when it's from a 10,000—year—old fossil. chris has the tech to tell the difference. if you were just handed that, could you tell? no, not immediately. yep, it's going to be a mammoth show. those of us who wear glasses know exactly how annoying it can be when they fog up. those of us who wear glasses know exactly how annoying it can be when they fog up. everything goes somewhere. so, here comes the technical bit. condensation occurs when water

vapour from your sweat, breath or the environment around you lands on a cold surface. as it cools, it changes into tiny drops of liquid, forming a film that looks a bit like fog. so, how do you stop this? you could use a spray or a lens cloth. this could help for a little while. but what if there was a more permanent solution? lenses are relatively cool compared to your breath, especially when the outside air is cold. so, in order to see things properly, we need to go outside. we're heading to the stunning alps to meet the team from eth zurich to get hands—on with their glasses. this solar—powered innovation aims to end fogged—up lenses... 0k.

..and we're here to see it in action. traditionally, surfaces are coated with water—attracting molecules which attracts an even spread of condensation. this is how regular anti—fogging systems work. this new method heats the surface, preventing condensation from humidity forming in the first place. 50% of the sunlight is invisible and we're not seeing it with our human eye — it's in the infrared — and we designed a coating that absorbs this infrared energy, heats up the surface, and thereby can prevent fog. and the whole mission or vision behind our coating is actually to make something that's durable and in comparison to existing anti—fog solutions, which you always have to, you know, reapply, you use your plastic bottles, and we provide a durable one—shot solution that lasts forever. so, this coating absorbs radiation but how do you ensure that it's absorbing enough radiation but not too much heat where it's impractical? yeah, it's a subtle balance. obviously, the energy is limited to a certain extent, so you cannot heat up

to 100 degrees celsius, but we can tune actually how much infrared our coating absorbs and thereby also change the effect on the temperature. the coating is extremely thin, it stays perfectly clear, but behind the scenes, it's busy warming up to block fog. no fog, no fuss. but how does it work, you ask? well, it's all in the layers. now, picture this coating as a burger. the patty in the middle contains gold and has the importantjob of soaking up all that radiation. the bun around it boosts the absorption, keeping the precious metal safe from wearing out. tasty, right? maybe we should've made burgers rather than muffins. oh, well. we're also looking into the car sector because, you know, on the one hand, you have the windshields that fog up and it always takes a while until they defog but then, you also have sensors like radar systems or also

in medical devices, when you have a human breath that, you know, can deteriorate a signal. this sunlight—powered coating could change the way we see things — quite literally. so, could this be the solution we've been waiting for? the future could look a whole lot clearer, powered by a little bit of sunshine and a dash of gold. wearables have been trying to help us be our best selves for years. now, though, it might be time to dig deeper. not my usual attire. now, there's plenty of technology out there to help us track our health but, with an increasing focus on ways to either prevent

disease or at least identify it early, i've come to visit one company that's hoping to provide low—cost scans. so, instead of the thousands of pounds that they can cost, a full body once—over forjust a few hundred quid. but how useful are they? neko health was co—founded by spotify founder daniel ek so, unsurprisingly, has tech at its core. all right. so first, we'll be starting with the body scanner. this wasn't what i was expecting — it looks more like a dance floor! this wall of cameras is responsible for over 2,000 2d and 3d images, so it will be able to map all of the moles and lesions you may have on your body. and the ai system will flag anything of interest, alongside an actual doctor checking. the scan is also looking for inflammation with its thermal imaging cameras. we're trying to bring in 21st century technology and use data to create a very personalised health experience. and who better to sort of guide

us through that than daniel, who's done exactly that, but for music? robe back on. that was bright, and quick. then, bloods are taken and zoomed off in a tube. eye pressure is checked, along with blood pressure and grip strength, which they consider a marker of how you're expected to recover from serious disease. great! then, there were a load of cardiovascular checks, an ecg, plus some fancy machines that we weren't allowed to film in action. we want to get as much high quality health information out in the shortest amount of time possible in the cheapest way possible, so we use any technology we can find to deliver that. so, that's the laser radar machine. i'll be pinpointing these laser signals at different parts of your body to measure something called a pulse wave velocity and it will help us have a better look

