friends in the room where napoleon bonaparte spent the night in the museum there are many exhibits, ranging from ancient bricks, and ending with cristae that were pierced by bullets and, of course, an exhibit brought by parishioners that we found here during repairs. they were all buried in the ground. we took them out and stored them in order to provide it to those who would be interested in it with great reluctance, and our film crew leaves for the prayer place. it's time to go to the museum, which already exists in the city of local history on pionerskaya street formerly tatar. to whom the building previously belonged is an open question, some believe that it was a residential building, the owner of the glass factory and any merlis, others are sure that the building previously belonged to the zarechno tolochinskoe

according to the land bank, in both cases. i never cease to be a unique architectural monument of the late 19th century. uniform buttons of the soldiers of the french and russian army pistol fragments of the core buckshot bullets, it seems to me that our film crew found traces of a large campaign of the great army. slavin is not only military actions, in the main fund of the museum there are more than 10,000 exhibits in the exposition several halls ethnography exhibition historical halls of the nature of ancient history in the last nakhodka from the kurgans tools of labor copies of arrowheads knives locks of keys elements of decoration of that time in mounds, burial grounds, archaeologists discovered women's jewelry brought from egypt and byzantium, such a dazzling beauty by the standards could only be

afforded by women from the noble estates perfectly, knowing their own value and money. this is confirmation that still passed nearby, the waterway from the varangians to the greeks, here and the explanation of another version of the origin of the name of the city in the translation of boykay, a trading settlement , historical data really confirm the 17th century. here they held several fairs a year, ground, like any city, slaven is first of all its people. here the people's artist of the ussr hero of belarus mikhail savitsky was born. this land gave the world such famous poets and writers as vera verbaretsky or from petrashkevich and the great belarusian pesnyary people yakub kolos also worked for some time in the ceiling back to the historical.

the war of 1812 owes its revival to another catholic church in tolochin . shrines 100,000 bricks, and the tsarist government donated 2,000 rubles. silver. unfortunately, financial aid the work turned out to be insufficient for a long time. in 1848, a committee was created to raise the necessary funds, and after 5 years, construction was completed until the 1930s. the temple was a parish church after the great

patriotic war. the building housed a weaving workshop, a furniture store, a weight workshop, a granary. later it was partially repaired, and in 1993 the church was returned to believers. the temple was named after the preacher and one of the most famous franciscans, saint anthony of padua, is considered a miracle worker of the highest degree . italian excellence. there is even a playful saying too much mercy. saint anthony says this when they get more than they want to the point where it's more counterproductive. in addition to temples , brick buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries are well preserved in the city. most of them are also slavic heritage, who owned the city before the revolution, right now we are on our way to a place that also belonged to famous premises. and here is our main

landmark, the fire station and, as far as i know, in the city, the fire brigade has always been at its best on the central square, once there was a tower with a signal bell, and in the city at that time two squads, state and voluntary, were working. but we 're not talking about firefighters. we are on the territory of a monument of landscape architecture of the 19th century. this is all that remains of the picturesque manor park of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. why such a name? and, because this place belonged to jozef slavinsky. and by the way, the park was located not far from the family estate and served as an excellent wind protection. the landscape park was laid in 1890, no exotic, only local

species of trees, linden, pine, spruce, poplar birch near the entrance to the mass grave of soviet soldiers. and partizan among the dead were representatives of the twelfth tank brigade, as well as one of the organizers and leaders of the partisan movement, a symbolic seed next to the grave, kurgan. for your information, 10 natives of the region were awarded the title of hero of the soviet union from 12 people heroes of socialist labor. in general, throughout for many centuries, people who completely devoted themselves to their favorite business, sparing no effort and time as jewelers, became very living. seamstresses blacksmiths-bone cutters, even the people's poet of the bssr pimen panchenko dedicated the city to its inhabitants. kisses, odu la jeans of the good ones are right out of the jeans of the adharalki do not go crazy sow ice live behind the

