horns blare. one of the largest economies in the world. poverty, though still rife, is in steady decline. it's a place so full of life, of soul, of hope... ..of progress. but all that is under threat. as our planet warms, india is predicted to become one of the first countries in the world where temperatures will top the safe limit for people simply resting in the shade. and it could start happening in the next decade. it will impact the lives and livelihoods of the poorest first, who will have no choice but to continue working in the dangerous heat. translation: in the hot - weather, the sun burns my body.

quite it is high right now. we will have more kidney disease. we will have more heat strokes. only if we work can we have food on our plates. the world health organization says it's pregnant women and young children who will face some of the gravest consequences of all from climate change, but simple solutions to better protect women are there. this is a big challenge which we anticipate, and everyone has got a role to do. teach them about the recipes that can cool their body. and before, this was all open? open, open. so the sun would just be on the workers? yeah. translation: i consider being pregnant a great blessing. - every morning, lavanya wakes at 5am and heads to the fields of flowers close to her home.

there, she spends three hours picking some of the thousands of delicate tube roses that have sprung up overnight. translation: only through work can we have food on our plates. l that's our situation. one person's income is not enough to feed the whole family, so it's important that i contribute. it gives me immense satisfaction. lavanya gets paid around 300 rupees for her efforts. that's just under £3 or $4. her in—laws own the fields she works in. but now, she carries more than just her collection buckets — lavanya is six months pregnant. when the test came back positive, i was so happy. i had some dizziness in the first couple of months, but i was ok. at five months, i started feeling the baby kicking.

it is tough working in the heat. i wear a shirt and a headscarf to protect myself from the scorching sun but i sweat a lot, and that causes a burning sensation on my skin, in my eyes. i feel itchy all over my legs, and it can get painful. we know that extreme heat can cause significant strain on the body and can even lead to death but there's now increasing evidence that pregnant women and their unborn babies face unique risks. a new study investigating the impact of heat stress on pregnant women here in tamil nadu followed 800 mums—to—be. researchers found that those who worked in extreme heat faced double the risk of stillbirth, premature birth, miscarriage and low birth weight. the mechanisms around why this is happening are not well understood. one theory is around possible reduced blood flow to the baby

because when the mother gets too hot, blood could be diverted away from the foetus to cool the mother down. the study took into account the various workloads of the women, but they still found that heat was a key risk factor. it's already getting so hot here. how are you going to cope when the summer really kicks in? it will be tough doing this work with a big bump. even now, i get severe back pain. i will try and take lots of breaks and drink plenty of water. another day, another field, another young woman works hard to put food on the table for her family. hacking down the thick stems of sugar cane is backbreaking work. these workers start early in the morning to avoid the worst of the hot sun.

it's around 28 degrees at the moment and very humid — i've been sweating quite a lot all morning. the workers earn around 600 rupees a day — that's around £6, $8. and almost all of it is spent on feeding their extended families each day. by mid—morning, it's time for the workers to take a well—earned is—minute break. they gather together, cool down in a shady spot and share their breakfast. nearby, 28—year—old sandhiya and i also find a covered area to chat. she has two children but her first pregnancy ended in tragedy. translation: | used| to work the whole day when i was pregnant. i wouldn't take much rest. my legs would get so swollen and painful. i remember being thirsty all the time and out of breath. one day, i was cutting the crops in the paddy fields.

i had felt some pain in my abdomen in the morning but i came to work anyway. i tied up the bags of paddy and tried lifting them onto my head and i suddenly felt an intense pain in my stomach. i started bleeding heavily. i went to see the doctor in the evening and they told me my baby had died. most of us women who have miscarriages never find out why their babies died but do you think that working out in the heat could've had anything to do with it? i think so. i think standing in the heat for hours could've had an impact. sandhiya had to take several months off work after her loss. she tells me the family built up huge debts during that time, which they're still paying off. i still think about that baby a lot and wonder why the child isn't with me. was it because i worked so hard in the sun? i don't know. i think about it

and just feel so bad. india is one of the countries most exposed and vulnerable to heat globally. the number of hot days and hot nights are projected to double — or even quadruple — by 2050, according to india's centre for policy research. i wanted to better understand how the researchers behind the study on heat stress and pregnancy have reached their troubling conclusions. we pick up rekha shanmugam, who's from the sri ramachandra research institute in chennai. she's been investigating the impact of heat stress on pregnancy for the last seven years and wanted to show me how she's been doing it.