at your cardiovascular health. and last but not least, we've got the tissue scanner, so this will help us have a better look at your metabolism and your microcirculation beneath your skin by using light waves in different frequencies and wavelengths. hi, lara! hello! i come on back in! then you meet the doctor in a pod, who presents you with a lot of data, advice and your avatar. apart from my grip strength needing some work, i had a screen of optimal readings. then came a good nose inside my veins. and hearing this. heartbeat booms. sounds like thunder! those are nice, strong, healthy heart sounds. i there are specialists and further tests available on site for anything that needs escalating. i wondered how often that might happen. we went through all of the scans that we did in ourfirst year in sweden

and we published all of our outcomes and what we found was that for about one in 100, so 1%, they had an immediately life—threatening condition that they were unaware of. for about 10%, they had something seriously going on that was undiagnosed and we helped them get the appropriate care as well. and for about 80—85%, they were in good health. medics are increasingly embracing prevention but some don't feel that availability of full body scans — not neko specifically, but any — are the best solution. you can't go what i call fishing, which isjust put somebody through a machine and hope for the best. you have to be looking forsomething, looking for a disease that's important. what happens is you pick up coincidental findings that are normal but you end up having more tests and more tests. i think what we should be promoting isn't these scans but is actually people getting wearables to start understanding their body indices. the traditional medicine would say, "oh, if someone is healthy, it's unnecessary that we're checking things." and we kind of think

the opposite, that helping these people stay healthy, that's actually the most important thing for the future. this fusion of ai, tech and human doctors appeared to do the bits that it did well. but on the flip side of overdiagnosis, how about what it can't see? digestive issues, women's health, maybe other cancers. warning signs might show up in blood tests or be raised in a consultation, but amidst what aims to be a comprehensive once—over, there are still limitations. spencer: 0k, time for a look at this week's tech news now. ai assistants with really good long—term memory are about a year away, according to microsoft's head of ai mustafa suleyman. he said products which can recall conversations, projects and problems will encourage users to invest more time, and share more of their personal history with them.

some critics have concerns about this level of integration — including privacy, and the possibility of the ai tools giving wrong information, or displaying in—built bias towards the user. scientists at the university of montreal have found new ways to help cats suffering from chronic pain. instead of having to sedate the felines, they've been able to scan their brains while they're awake using electrodes hidden under specially knitted hats. in the past, the cats tended to shake off or chew the wired electrodes used in testing — well, they're cats, that's what they do — but now, the cats in hats are cute and cosy. and its happy birthday to comic sans. yeah, love it or hate it, this font has been around for 30 years! it was originally designed as part of microsoft bob — a piece of software designed to make windows more user—friendly. it was released in 1994 and, unbelievably, it's still around today.

chris: a dead sumatran chris: a dead sumatran elephant, its tusks removed. elephant, its tusks removed. poachers are suspected. poachers are suspected. to protect elephants, the transnational trade to protect elephants, the transnational trade in modern ivory is banned in modern ivory is banned by international convention. by international convention. but tusks of the type seen but tusks of the type seen in this footage from russia in this footage from russia in 2016 aren't prohibited. in 2016 aren't prohibited. that's because they've come that's because they've come from the elephant�*s extinct from the elephant�*s extinct ice age relative, the mammoth. ice age relative, the mammoth. tonnes of ancient tusks tonnes of ancient tusks are extracted from the frozen are extracted from the frozen ground every year, but telling ground every year, but telling the difference between legal the difference between legal mammoth ivory and illegal mammoth ivory and illegal elephant ivory is a real elephant ivory is a real problem for border security, problem for border security, and is even a challenge and is even a challenge for mammoth experts at for mammoth experts at the natural history museum in the natural history museum in london. london. hi, adrian, lovely to see you. hi, adrian, lovely to see you. very nice to meet you. in his office, professor lister had gathered together lots of examples of mammoth ivory.

what is a mammoth? very nice to meet you.