left dressed jinks, then the youngest. i quest a new hustinka to the branches forever shabby, but in love. they're probably the first thing in their job. after all, it’s not for nothing that it became very much called the city of truzhenikov sergey web hello , i caught you at the work process, it goes like this, i as i understand it, this is the material for your future creations. yes, these are the eyes of sortavala, she is called an american. we prepare in advance the material for our work. well, yes, in the fall in the spring we harvest it so only it can be prepared for the year ahead. well practically. yes, but she looks so still tender, yet, not strong, she is very fragile. yes, it’s not so neat, even now, if i knitted it, then it’s necessary somewhere neatly, because if it’s already overdone, it will no longer bring out

lyubov sergeevna for several decades. learned to grow a slogan to process and store it, and also do amazing things with natural material that leave no one indifferent. you waste-free production. uh-huh yes, we debug the bark, until for a while then after when we need it, we also soak it and do everything that we need, that is, some decorative elements. it turns out, then we dried the manhole, we definitely sort it, because when you need to make some kind of product, it has already been simply sorted because our ancestors mastered the skills of weaving from a vine. even before they learned to hunt and fish. this old craft predates pottery and quality by some time. she for weaving was a little forgotten, but thanks to

such masters as lyubov sergeevna, this unique business has found, a second wind is in fashion today, natural materials and handmade things. finding from the vine. experiencing a new flowering. and this is where and you don’t understand, right? where carefully, where there is no under the bottom, when you see the work of the master, it seems that she can do it because of this capricious material practically everything. but in fact, the secret of success is simple experience, passed down from generation to generation, the desire to work and a strong passion. a decade of the century of the city’s inhabitants flies past every year, only proving the status of haircutters. personally, after meeting the cut, i don’t have a single question about the origin of the name of this place. come and

discover your ticket.

they were discovered quite by accident a little more than 35 years later, the author of this sensational discovery was the first among physicists received the nobel prize. since then, the name of this scientist has become a household name about what his wife said when she first saw her hand through, illuminated by x-rays, they must be told along with the story of the discovery today in the new company. we will also

tell you about it. and we will also understand globally in such an interesting topic as x-rays. my name is ekaterina berskaya. hello, and look at the program. color in the midst of darkness, how wilhelmarentgen discovered his famous rays mri and ct fluorography what is the difference between the most informative studies of the human body, x-rays for recording music and shoe production, as they were used at different times in different countries, we will tell very soon. all accidents are not accidental, if the physicist wilgel on x-ray on november 8 , 1895, left work 2 hours earlier, perhaps the world would not have learned about the greatest discovery in more detail in the material of my colleagues. on november 8, 1895, the physicist wilhelm roentgen, as always, worked in his

laboratory until late, when he was already going to it was dark to leave and turning off all the appliances and the light noticed that a jar of clear liquid. in one of the corners of the laboratory , a little green light began to glow, after thinking the x-ray noticed that in a hurry one device did not turn off the vacuum tube. after turning it off, the glow disappeared and the scientists began to study their accidental discovery. the fact was that the jar of liquid was at the other end of the room. this means that the vacuum tube emitted a special beam to test its properties. the physicist began to put on his way a variety of objects sheet of paper cardboard glass and even wooden boards. the beam passed through all these objects without the slightest difficulty in the process, his hand also fell into the beam area, what the scientists saw shocked him, he saw his hand through and through, and only the bones remained not transparent after a few. in her strenuous research, he made the world's first x-ray, photographing them random hand of his wife berta followed by a lot of

various experiments, the essence of which he revealed his scientific work, received great popularity in the physical and medical scientific community. this discovery made a splash and the new rays were named x-rays in honor of their discoverer for his work in 1901. roentgen received the nobel prize in physics. well, how to use x-rays in our time, we will find out from our first guest, he is already in nikita's studio hello hello nikita stepanyuk is an employee of a research laboratory and he is at the plasma modification of solid bodies of the belarusian faculty of physics state university tell us more about radiation in general. where do x-rays come from? and what are x- rays anyway? eh, they're not really that different . from, for example, ordinary visible light or from infrared radiation, and so