throughout her study, her team would set up this temperature gauge, measuring the level of heat workers were exposed to during their shifts on several days throughout their pregnancies. this is environmental heat stress monitor. this gauge doesn'tjust measure your standard temperature, it also takes into account humidity and radiant heat. the safe threshold for people working in a field like this one, measured in what's called wet bulb globe temperature, is 27.5 degrees celsius. now, the temperature is 29.5 degrees centigrade. quite it is high right now. we're going to work for a prolonged period. with this temperature, they are more prone for heat—related illnesses and other effects, for especially for the pregnant women — they are more prone for adverse pregnancy outcomes such as miscarriages, low birth weight, preterm birth, stillbirth and congenital birth defects, too. how surprised were you when those results came? because that's a big difference — double the risk. actually, i was quite

surprised. this result can be used as a basic — lay a foundation for the other studies. there is a long way to go to — in order to find the exact biological mechanism behind this. that may help to improve the reproductive health of the women globally. although scientists don't know why this is happening, previous research by rekha and her team has found many women in general avoid drinking at work because they don't want to have to go to the toilet. rekha thinks this could be an aggravating factor. we found that the prevalence of about 50 percentage of women have reported the urogenital issues such as burning sensation, changes in urine colour, changes in urine volume, too, because of inadequate toilet access in the workplaces. avoiding drinking when working this hard for hours in the heat, especially when pregnant, can be extremely dangerous.

many women worry about being accosted by men when trying to use the loo. so there are no portaloos here, there's nowhere specific to go to the toilet but this, behind a bunch of bushes, is kind of the safest area that many of these women can come. i've been pointed to this tree and this is where people tend to go. it can be very uncomfortable, it's actually not very private, and they said that they really worry about snakes and other insects here. so, many women have said that theyjust hold it in and they don't go during the day. women make up the backbone of what's called the informal workforce — people who are generally low paid and have very few legal, social and financial protections. it can make it harderfor them to get access to government subsidies, including payments during pregnancy here in tamil nadu, aimed at improving maternal health. it's the poorer informal workers who are generally most at risk of suffering

from the effects of heat. i also meet these women in each trimester... people like sumathy. she turns up to this cucumber field in between her otherjobs to earn what she can. she lost her baby three months into her pregnancy. since they last met, sumathy explains, her husband has died. she's now the sole breadwinner for her two young children and mother—in—law. sumathy tells me she's been working in the fields since she was 12 years old and earns around 400 rupees — or £4 — a day. "picking the prickly cucumber," she says, "burns my hands after a while, especially in the heat". taking a breakfrom her work, sumathy told me about the day she lost her baby. translation: i used to feel so exhausted. | i also did not know how to look after myself as it was my first pregnancy.

i felt very unwell. so i went to the doctor, who told me i had a miscarriage. i just lost it. i shouted and i cried. i could not tolerate the fact that my baby was no more. i'm very sorry to hear about your loss. i have had miscarriages as well i have had miscarriages as well and i know how hard it is. and i know how hard it is. my husband took care of me at my husband took care of me at that time. that time. when i was helplessly crying, when i was helplessly crying, he would lay me on his lap he would lay me on his lap and console me. and console me. i don't know what i would i don't know what i would have done without him. because women need to know have done without him. sumathy will never know sumathy will never know whether working in this kind whether working in this kind of extreme heat had anything of extreme heat had anything to do with her losing her baby to do with her losing her baby but there is now increasing but there is now increasing evidence that it can evidence that it can have an impact on pregnancies, have an impact on pregnancies, and that is why this type and that is why this type

of research is so important of research is so important because women need to know about these risks in order to be able to better protect themselves against them. sumathy did get pregnant again within a couple of years. and having got advice on how to look after herself from rekha and doctors, she went on to have two healthy children.

to pre—industrial times, resulting in more heatwaves, more droughts which will impact food supplies, and widening areas where mosquito—borne viruses can thrive. and it will be the most vulnerable, the young, the old, the poor, women carrying new life inside them that will — and already are — being hit hardest. india, with its massive india, with its massive population, remains one population, remains one of the largest emitters of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases globally, of greenhouse gases globally, and there's little sign and there's little sign of things slowing down. of things slowing down. the country is making big the country is making big investments in renewable investments in renewable energy but it continues to rely energy but it continues to rely heavily on fossil fuels, heavily on fossil fuels, along with the rest along with the rest of the world. of the world. india has made enormous strides india has made enormous strides in improving maternal health in improving maternal health across the country across the country in the last decade. in the last decade.

