the referendum in kazakhstan was declared valid, the turnout exceeded the required threshold of 50%. today, citizens of the country express their opinion on the introduction of amendments and additions to the constitution. designed to consolidate the final transition from a super-presidential form of government to a presidential republic with an influential parliament and an accountable government, as well as to increase the role of citizens in the process of governing the state , more than 10,000 polling stations abroad have been organized for voting, opened in 52 countries. yes, do not celebrate, the state the constitution day holiday is set to commemorate the anniversary of the adoption of constitutional government in 1849 and the current constitution of 1953 . she granted the right to inherit the throne to both men and women. in addition, the unicameral parliament was legalized and the role of local self-government bodies was increased, the president of belarus alexander lukashenko, on behalf of the belarusian people and personally

congratulated the people of the kingdom. denmark on constitution day expressing the hope that our countries will successfully overcome temporary difficulties, caused by political instability in the region. the club of eco-transport lovers, a recycled puppet theater and the school weather station , presented useful projects on the basis of the 19th gymnasium on the day of environmental protection. this institution is an innovator in the field of environmental education. each class has its own research work, in total more than 40 green projects are being developed. there are projects and social orientations related to the support of children with special needs in the development of social projects related to the support of animals, and we have implemented here is such a social energy saving project for the elderly, when our students acted as tutors or students for grandparents. yes, and teaching them, by the method

of economical use of various resources in the year of historical memory, a siberian cedar was planted on the territory of the gymnasium, a green tradition. as a bond generation as well as desire. speech nature to protect the flora and fauna of our planet is the duty of every inhabitant for the future of mankind, however, poland or you are demonstrating incredible cruelty today on the lithuanian-belarusian border the carcass of an elk animal entangled in barbed wire and the floor in front of a high fence, according to the state border committee of belarus since september last year, 25 wild animals have been killed by barriers installed by the authorities of european countries on the border with our country. according to preliminary information, a terrible accident with a crusher, according to preliminary information, the driver of the eighty-first year of birth was driving a mercedes along the minsk kalach-myatin highway at the entrance to the intersection with the red ilya pogost highway, the car was uncoupled, as a result of which the semi-trailer made a collision with a driver who had stopped with a citroen

, whose driver died from his injuries at the place of the passenger of the passenger car and was hospitalized. with the onset of a hot couple on the roads of the country, the number of accidents involving bikers is increasing, so the traffic police are carrying out a preventive action by inspectors, as well as motorized patrols massively working out sections of the street, roads of places of mass recreation of citizens, on which motorcyclists most often move. the current period on the territory of the republic of belarus has already made 17 road accidents with the participation of motor vehicles. transport accidents in which two people died and 17 people were injured, in connection with which the state traffic inspectorate appeals to parents and lovers of motor vehicles, and observe speed limits, especially if you are moving in the territory of e-e cities, and remember about your personal safety to move around using helmet. on the special control of the traffic police and emergency

sections of the m10 highway, the border of the russian federation gomel kubrin, increased attention is also paid to the identification of drunk drivers without rights, reckless drivers and the transportation of passengers. sport is meant to unite, but today, unfortunately, many world sports officials. meanwhile , belarusians, together with russia, continue to actively update the calendar of the event. today in the capital, football fans could watch live the game of ex-players of the russian national team midfielders. egor titov andrey tikhonov and the champions league winner in porto dmitry oleinichev competed with their team in a mini-football tournament for the cup of the embassy of the russian federation in the republic belarus a total of eight teams were divided into two quarters, followed by a traditional match after the group stage. playoffs. sport really unites any kind of sport, yes, and in our team almost all former athletes. it doesn't matter. what sport

did you do? what are handball or rowing? yes, we came today in order to spend a wonderful day so that people can talk to each other, someone who has known someone for a long time. yes, someone played with someone. something just e get to know today? yes because, well, you know, like in the soviet childhood, we played all the sports available, at least football was one of them, we had no doubts that it would turn out to be. ah, we have friends in minsk all the more, i adore minsk, because i have been here very often before. uh, with my daughter. she worked with me with es, so i often visit you, that's why i think that the sport is football. uh, not what unite we do. uh, stronger to make us kinder, that's why i was happy to say again i ended up here the russian team in a tense final only in a penalty shoot-out the guests even the staff of the belarusian ministry of sports 4:3