weeks — before you got the result. and if you're a border and if you're a border security guard, you know, security guard, you know, trying to stop the trade trying to stop the trade in illegal elephant ivory, in illegal elephant ivory, a tough job to try a tough job to try and tell the two apart. and tell the two apart. yes. i mean, you can't do it. yes. i mean, you can't do it. you couldn't, really. you couldn't, really. there's not really there's not really any way of knowing. any way of knowing. i mean, we've got a piece i mean, we've got a piece of elephant ivory here. of elephant ivory here. how easy would it be to how easy would it be to disguise this as mammoth ivory? disguise this as mammoth ivory? very, very easy. very, very easy. you see this piece of elephant you see this piece of elephant ivory that's been in ivory that's been in the museum for years. the museum for years. here's an equivalent at airports around the world here's an equivalent tusk tip from a mammoth, tusk tip from a mammoth, and all you would have to do and all you would have to do would be to stain this a brown would be to stain this a brown colour and you couldn't colour and you couldn't tell the difference. tell the difference. so this is a school of anatomy. so this is a school of anatomy. you'd never guess, would you? you'd never guess, would you? laughter. at bristol university, laughter. at bristol university, dr rebecca shepherd, dr rebecca shepherd, with help from professor lister with help from professor lister and others, has found a quick and others, has found a quick way to tell different types way to tell different types of ivory apart using lasers.

there's a piece of equipment of ivory apart using lasers.

from homeland security recently who said that it's a bit of a problem people trying to smuggle eggs of endangered bird species across the border from mexico. so the next project i'd like to get started is to see if we can tell the difference between eggs of different species. since she published her results, dr shepherd's work has attracted international interest. so, i'm currently in hong kong, and i'm here to present my research at a workshop that's designed to get together people involved in preventing wildlife crime from across all of asia. so there's people from wwf, people from border force, people from homeland security, and everyone with an interest in wildlife crime. well, the mammoths are extinct, helped on their way by human beings. some people fear elephants might go the same way.

mammoths only went extinct 4,000 years ago and we think that the reason for that was a kind of double whammy of climate change that was happening at that time and hunting by people. and when we look at modern elephants, they are faced by the same combination of factors. so the mammoth, if you like, is a kind of a lesson from the past that if we don't do something about it, the living elephants may go the same way. i have seen gods fly. spencer: in the heart of africa lies the top—secret, high—tech nation of wakanda, the setting for marvel�*s two iconic black panther movies and ruled over by angela bassett�*s queen ramonda. my son, it is your time. much of the movie was created using suitably advanced technology, and that includes

the queen's wardrobe, the most elaborate parts of which — her crown and neckwear — were 3d printed. with the 3d printing technique, you can create more complex geometries, more innovative designs, and also in a more sustainable way. julia koerner is an austrian designer and architect who specialises in 3d printing high fashion pieces and products, couture dresses, bags, accessories and ornaments. but it was queen ramonda's fabulous attire that caught our eye and also those of the 0scarsjudges. both black panther films won their costume designer, ruth e carter, academy awards. the design process for black panther was looking at the traditional zulu patterns, which traditional african women would wear and taking those african

patterns and digitising them in the computer to represent the regal attire of the queen. there are many different 3d printing techniques, and the crown was created using something called laser sintering, where lasers melt together particular parts of a box of powder, leaving the rest as dust. the end product is then dug out and the remaining powder reused. one of the great things about it is that you can realise very filigreed, very fine structures which you cannot make with any other technology. how did you get involved with black panther, and did you even know who you were working for? at the beginning, i didn't know who i was working for. i started the design process, then the actress was cast. i literally put into google, "angela bassett, film star, film technology," and then realised it was for marvel and black panther. so that's how you found out who you were working for? exactly. when i first time watched the film, i think one of the most overwhelming things

was to actually see the work on the big screen, to see how many people in the world were able to see this. and i had friends come to me and say, "julia, i finally know what you're actually doing!" over the years, julia has collaborated with several haute couture houses. her designs are unique, inspired by nature, with a focus on using sustainable materials in the 3d printing process. a prime example of this isjulia's setaejacket, which was shown in philadelphia's museum of art. i was inspired by the madagascan sunset butterfly moth, because it has thousands of different colours in its wing, and it was the firstjacket made in this technique that a printer, like in an ink—jet printing process, puts the material layer by layer onto the jacket. because it's printed in little dots and points, there's a certain flexibility which stays within the fabric.

