will it take to lift somalia out of the vicious cycle of climate and conflict?

of the team, we've got to bring along some pretty serious security. somalia is the only country in the world where the international red cross travels with armed guards as standard. we are headed out into the wild scrub that covers much of the country to meet a community who are right on the front line of climate change. somalia is still overwhelmingly an agricultural society. some two—thirds of the people here depend on farming. about half the population earns about half the population earns its living by herding animals. its living by herding animals. translation: when i had many translation: when i had many camels, we would walk very far. | camels, we would walk very far. | a nomadic camel herder. i would take them to places i would take them to places with good pasture where with good pasture where they could flourish. they could flourish.

sheikh don ismail used to be sheikh don ismail used to be a nomadic camel herder. they sing the herders sing traditional songs to soothe the animals as they scoop water into the camels' trough. the climate has always been harsh and variable here, but for thousands of years, people have been able to eke out a living by moving their animals from one pasture to the next in these dry lands. but the patterns of rain that make that possible seem to be breaking down. translation: we used to have a good life, -

the well became dry and there was no pasture. and then the animals began to die. scientists estimate human—caused climate change made the recent drought in somalia 100 times more likely. i'm amazed at how productive it is. sheik don was lucky — he has a small farm, but it wasn't enough. translation: we planted maize and grass. - i cut it and fed it to the animals. but then the wells became shallow, and there just wasn't enough food. sheik don lost all his camels. he says there isn't enough food for the family now. translation: most of us don't have water, so the life we live l now is really bad. really bad.

tensions have risen in the community, he says. when drought hits, herders compete to get pasture and for water. they sometimes invade farms to feed their animals, and it can get violent. translation: there's no respect if you don't have a gun. _ the herders who lead their animals into the farm stay back when they see my weapon. they get scared of you. these localised disputes can rapidly spiral into full—blown battles, and not just in somalia. these fights for access to resources are a key driver intensifying conflicts across the whole of north africa, says the head of the international red cross in the region. access to boreholes, access to pasture land are more and more difficult to find or to get, and so population living in similarareas might end up fighting, competing for those resources. and sometimes it goes to people shooting at each other.

somalia is on the east coast of africa. its population is split into a series of clan groups, which are a key source of identity for somali people. newsreel: and now to - british somaliland, a company of the somali camel corps in training. i during the colonial era, the clan territories were merged into two colonies — italian somalia and british somaliland. at independence in 1960, they were merged to form the independent somali republic. a brutal dictator, siad barre, took power after a coup. his repressive rule suppressed clan conflicts, but when barre was overthrown in 1991, the country collapsed into a civil war and jihadist insurgency. gunfire western attempts to hold back the chaos ended in disaster and humiliation, when two us black hawk helicopters were shot down over

mogadishu, the capital city. two dead american soldiers were dragged through the streets, leading to a public outcry in the us. in 1995, western troops pulled out and they have not returned. decades of anarchy have followed. there's a brutal islamist insurgency, a civil war in parts of the country, and a whole series of regional and clan conflicts. gunfire, explosions and the fighting has created a sickening circularity — climate change is making resources even more scarce, heightening the conflict, while at the same time the conflict leaves the country more vulnerable to climate shocks. and somalia doesn't just face drought — it is dealing with a weather

and climate double whammy. we have come way down to the south of somalia. this place, kismayo, is a port town. it has been bitterly fought over. at one stage, islamist militants from the lethal al-qaeda affiliate al—shabaab overran the place. it was retaken by the somali army about a decade ago, but the threat hasn't gone away. al—shabaab forces still surround the town. the front line is just 60km away. it means the town is like an island — cut off from the rest of the country, but not from the weather. the year after the drought, somalia was hit with terrible floods caused by rains reckoned to have been made twice as intense thanks to human—caused global warming.

the floods killed hundreds of people and displaced more than a million more. it wrecked farms and killed yet more animals. children crying and because the country is divided by conflict, it is even harder to deal with the consequences of these climate shocks. every day, a steady stream of mothers bring in their sick babies and children to this hospital in kismayo. many have risked crossing the front line to get here. all of them are hungry. the un has developed a special classification for different degrees of hunger. it says four million somalis, one in five of the population, face either acute or emergency food insecurity. these are two of the highest steps on what you might call

a kind of stairway of human misery. they sitjust behind the very top step — famine. the un reckons more than 1.5 million children under the age of five are acutely malnourished. it means aid agencies like the international red cross are stretched to the limit. child whimpers 0ur mandate is to protect and assist people who are victims of armed conflict. by extension, people who are also victims of other situations of violence, which is a lesser type of conflict. but, um, even if we are not specialised in climate change, it's, uh, it's something we have to take into account because for the last three years, there were like natural catastrophes that are directly linked to the climate change that, uh, basically prevented us from doing ourjob fully