on. the only difference is the frequency of this own radiation and , accordingly, the wavelength and energy that does not carry, respectively, x-rays. they are the highest frequency after the known gamma radiation and, at the same time, less high-frequency than the known ultraviolet radiation during the transition from higher energy levels to lower ones, any electron emits an electromagnetic wave, with some of the largest energy differences, it is x-ray radiation that is formed. it has rather low long wavelengths, and thanks to this, it is able , in general, to penetrate most of the materials known to us and thus help us in research and obtaining information. medicine is the area where, but? i think everyone knows that x-rays are used. i suggest you look into it right now. what is the difference between the well-known mri ct and fluorography? none

of the types of diagnostics after laboratory blood tests and ultrasound examinations of organs is used as often as the follow-up ringgens are currently used by various methods of x-ray examination, which means x-ray fluoroscopy. this is digital radiography, as one of the research methods, which also includes fluorography. currently fluorographic all devices. these are digital x-ray machines that allow you to receive a digital image, which is transmitted to a computer, and by means of obtaining such an image, the doctor can evaluate and describe or a genealogical picture. in the minsk center for phthisiopulmonology, and it is here that patients with lung diseases are treated,

who are diagnosed using x-rays , they note that now classic devices using x-ray film are beginning to become obsolete, they are gradually being replaced by digital ones . x-ray machines devices that generate ionizing radiation. on a digital x-ray machine, performing an examination on it, the patient receives a minimum dose of radiation exposure, which is only 500 milliliters with conventional radiography. the radiation load for the patient is 0.18 or zirt when performing a fluorographic study of 0.15 weeks. there are also specialized x-ray machines for special examinations. like who mammographer for the examination of the mammary glands of women, the x-ray machine is a machine uh, orthopantomographs, which are used for hmm means panoramic pictures of a person's teeth.

it is very convenient to perform to perform so that the doctor can immediately evaluate everything, and the teeth that are in the patient. there are also computed tomographs, these are already devices that allow you to get layer-by-layer sections of the anatomical structures of the body, accurate detailing of the pathology, especially this type of research proved to be 100%, as doctors say, during a pandemic, quid, when simple pictures of pneumonia did not show so last year. many state clinics were equipped with ct scanners, which we can generally see in x-ray studies, and in particular the lungs - these are tumors. these are infectious diseases, inflammatory diseases, including tuberculosis. these are pleurisy. uh, these are diseases. in general

, organs, both lungs and pleura inside the thoracic lymph nodes of the mediastinum, that is, all this helps to reveal chest x-ray. well, i no longer take about that. that is the best method for diagnosing pathologies of the musculoskeletal system are also x-ray studies; fractures , dislocations, the same tumors of bone tissues. everything. this is detected primarily in raccoon biological studies, of course, the most popular x-ray study is fluorography, despite the fact that its cost is low. but the accuracy of the study at a good level allows you to see the disease in the initial stages. and this is an excellent screening for lung cancer in our country, for the first time , fluorography is done at the age of 17, and then up to 40 every 3 years and after forty once every

2 years, especially doctors warn to ignore the passage of this study is not worth it for those who cannot give up such a bad habit, like smoking. i would like to recall that there are many lung diseases. in particular. these are malignant tumors. they are caused by smoking, especially in smokers with a long history of statistics. after giving up smoking, the lungs are restored and cleared within 9 years, that is, after 9 years. and if there were no serious ones, there diseases already e, caused by the consumption of tobacco, otherwise you can count on that and a future life with healthy lungs, but even in medicine, the use of x-

rays. that's probably fluorography ct and mri is not limited. or maybe you can tell us somewhere else and in general in what areas. others use x- rays today in exactly the same way as in medicine, for example, with the ability of the beam to obscure the film when shooting through the light of an object. it is also used for x-ray flaw detection. that is, when instead of human consciousness, we study in the same way, for example, pipes or some other solid objects. that is, we see what defects there are, there are cavities of simplicity and we can draw a conclusion about the applicability of this object to the application. you can also use x-rays, if we talk about the direct method, then in ringeo diffractometry, for example, the x-ray wavelength is such that it allows it to degrade on crystals and in this way. we can scan the sample. eh, understand