the sports theme will be continued by my colleagues i remind you that the projects of the agency or news are also available in social networks and in our mobile application by qr-code on the screen of a good day and see you at 19: 00. arina sobolenko at the start of the grass tennis tournament in the dutch 's-hertogenbosch will play against ukrainian kateryna beindal, who occupies the 143rd position in the world ranking, the girls play each other twice. both the match ended in three sets in favor of the belarusians, by the way, sobolenko was seeded at the tournament under the first number in the men 's singles or your rope will meet with the well-known american mackente mcdonald on the grass, the tennis player has not yet played with each other, but in a five- match gaming duel, while your colorado is in the lead with a score of 3: 2 and is one step away from winning in the west and reaching the final of the draw. cup. stanley in the third match of the series with the edmonton

avalanche won 4: 2 and now lead in the series and up to four victories, with a score of 3: 0 the winners of dublin were russian forward valery nichushkin. the next meeting of the team will be held on the night of monday to tuesday, and tonight the current one. citrophia there on the bay will hold the third match with the rangers in this confrontation with a score of 2: 0, the team from new york is in the lead.

without leaving your home, you will plunge into the atmosphere of culture and creativity. and all once more than one difference roma will visit unique exhibitions in the twenty-first year. we have implemented. uh, such a project was shown by graphic techniques. and here's the topic the twenty-second year it became. uh, fashion illustration. get acquainted with the belarusian traditions, rites of tradition,

sprinkle the young with god maya with perpetual and satisfied. vidovochny sans did it, how he added a new family was a happy and sorry, married woman, watch cultural projects on belarus 24 tv channel.

they were discovered completely by accident a little more than 35 years later, the author of this sensational discovery was the first among physicists to receive the nobel prize. since then, the name of this scientist has become a household name about what his wife said when she saw her hand through and through for the first time, illuminated by x-rays, is sure to be told along with her discovery today in the new company. we will also

tell you about it. and we will also understand globally in such an interesting topic as x-rays. my name is ekaterina berskaya. hello, and look at the program. color in the dark, how wilhelm x-ray discovered his famous rays x-ray fluorography mri and ct what is the difference between the most informative studies of the human body x-rays for recording music and shoe production, as they were used at different times in different countries, we will tell very soon. all accidents are not accidental, if the physicist wilgel on x-ray on november 8 , 1895, left work 2 hours earlier, perhaps the world would not have learned about the greatest discovery in more detail in the material of my colleagues. on november 8, 1895, the physicist wilhelm x-ray, as always, worked in his laboratory until late, when he was about to

leave it was dark and turned off all the instruments and the light noticed that the jar was filled with a transparent liquid. in one of the corners of the laboratory began to glow with a green light a little, thinking x-ray noticed that in a hurry one device did not turn off the vacuum tube. after turning it off, the glow disappeared and the scientists began to study their accidental discovery. the fact was that the jar of liquid was at the other end of the room. this means that the vacuum tube emitted a special beam to test its properties. the physicist began to put various objects in his path, a sheet of paper, cardboard, glass, and even wooden boards. the beam passed through all these objects without the slightest difficulty. in the process, his hand also fell into the area of ​​​​the beam, what the scientists saw shocked him, he saw his hand through and through, and only the bones remained not transparent after a few. in her intense research, he made the world's first x-ray, photographing their random hand of his wife berta, followed by a lot of

various experiments, the essence of which he revealed his scientific work, which gained great popularity in the physical and medical scientific community. this discovery made a splash and the new rays were named x-rays in honor of their discoverer for their work in 1901. roentgen received the nobel prize in physics. x-rays. in our time, we will find out from our first guest, he is already in nikita's studio hello nikita stepanyuk employee of the research laboratory of ion-plasma modification of solids , faculty of physics, belarusian state university tell us more about radiation in general. where do x-rays come from? and what are x-rays anyway? rays? eh, they're not really that different . from, for example, ordinary visible light or from infrared radiation, and so