3d printing is a technology which seems to be finding its place at either end but not the middle of the market — amongst those who need expensive bespoke items, and the hobbyists. cue toybox. we make it accessible. if you remember, like, eight years ago, everyone was telling you that 3d printing was going to take over the world... yeah. ..and it didn't. and the reason it didn't is cos it's really difficult to do. and that's why the founders of this company created toybox. what differentiates this printer is all of the technical stuff, the mumbojumbo behind the scenes, all of that is done for you and you just press print. toybox is a small, personal 3d printer that's trying to — ahem — break the mould. it's connected to an app with 15,000 designs to choose from, many of which are free.

the printing process can take anything from six minutes to several hours, depending on the complexity of the design and the resolution — the number of lines per centimetre — that you're happy to print at. this little chap took nine minutes. it's a little cat. and it's amazing how intricate you can get. one of the things that's always intrigued me about 3d printing is the idea that you can create objects that it would be impossible to manufacture in any other way, cos they're so complex and weird and they've got bits inside and outside other bits. now you can also make things which are flexible, but you can print them all in one go. so this comes out of the printer as a oner and then you just give the joints a little wiggle and it snaps the little supporting struts between each one, and you get something bendy like this hammerhead shark. multicoloured toys are printed in their constituent coloured components and then snapped together afterwards. but hang on — how do

you preventjust anyone from churning out loads of these copyrighted toys without permission? so, let's say you were to go to print spongebob�*s head. you would press spongebob�*s head, it would send a message up to the cloud, the cloud would encrypt that file and send it directly to your printer to only print once. so it never hits your phone, your computer, or your tablet — it only goes to your printer and it's only encrypted to work on your printer once. but here's a question that's always bothered me — aren't 3d printed objects always going to be more expensive to make than those identical, mass produced, injection—moulded items that we're all used to? well, julia koerner has a thought on that, too. i think in today's time, where we focus on personalisation and mass customisation, the 3d printing technology brings advantages in these aspects where you can have your unique design

personalised in your unique colour, maybe with your initials designed into it. also, i think in today's time, do we really need to produce a million pieces where we end up not knowing if we actually will sell those? it is an interesting thought, isn't it? but if 3d printing is to be a sustainable alternative to mass production, if we really want to reap the benefits of this technology, well, we do have to be able to afford it. anyway, that's it from us for this week. thank you very much for watching and we will see you soon.

hello. snow has been falling across parts of the uk. it has been causing disruption, some icy conditions as well, and i think the problems will go on into sunday. so met office amber warnings remain in force. those warnings have been covering parts of wales, into the midlands and also northern england. and i think it is northern england that will bear the brunt of the snowfall as we head through daylight hours on sunday. through the first part of the morning, still some snow falling across high ground, north wales, the north midlands. could see 30cm in total for some higher ground here. at lower levels, perhaps turning back to sleet and rain in places. but that snow continuing to fall across northern england, remaining very cold here as we start the day. milder, you'll notice, down to the south—west. 12 degrees there in plymouth. now, as we go through the day, where we have that mild air in the south, it'll be rain that falls from the sky. quite windy, particularly around the coasts. some really heavy rain setting in once again across parts of wales through the afternoon. snow will continue to affect

parts of northern england, particularly over higher ground, maybe more like rain at low levels. some snow into the eastern side of northern ireland, southern and eastern parts of scotland. staying very cold across the northern half of the uk. much milderfurther south — 12 or 13 degrees. as we head through sunday night, this whole weather system just swirls away eastwards. some further snowfall likely across parts of southern scotland, northern england, perhaps down into wales and the midlands. 0n the back edge of that weather system, frequent snow showers pushing into some northern areas. another cold night. holding onto some milder conditions first thing on monday across the south—east corner. but, as this weather system swings away, it'll take rain with it. behind it, we will start to see some brighter skies developing out towards the west, albeit with a fair few wintry showers. and, with the winds coming down from the north, we will all be back into the cold air through monday afternoon. temperatures by 3:00pm on monday around 2—5 degrees across most parts of the uk. and once that cold air sets in, it will be with us for quite some time. 0ur area of low pressure swirling away eastwards.

northerly winds, snow showers in that northerly flow. it may be that we see further weather systems pushing in from the south and west, giving some rain, sleet and snow at times. but certainly a cold week ahead, and there will be some wintry showers.

people pay respects to the former us presidentjimmy carter is six days of events take place to mark his death at the age of 100. the leader of reform uk defence the tech billionaire elon musk over a series of critical post about the british government. and new york becomes the first us city to introduce a congestion

charge with drivers paying $9 to enter downtown manhattan force top. you are with bbc news. good to have your company snow and ice have bought some disruption across the uk amber weather warnings in place in parts of northern england the midlands and wales. the met officers says up to a0 centimetres of snow could fall in some areas temperatures could drop as low as —10 and 20 celsius. some airports have already seen disruption and there is a warning more delays are possible. simonjones. the snow has been falling fast. drivers want to travel only if

necessary. this was the