the way we wanted to do it, and that also affected very badly the population. salma abdulkadir lives in an area controlled by al—shabaab. she was nine months pregnant when her baby son fell ill. she had to travel for two whole days to get to this hospital. translation: it was awful. there was no—one else to carry my sick child. just me. and there was so much rain i had to wade through mud. there is a cycle here. years of conflict have made communities less resilient, so they are more vulnerable when floods or droughts hit. translation: the only | thing we had was the farm and it was washed away. we don't have anything now. it can seem hopeless,

but somalis are strong people and, like the babies in this hospital, they can recover. translation: my little baby looked like an inflated sack. when i brought him here. you couldn't see his eyes, he was so swollen. now look at him. praise be to god. abdihakim ainte advises the somali prime minister on climate change. so climate change, i would rate number one over every other challenge that we have in society. hold on, including the conflict that has raged for more than 30 years? including, including the conflict, yes. because of the conflict, it is the way you can silence and end the conflict, but you cannot silence or put an end to a science—based problem, which is a natural disaster that is happening and claiming thousands of lives. so i would put climate over every challenge that we have in the country. yes, there are more deeper and more systemic challenges that we face, but i think

climate is the most pressing and the most existential one. so why do you put climate number one? well, because of the, the scale and the lives it claims, the condition that it creates. we're talking about 3.8 million people now living in abject poverty. the combination of climate change and conflict has driven millions of somalis into places like this — vast refugee camps. but this isn't run by an international aid organisation. the residents here have to pay rent for the scraps of land their makeshift huts are on. they get few handouts from international agencies, if any at all. here, they pay for their food and their water. one in five somalis are stuck in camps like this. almost four million people are classed as

internally displaced. a decade ago, it was just one million. and they're kind of stuck in a dreadful limbo — unable to go home but also unable to move on. halima's story is typical. her family lost everything because of drought and had to move to the camp. translation: the droughts used to be short. _ we would lose some of our camels and goats, but some would always remain. but they have been getting worse. now they even kill our strongest camels. life in the camp is tough. every day gets harder and harder. we don't get any help from anyone. often i only have enough food for one meal a day. and there aren't many options when it comes to earning money. after a while here, you notice something really interesting.

there aren't that many men. most of the men have left to find work elsewhere, and the easiest work to get is as a fighter in one of the overlapping conflicts that consume the country. halima's husband and four of her five sons have joined a local militia. translation: they are rural people with no skills, - so the only work they could get was in the army. they were desperate. and when you are without food long enough and your children are looking at you, you will do anything. halima's family's story is repeated across the country. the millions of people displaced by climate change create a huge pool of potential recruits for clan militia, regional armies or the jihadist insurgencies. it helps drive the conflict and perpetuate somalia's

cycle of misery. kaafiyo's family lost all their animals to drought and like halima, her husband felt he had no choice but to join a local militia. he was killed in a gun battle in a local town just over a year ago, leaving her looking after their seven children on her own. translation: | knew - when he joined the militia that he might die or he might survive. when he died, he left me and the children on our own. we don't get support from anywhere and our breadwinner is dead. some nights we eat, some we don't. rocket roars, explodes meanwhile, the world has other priorities. 0ther wars in gaza and ukraine, for example, are where the world's attention — and its cash — is focused. the un has calculated somalia

needs at least $1.6 billion this year, and that is just to meet the basic humanitarian needs of the country. but so far, only around $600 million has been pledged. yet somalia bears virtually no responsibility for the changes in the global climate that are wreaking such damage on the country. camel milk tea? delicious. now the people of somalia cannot be held responsible for climate change. i'vejust been doing the numbers on my phone, and the entire country has emitted as much carbon dioxide since the 1950s as americans have in — wait for it — the last three days. but somalia is taking action. in garoowe, a small city in the north of somalia, the local power station has been making some dramatic new investments.

whoa! there is no shortage of wind in this part of somalia, and they're already using that to generate power and the region's abundant solar resources as well. in fact, two—thirds of this city's power is currently being generated by wind and by solar. the average across the year is much lower — around 10% of total power. but that is changing fast, but that is changing fast, says the boss of the plant. says the boss of the plant. he says renewables are he says renewables are just much better value just much better value than his diesel generators. than his diesel generators. each of these beasts each of these beasts costs around $300,000, plus $20,000 a day in diesel, costs around $300,000, and they only last about five years. about five years. meanwhile, the solar meanwhile, the solar panels cost nothing to run panels cost nothing to run and will last about 20 years. and will last about 20 years. he told me his company he told me his company

hasn't received any grants hasn't received any grants or aid from abroad. or aid from abroad. it borrowed the $2 million it cost to install the solar panels from the company that made them. and how quickly can you pay that back? and you can pay that back with the revenues from selling the electricity in two years? that's quick! that is quick! the plan now is to build a much bigger renewable energy plant.