on. the only difference is the frequency of this own radiation and , accordingly, the wavelength and energy that does not carry, respectively, x-rays. they are the highest frequency after the known gamma radiation and at the same time less high frequency than the known ultraviolet radiation in the transition from higher energy levels to lower any electron releases electromagnetic wave at one of the largest energy differences, it is x-ray radiation that is formed. it has rather low long wavelengths, and thanks to this, it is able , in general, to penetrate most of the materials known to us and thus help us in research and obtaining information. medicine - this is the area where? well , i think everyone knows that x-rays are used. i suggest you look into it right now. what is the difference between the well-known mri ct and fluorography? no type of

diagnosis after laboratory testing blood and ultrasound examination of organs is not used as often as follow-up x-rays. currently, various methods of x-ray examination are used. this means radiography is fluoroscopy, this is digital radiography, as one of the research methods. where fluorography also belongs to the present, all fluorographic devices. these are digital x-ray machines that allow you to receive a digital image, e, transmitted to a computer, and e, by means of obtaining such an image, the doctor can evaluate and describe or genealogical picture. in the minsk center of phthisiopulmonology, namely here, patients with lung diseases are treated, who are diagnosed using x-rays

, they note that now classic devices using x-ray film are beginning to become obsolete, they are gradually being replaced by digital x-ray machines that generate ionizing radiation. on a digital x-ray machine, performing an examination on it, the patient receives a minimum dose of radiation exposure, which is only 5.5 mlrta with conventional radiography. load radiation for the patient is 0.18 when performing a fluorographic study of 0.15 - there are also specialized x-ray machines for special studies. like a mammographer for examining the mammary glands of women, an x-ray machine is a device , an orthopantomograph, which is used for hmm means panoramic pictures of a person's teeth.

this is very convenient to perform as the doctor can immediately evaluate everything and the teeth that are in the patient. there are also computed tomographs, these are already devices, which allow you to get layered sections of the anatomical structures of the body, accurate detailing of the pathology, especially this type of study proved to be 100%, as doctors say, during a pandemic of the species, when simple pictures of pneumonia did not show. that is why last year. many state clinics were equipped with ct scanners, which we can generally see during x-ray studies. uh, in particular the lungs are tumors. these are infectious diseases, inflammatory diseases, including tuberculosis. it pleurisy is such a disease. in general

, organs, both lungs and pleura inside the thoracic lymph nodes of the mediastinum, that is, all this helps to reveal chest x-ray. well, i no longer take about that. the best method for diagnosing the pathology of the musculoskeletal system is also x-ray studies, fractures , dislocations, the same tumors of bone tissues. everything. this is detected primarily in biological studies, of course, the most popular x-ray study is fluorography, despite the fact that it has a cost low. but the accuracy of the study at a good level allows you to see the disease in the initial stages. and this is an excellent screening for lung cancer in our country for the first time , fluorography is done at the age of 17, and then up to 40 years every 3 years and after 40 once every 2

years, especially doctors warn that this study should not be ignored by those who cannot give up such a bad habit as smoking i would like to recall that there are many lung diseases. in particular. it's malignant tumors. they are caused by smoking, especially in long-term smokers according to statistics. after giving up tobacco smoking , the lungs are restored and cleared within 9 years, that is, after the expiration. here are 9 years, if there were no serious diseases there already, uh, caused by the consumption of tobacco, otherwise you can count on that and for a future life with healthy lungs. we

follow the sports life of our country, which our family has very much united. calmly on our way and step by step we will try to continue to please fans and help keep yourself in shape. this is a full-fledged workout that will exhaust you to the fullest and after which you will probably literally crawl out of the gym 80 years 82 at home you can’t sit all the exercises and with maximum concentration on effort. we exhale. the main advantage of the curved bar is that it takes the extra load off the forearm making the exercise with more weight more effective and safe. everything is useful except lying on the couch. don't miss all the latest sports projects on our tv channel. for