i've come to chennai to meet the director of public health for tamil nadu state. today, he's leading a meeting on the rollout of a vaccine for cervical cancer. the number of persons which we are expediently

and this is worse, in a way — that they are holding it in. is there part of a health strategy plan to implement more toilets 7 see, this is the basic rate which we should ensure to everyone, including the pregnant women. see, when this type of employment or the employer, they should be given a responsibility or they should be made to give this facility to all the working women. much of the power to protect these low—paid workers rests with the bosses of these types of workplaces. thank you for inviting us here. thank you. the owner of this brick kiln on the outskirts of chennai was keen to show me the sheds he's built to provide shade for his workers. and before, this was all open? open, open. so, the sun would just be on the workers? yeah, yeah. it's made a big difference. yes. he says using machines to make the bricks, instead of human hands, has also made the work safer for employees, and is making him more money. he also provides easy access

to clean drinking water and tells me he's planning to build women—only toilets. translation: women no longer have to toil under the sun. - this kind of work can be very difficult for them. they used to have more health problems but since we started using the machinery and got these sheds, they don't suffer as much. until recently, all of this was open air. these labourers would be doing this work under the glaring sun. but since this shed has gone up, these workers can be much more comfortable as they're doing theirjobs. and the boss here tells me that productivity has increased significantly, too. she tells me it's slightly cooler in the shade and feels much better because outside is extremely hot. life is still clearly tough for these workers and theirfamilies, most of whom live on site. many of the children

attend a nearby school, working hard in the hope that one day they'll be able to leave this level of poverty and achieve their full potential. 400 miles north of chennai in hyderabad, a busy mother and baby clinic is getting under way and pakasri is six months pregnant and has come for a check—up with her daughter, brunali. we give check—up for the people who can't afford... dr divhya says she and her staff see many problems associated with the heat come the summer months. they come with the dizziness — most common symptom is that. and they come with generalised weakness, or they say they can't do any work. and also, then we will go for a blood pressure check—up. after that, we'll get to know that those patients are under hypertension group.

so... so, low blood pressure. yeah. we advise them oral rehydration and — or we inject normal saline for boosting saline for boosting up their energy. up their energy. all is going well for all is going well for pakasri and her baby. pakasri and her baby. she's been given advice on how she's been given advice on how to stay safe in the heat, to stay safe in the heat, keeping herself well keeping herself well hydrated, avoiding being out in the hottest time of day. hydrated, avoiding being out in the hottest time of day. armed with this vital reminder, armed with this vital reminder, she heads home to rest. she heads home to rest. now, we have warmer now, we have warmer nights, so that... nights, so that... we last saw her. back in chennai, academics back in chennai, academics studying for their doctorates studying for their doctorates are trying to better understand are trying to better understand the impact of heat on the body. the impact of heat on the body. ..so they are forced ..so they are forced to continue working. to continue working. and when the brain... and when the brain... vidhya venugopal is vidhya venugopal is a professor at the department a professor at the department of environmental health of environmental health at the sri ramachandra at the sri ramachandra institute. among her students is rekha, institute. among her students is rekha, who has recently returned who has recently returned from the field where from the field where we last saw her.

professor venugopal oversaw the heat stress and pregnancy study, which was funded by the indian government,

climate change is happening. we are seeing that globally, all the countries are warming. and then, it's going to be more difficult for people to be actually working outside let's say about two or three decades from now. by 2050, people probably will not be able to work outside at all in the afternoons. it's water delivery day in a large slum in hyderabad city. these are some of the poorest communities in the country and some of those most at risk to the impact of climate change. so the water tank has just pulled in. this brings water about every four days and each family gets two of these large blue drums each, and that's for everything — it's for cooking, it's for cleaning, it's for staying hydrated. once the precious water is collected, some of the women gather for an event put on by researchers and a climate and health group, aimed

at better understanding women's experiences and offering simple solutions. neloufer is leading today's session. "summer is on the way", she says. "come. "we women are going to sit and discuss how the heat "will affect us." the women talk about how hard it is to take a break at work. most of them are domestic cleaners. one woman tells how some employers allow fans but others switch them off because they don't want to pay for the electricity. others tell how maids are often banned from using the toilets at employers' homes and one described how a friend ended up wetting herself, for which she was promptly fired. to them, to understand this heat risk is — and they cannot stay back in the home because they have to go work, they have to go out under the sun and they have