there are virtually no renewable energy engineers in somalia. mohamed's answer — his company is training them up itself, for free. abdinasir believes his training could help transform his life and his country. lower electricity prices will be good news for everyone and could have an added

environmental bonus, too. as we drove around kismayo, we saw evidence of the trade in charcoal virtually everywhere. it's made from trees and bushes cut from the savanna ecosystem. it's illegal to make in most of the country, but is still widely used for cooking and is also exported to neighbouring kenya and to the gulf states. wow, that one is massive. the charcoal trade is incredibly damaging. it destroys the local ecosystem. cutting back the trees and bushes makes the soil much more exposed to the increasingly hot, dry seasons and much more vulnerable to erosion when the rains eventually come. the fumes from charcoal stoves can also damage health. the hope is cheaper, more reliable electricity will reduce charcoal demand. and when you look around, there

are hopeful stories everywhere. 0n the edge of the refugee camp, men play dominoes outside a caff. the business is the brainchild of amina 0sman mohamed. her family lost their animals to drought, her husband is ill and she cares for 11 children, including her widowed daughter's kids. but amina is determined to improve her family's situation. translation: | buy food from the shop. | i cook it, and i keep the profit. i want things to be good. i want to get more. it is up to god if i get lucky. allah makes your luck, but you also make luck too. she chuckles. yes, you are right. yes, yes, i work hard. despite the changing climate, the conflict, the poverty of the camp she lives in,

amina believes in a better future for her family and for her country. and she is not alone. somalia is a story of a potential, of a promise. and i don't subscribe to the notion that somalia is unfixable. i think it's fixable, and it's showing a significant progress on pretty much every front that you can look into. but a series of recent bomb attacks shows how much still needs to be done. and with climate change turbo—charging the conflict in somalia, the country will need international support as it tries to bring peace and also to make the investments in long—term development that can help build resilience. it will take time, but as i've discovered on myjourney here, somalis are resourceful, entrepreneurial people and they have not lost hope.

hello. for some of us right now, there are some pretty tricky travel conditions out there — some snow, some ice — as cold air sinks its way across the uk. certainly a very cold feel to the weather on tuesday — more snow and ice for some. so what's going on? well, we've got this battleground, this dividing line between mild air still clinging on in the south, and something much colder surging down from the north. and along that dividing line, we've got a frontal system that has been bringing a mixture of rain, sleet, and snow. a lot of the snow over higher ground, but even seeing some to lower levels. parts of northern ireland, northern england, wales,

the midlands starting the day with that wintry mix — some ice, as well. meanwhile, frequent snow showers in northern scotland — again, some ice to contend with here. through the day, the zone of clouds, still a bit of patchy rain and hill snow pushing southwards across wales, the midlands, towards southern counties of england. another dose of heavy rain for the far southwest and the channel islands. further north you are, some spells of sunshine, but frequent wintry showers into the north and the northeast of scotland. and these are your afternoon temperatures, that cold air pushing southwards — 2—7 celsius at best. very cold indeed through tuesday night. still frequent wintry showers in areas exposed to this brisk wind. dry for many places inland with a bit of shelter. but it is going to be a cold start to wednesday morning with a widespread frost. quite a lot of sunshine around on wednesday, but some icy stretches and further wintry showers, again, in spots exposed to that northwesterly wind. it may be that we won't see quite as many showers at this

stage on the east coast. the wind tending to push some of those showers out to sea. talking of the winds — that wind will be pretty brisk, particularly up towards the north and the east. so those are your temperatures, 2—8 celsius at best — factor in the wind chill, it will feel colder than that. now, this little frontal system here may usher in some slightly less cold air from the north, but still some wintry showers as we head through thursday and friday. and then, for the weekend, signs of quite a big change. uncertainty about the detail, but it could be quite a deep area of low pressure pushes in from the atlantic. that would bring wind and rain, but something milder.

live from singapore, this is bbc news. russia issues a strong warning to the us —vowing an "appropriate response" if ukraine uses american long range missiles to strike its territory. a convoy of more than 100 aid trucks is looted in gaza — according to the un agency for palestinian refugees. and thousands rally in new zealand s capital over a bill that threatens to overhaul the country s founding document with the maori people.

welcome to newsday, i'm katie silver.