real lovers of the garden and the garden, we promise it will be fun and very informative with us. we share secrets. we always pay attention to the color of the root system in the plant, everything that is light white, yellow green is alive, we conduct experiments. every year we replenish our collection. we test varieties and leave those that suit us best. good luck is suitable for yield according to taste preferences and so on. and how often cacti bloom, and how to push them to bloom seeds processed juice. aloe come off much better. they start growing faster and the seedlings turn out stronger and we enjoy the result. but this is a real miracle of nature. it seems to me that this variety has collected all 50 shades that a hydrangea can have. watch the dacha program on belarus 24 tv channel. but

even in medicine, the use of x- rays. that's probably fluorography ct and mri is not limited. or maybe somewhere else you will tell us and in general, in general, in what other areas x-ray is used radiation today in exactly the same way as e and in medicine, for example, with the ability of rays to obscure the film when shooting through the light of an object. it is also used for x-ray flaw detection. that is, when instead of human consciousness, we study in the same way, for example, pipes or some other solid objects. that is, we see what defects there are, there are no difficulties at all and we can draw a conclusion about the applicability of this object to the application. you can also use x-rays, if we talk about the direct method, then in

x-ray diffraction, for example, the wavelength of x-rays is such that it allows degradation. on crystals and so we can scan the sample. e understand what type of grating and s. well , what sizes according to the data? uh, the sample is directly tell about the composition of the elements we certainly can not, however, using a different method. such as, for example, x-ray microanalysis. we can use it there, in general, indirectly. the fact is that the excitation of atoms occurs due to electron beams, as in electron microscope, however, then these excited electrons in atoms begin to return to lower energy levels in the same way and emit the x-ray characteristic for each atom. this case? in general, but x-ray radiation is being investigated now and what are the main

areas of this research will be expanded by the range of methods according to the plan performance and their implementation right there. for example, use in medicine directly for the treatment of a disease can be expanded. they only for diagnostics can be found new sources of x-ray radiation, or more actively somehow used already known. uh, how, for example, is there an indirect appearance from, for example, the same gamma radiation when energy is lost, when it becomes, x-ray, in principle, there is still something to work on for something global, probably, it is hardly worth expecting, nikit thank you very much was. indeed, it’s interesting, but we have a time of scientific digestion, the most interesting facts about x-rays, from all over the planet right now at the beginning of the 20th century in the usa, one enterprising shoe atelier, engaged in tailoring shoes to order, offered all customers to take an x-ray of their feet in order to make them

perfectly fitting shoes , this practice did not last long, as radiation was found to be in such quantities. carries health, irreparable harm in the ussr, forbidden music was recorded on x-rays were called such handicraft records, ribs, dances, on the bones, music lovers receive a thin record with one song lasting no more than 3.5 minutes. and such records dispersed very quickly thanks to them. soviet youth, even if they had an idea about other music, the most ordinary sticky tape, if unwinding it becomes a source of x-ray radiation, scientists explain this phenomenon by the effect of three boluminescence. this phenomenon is due to the separation of charges. after all, asymmetric bonds in the crystal, and the appearance of light occurs due to the reconnection of the same charges and we continue to talk about x-rays. watch in the next

minute. x-rays, paintings by world-class artists , as their cases are used in art. what is the banner on malevich's square hiding and why do law enforcement officers use x-rays in their work, we will find out in a few minutes? if everyone knows about the use of x-rays in medicine, then that's about the use of this radiation in art. known let's fill in a few gaps in knowledge today with an expert beri fedorovich hello yuri fedorovich moiseev head of the laboratory of physical and chemical research of the department of scientific and restoration workshops of the national art museum of belarus why and why is x-ray radiation used in art? how does it help x-rays? it gives the opportunity to see the restorers. here we have a department called a department, and we refer to it before the work went on restoration. we

do red ultraviolet fixations and x-ray. how does it matter. this is an indicator. it combines these in one place and gives the restaurateur ass pictures of such a degree, there is something down there, something is not there, because , for example, they divided, which we restored what we did with them. changes were shown there, that is, historical ones changed some points, for example, i discovered that there was armor. no, it is smeared, his hand just holds. and here his hand is already pointing at the armor, purely technically, that is, at first the artist wrote, that here is a hand and armor, and then smeared it. yes , he changed his mind and changed badly, that is, historically it was no longer relevant. they sent it to a different topic. every artist. there is your handwriting, for example, here is an image of khrutsky. the fact is that he is