what type of grating and well, what sizes according to the data? uh, the sample is directly tell about the elemental composition. of course, we can't, however, with the help of another method. such as, for example, x-ray for spectral microanalysis. we can use it there, in general, indirectly. the fact is that the excitation of atoms occurs due to electron beams, as in an electron microscope, however, then these excited electrons in atoms begin to return to lower energy levels in the same way and emit the x-ray characteristic for of each atom, the differences between these levels and, accordingly, the frequency of radiation are known, and therefore, by mutual intensity, it is possible to determine how many of which atoms are in a given number. in general, uh, x-ray radiation is being investigated now and what are the main areas of this research will be expanded to include a range of methods according to the execution plan and their implementation. here, for example, it can be expanded, for example, the use in medicine directly for the

treatment of a disease, and not only for diagnosis , new sources can be found. vienna radiation, or more actively somehow used already known as, for example, there. an oily appearance from, for example , the same gamma radiation with a loss of energy, when it becomes x-ray, in principle, there is still something to work on, but something global, probably, is hardly to be expected. nikita thank you very much . indeed, it is interesting and we have the time of scientific digest, the most interesting facts about x-rays from all over the planet right now. at the beginning of the 20th century in the united states, one enterprising shoe atelier engaged in tailoring shoes to order, offered all customers to take an x-ray of their feet in order to make them perfect, shoes that fit on the foot did not last long, as it was discovered that radiation in such quantities causes health, irreparable harm in the ussr, forbidden music was recorded on

x-rays the pictures were called such handicraft records, ribs, dances, on the bones, music lovers receive a thin record with one song lasting no more than 3.5 minutes. and these records sold very quickly. thanks to them, the soviet youth, at least had an idea about other music, the most ordinary sticky tape, if unwound it becomes a source of x-ray radiation, scientists explain this phenomenon by the effect of three boluminescence. this phenomenon is due to the separation of charges. after all, asymmetric bonds in the crystal are destroyed, and the appearance of light. occurs due to the reconnection of the same charges. and at the company, we continue to talk about x-rays. the next minute x-rays of canvases by artists of the world level, as in the case used in art. what the famous black square of malevich hides and why law enforcement officers use x-rays in their work, we will find

out in a few minutes. if everyone knows about the use of x-rays in medicine, then that 's about the use of this radiation in art. it is known that few gaps in knowledge will be filled today with an expert yuri fedorovich hello yuri fedorovich moiseev head of the laboratory of physical and chemical research of the department of scientific and restoration workshops of the national art museum of belarus for what and why is x-rays used in art in general? how does it help x-rays? it gives the opportunity to see the restorer. here we have a department called the revolutionary department, and we refer to it before the work went on restoration. we are doing red ultraviolet fixations and x-rays, as with me , this is everything, she now combines me and gives the restaurateur's ass pictures of

such a degree, there is something down there, something is not there, because, for example, they divided, which we restored what we did with them. changes were shown there, that is, historical ones changed some points, for example, i discovered that there was armor. no, it is smeared, his hand just lies. and here his hand is already pointing at the armor, purely technically, that is, at first the artist wrote that here is the arm and the armor, and then he covered it up. yes, he changed his mind, changing eras, that is, the historical one was no longer relevant. they've moved it to a different topic. every artist. there is your handwriting, for example, here is an image of a russian that he is in red light, for example, and we see eugene, he worked first with a pencil, and then he made an image. here we need infrared. yes, it traces

how he changed. the fact is that many of the works even eat began to draw in some profile, in such and such he did not like something. and we see on the x-ray that two faces are one somewhere in the direction of the other. here is how the last one already hits the face exactly, as in the picture. well, it also helps to find some filings. for example , we had zhukovsky for examination a work, it is impossible, an old canvas, a work is painted on an old canvas. with that work to such subtlety, every petal of a real russian painting coincides with this one, but the fact is that the regene, apparently torn tail. she does not see the picture, because therefore i also canvas the entire work. and so it was determined that he could not repeat it. there was simply no need to turn on