to work for their children to fill their stomachs. and so what we are doing is, through these sessions, we are making them aware that making little changes in their lifestyle, like carrying a water bottle and carrying an umbrella with them, may help them with the heat risk. can we go and see where you live? all right. 0k. after the session, i meet with 18—year—old esther. she's six months pregnant. esther tells me the scarcity of water means she's already limiting how much she's using. she wanted to show me how her and her husband will manage when the little one arrives. together, they will share this small, windowless space. translation: i think about how hot it's going to get a lot. - we will be living in this small hut. there's a scarcity of water. i'm worried about how i'll get clean water for my baby. i know it's going to be tough.

in spite of all the challenges esther faces, she says she is full of hope. i consider being pregnant a great blessing. i am going to have a baby. i'm going to be called mother. back in the rose fields of tiruvannamalai, lavanya heads home at the end of her shift. a refreshing, cool coconut juice awaits. lavanya wants what any mum—to—be wants for their child. the baby should be born healthy. when the baby smiles at me, i'll be so happy. i want to buy them nice clothes and take them to lots of places. what will they look like? what will they study? i'm so curious.

the work continues to find out more about how our bodies will manage in our warming world. from the bottom of my heart, ijust wanted to help these women — particularly pregnant women, because they have to take care of themselves and also the baby. so as a nurse, i can understand — and also a woman and a mother of two kids, i can understand the feeling of those women. understanding the unique risks to pregnant women as our planet warms is crucial and simple interventions are there, but women need to know about the risks. because protecting women against changes to our climate is protecting life. voiceover: if you have been

affected by this story, - head to bbc action line at bbc.co.uk/actionline. hello. the week ahead brings a big change in the weather from the stagnant, misty, murky conditions of the last few days — a change to something more turbulent. heavy rain and snow, strong winds and a much colder feel by the end of the week. this is a recipe that could bring some disruption to new year travel plans. now, the reason for the change is this frontal system which is going to wriggle and writhe around, bringing pulses of heavy rain and snow. the worst of the weather on monday morning across scotland. very heavy rain, the increasing risk of flooding. heavy snow there in the far north. some wet weather pushing down into northern ireland, northern england. some very gusty winds over the tops of the pennines — gusts of up to 60mph. further south, it will be quieter. quite breezy. cloud breaking to some extent to give some sunny spells. mild for most but not quite for all of us — it will be cold in the north of scotland. now, during monday night,

we'll see more heavy rain pushing across scotland. again, the risk of flooding. again, some snow for a time, particularly in the far north. and then through new year's eve, we'll see wet weather pushing across northern ireland, northern england, wales, across this central swathe of the uk. gusts of 50—60, maybe 70mph. so very windy, mild for most of us, still cold there in the far north but if you're celebrating at midnight, there will be some outbreaks of rain around. it will be quite windy but i think there will be some dry gaps as well, and relatively mild for most of us. but the weather turns lively again during new year's day as this area of low pressure pushes in from the west. now, on the northern edge of the low, we may see some quite significant snow across parts of northern ireland, southern scotland, northern england. uncertainty about just how much snow we will see but there could be some even to quite low levels. rain to the south of that

and also, some very brisk winds across the southern half of the uk. gusts of 40, 50, maybe 60mph or more in the most exposed spots. some wintry showers in the north — it will be cold here. mild for the time being further south. but the cold air wins out for all of us for the end of the week. some night time frosts, some wintry showers, a lot of sunshine but temperatures stuck in single digits.

live from singapore, this is bbc news. the former united states presidentjimmy carter has died aged 100 at his home in georgia. joe biden has led tributes to the former president, describing him as an extraordinary leader, statesman and humanitarian. seven days of national mourning begins in south korea,

after 179 people die in the country's worst ever air disaster. and an arrest warrant for suspended president yoon suk yeol has been requested over his short—lived declaration of martial law earlier this month. welcome to newsday, i'm steve lai. the former us president and nobel peace prize winner, jimmy carter, has died at the age of 100. he died on sunday afternoon at home in georgia and was the longest—lived president in us history. his presidency in the 1970s is remembered for the camp david accords which resulted in egypt recognising israel for the first time and the iran hostage crisis. after leaving office, he went on to work for peace and socialjustice. there have been reactions from the us and around the world but first, we start our coverage with our north america

correspondent gary o'donoghue, on the life of president carter