just to us in the light, for example, and we see x-rays, he worked first with a pencil, and then he made an image. here is an infrared day that traces how he changed. the fact is that many works even began to draw. well, in such and such a profile, in such and such he has something did not like. and we see on the x-ray that two faces are one somewhere in the direction of the other. here is how the latter already directly hits the face exactly, how it also helps to find some sewing for every day. for example , zhukovsky, we had a work for examination, it’s impossible, an old canvas, a work is painted on an old canvas. with that work to such subtlety, every petal, real in russian paintings , coincides with this, but the fact is that the witch’s regen is a torn canvas, she does not see the picture,

because therefore the artist will damage the canvas, applied the whole work later. and so it was determined that he could not repeat it. it was easy to treat every petal every detail, especially gold. this is consciousness. there he knew how to draw, so there was no need to deal with such subtleties. therefore, just a copy, they started talking about the fact that x-rays shine through. you see everything and several layers. is it true that the mona lisa also has several layers in the picture, and at the very first she did not smile, some sources. they say that this, too, became known thanks to x-rays. no, in the fifteenth year, since uh-huh. he just applied such a technique, he usually set the camera and a very bright light and the shooting went on in a few clicks. well, that is, the image is constantly light turned out so that it broke through

the bottom layer. that is, there are several layers, that is, the artist is no longer one layer. and so he struck from what was inside. he looked at the image, but it seems like the second image is no longer smiling. but the fact is that the art historians themselves and many are involved. they say, it's just that he's the work of an artist. watched him change, the artist changed image with mona lisa sorted out. let's start from malevich's black square, because also in some sources malevich's black square appears next to the theme of x-ray radiation, we stopped at what else is down there, if the image is generally different there . well, a very colorful color is much more than just hitting. that is, it’s called, it means that they just didn’t decide it that way, that is, at first malevich painted something bright in color, then

something went wrong and changed his mind. well, these are artists, too, they have a mood. one job is very responsible for another. for the same khrutsky, for example, his portraits differ very much from each other, because that he signed a tension and he got portraits to eat, so one portrait is a part of another very much, but still we go in, sometimes a russian portrait of years 5 ago. something, too, was in stock such a fake hall, the image is still russian, and the payment was caught from a technical point of view. that's how long this process is in general pictures to understand what is there in the very, very bottom. well, if we talk about our art museum, we can say this . at first, we also worked. it's just that an x-ray device falls down and a case shines through from below,

that is, there it is, however, we now have a digital one. that is, there is no need now, but the work, firstly, is relatively harmed, that is, it only hangs. he looks at us in that state. and so the photo does, like this, we will now make a work. this is much faster once. secondly, if we have a large work, in the same place, too, the dimensions are all limited by the squares , the work is large and then we simply add it up in the computer and we get a natural large image, good and with a good printing job. we have an almost native future. here is ah. here, in my opinion, yes, the passport of the study is a completely different picture. we had an artist here. uh, popov's abstract is called this came across another image. here we also had a very good

woman, as if she could very well find one all things historically, and she determined who the x-ray was. this is a woman. this is a sculpture in a different way, in general everything has already been written off, returning to our direct topic of the x-ray program - alternative. here in the research in the art of x-ray radiation appeared, or still one of the most reliable, first of all, harmless to the work. already installed at least a thousand times more. give it better and it doesn't work. eh, there is no work. we can see everything, for example, the same work that is duplicated on another canvas, for example, because the condition of this canvas was very bad. we see through the x-ray, that real native. well , there's a lot to see. i say vision, i

can even say that we have a problem with icons, for example, well, why do i shine through them. the problem is that they are very poorly preserved. here is the painting, it is better, but the icons have a lot of losses, some clouding, everything and many are not there. good restorers like that, they corrected everything, this is me now, when you shine through some things and see, dear image. it is a masterpiece. look at what one smeared, there it will be necessary to say uh-huh , because our restorers, for example, they are very good. thank you very much, indeed. very interesting. we do not say goodbye our correspondent decided to find out what issues law enforcement solve with the help of x-rays.