so every petal, every detail. first of all, he already knew how to draw, so there was no need to deal with such subtleties. that's why exactly a copy here we talked about the fact that x-rays shine through. you see everything and several layers. is it true that the mona lisa also has several layers in the picture, and at the very first she did not smile, some sources. it is said that this also became known, thanks to the x-ray no, in the fifteenth year, since uh-huh. he just applied such a technique, he usually set the camera and a very bright light and the shooting went on in a few clicks. well, that is, the image is constantly light turned out so that it broke through the bottom layer. that is, it has several layers, then there is an artist no longer one layer. and so he broke through to what's inside. here he looked at

the image, but it seems like the second image is no longer smiling at the car. but the fact is that they themselves are engaged in obsolete releases, they say, he just looked at the work of the artist, how he changed. you definitely changed the image with the mona lisa figured it out. let's talk about malevich's black square, because also in some sources malevich's black square appears next to the theme of x-ray radiation, they settled on what else is down there, if the image is generally different there like this. i, well, very colored colored much more than just hits. that is, it is called, it means that it is simply not so decided. that is, at first malevich painted something bright colored, then something went wrong and changed his mind. well, these are artists, too, their mood is one work is very different from the other. for the same khrutsky

, for example, his portraits differ from each other very much, because he just signed. and now he managed to eat portraits , so one portrait differs very much from the other, but we still go sometimes a fragile portrait about 5 years ago, a little more, there was also a stock of such a tattered hall with the image. still, they stopped something crunching, it turned out from a technical point of view. that's how long this process is in general, here is the translucence of the picture in order to understand what is there in the very, very bottom. well , if we talk about our art museum, we can say this. at first, we also worked. it's just that an x-ray device is sung into a work of art and the case is translucent from below, that is, we now have a digital one. that is, there is no need now the work, firstly, is relatively harmed, that is, it only hangs.

we have it according to the state. and so we will now make a work. it's much faster. this time. secondly, we if a large product, so also the sizes are all limited. well, the squares of the product are large and then we simply add them in the computer and we get a natural large image, good and with a good printing job. we have an almost native future. here is ah. here here, in my opinion, yes passports a completely different picture was here. the artist we have e popova abstraction is called x-ray. here, in fact, under this found another image. wow, and we had a very good woman herself. the captain could very well find one by historical and all things, and she determined who this woman was. here

is mukhin's girlfriend sculptor, in general, they painted everything, returning to our directly topic of the alternative x-ray program. here in research in the art of x-ray radiation appeared, or still one of the most reliable, first, harmless to the work. already installed at least a thousand times more. give get, and it does not work the product and no. we can see everything, for example, the same work, which is duplicated on another canvas, for example, because the condition of this canvas was very bad. we see through the x-ray, that real native and see a lot of things there. i say vision. so i can even say that the problem is with us with icons, for example, well, what do i see through. the fact is that they are very poorly preserved painting, it is better, and the icons have a lot of losses, some

clouding, everything and many are not there. such good restorers, they were corrected, they changed everything. now when you shine through some things and see, a native image. with the fact that one smeared there, we must say uh-huh, because our restorers, for example, they are very good. thank you very much, indeed. very interesting. we don't say goodbye our correspondent decided to find out what questions the law enforcement officer solves with the help of x-rays. the satellite device has a special console on which the received images are displayed and fixed is very easy to use. this is how it turns on. this is our mobile table. it is very mobile in the horizontal plane, allowing us to move perpendicular directions in order to localize

the area we need, so forensic doctors move the device under the required area and obtain the desired images. next, we put on protection. still. this is the median radiation. button we go in, put on protection, go behind the screen and we press the button in this way, a picture is taken from the digital detector instantly via wi-fi information is sent to the computer. here, it is processed and then directly goes to the expert's personal computer. in this way. we can literally visualize the area we need in just a few minutes. experts use this method to examine the corpses of objects of biological origin, for example, in the presence of fractures, an x-ray examination allows them to be identified.