they even understand what the profession of an artist is. here people will be able to see and understand what the profession of a sculptor is, which requires knowledge of technology. to the process of building models , an idea of ​​what art casting is, and so on and so forth. this is a very useful visit for everyone who wants to get to know how the works of art are created that adorn the square parks of the streets of our city combine submission this saturday is better 13:1, a tailored program so the map itself is a maisterne, open to visitors can be found on the belarusian telegram channel and unions. this is more and more, probably, our website tvr box beeline is a nice evening. these guys love to learn and are ready to answer tricky questions. what is the difference between a circle and a circle at a hand, all points are

equally removed from the center along the circle, and at the circle it is not always. mathematical explanation, and the circle is not always difficult to explain why? well, how would such an intuition visit me that this is exactly the option c will be. well, at least someone visited you. today we are not so good, remember school program together with project participants. i know, and perhaps the first picture shows a clipping, and the second one is embroidered, and then they have a common wave prefix , the smart girl should be proud of such a child, watch the intellectually entertaining show on belarus 24 tv channel.

at the beginning of the last century, this diagnosis was considered fatal, and even surgeons up to in the early twenties of people with this disease, if they had gangrene did not operate, because in more than 95% of cases the patients died, then doctors in general, practically did not know anything about how to treat diabetes, and it was about him that they kept patients on starvation diets after 100 years. everything has changed drastically if all medical recommendations are followed, people with this diagnosis live ordinary, even active lives on the air on alcohol. my name is ekaterina biretskaya. hello. and as you already understood. today we will talk about a sweet disease and its bitter consequences, if you do not start treatment on time, stay with us in the next half hour you will find out. through what i mean

the ancient greeks when describing diabetes. the main energy supplier in the body, the whole truth about insulin and the latest research on diabetes from our scientists will be told and shown soon. the term diabetes comes from the greek and translates as passing through. why did the ancient greeks call this disease in this way in our next material? for the first time, the term diabetes mellitus was introduced into medical practice in the second century and literally translates diabetes. how to pass through just such a name was chosen, because with this disease nutrients pass without being utilized only in the middle of the 19th century, medical studies showed that there is a connection between diabetes mellitus and the pancreas in the late 1850s, the french physician pierre piori suggested increasing the intake of sugar by patients to compensate for its loss in the urine, but through 20 years later, another

french doctor noticed that a balanced diet and physical activity improve the condition of patients, and after another 20 years. romanian scientists paueles, as in paris, began to study the internal secretion of the pancreas glands. for many years, it took scientists to bring out a pure extract of the pancreas only in 1955, the british chemist sanger from a group of co-authors, received the nobel prize for revealing the primary structure of insulin from that moment, and a new era of treatment for the study of diabetes began. well , now i propose to go to the main part of the program in the studio of science addiction doctor endocrinologist alexei romanovsky alexei antonovich hello alexei antonovich romanovsky candidate of medical sciences doctor endocrinologist associate professor of the department of endocrinology of the belarusian medical academy after graduation. research interests are diabetology and associated cardiovascular diseases, tyre and dalogy emergency endocrinology member of the european

association for the study of diabetes mellitus of the international diabetes federation of the european and belarusian association of endocrinologists. let's first find out what is insulin and what is glucose and in general how are they connected to each other and connected insulin is a hormone that is produced in the pancreas by beta cells and insulin lowers blood glucose levels. insulin is the main hormone that regulates the entire metabolism of the entire metabolism, that is, insulin regulates the metabolism of glucose under the action of insulin, protein is synthesized and muscles grow. under the action of insulin , fat is synthesized and under the action of insulin , slow carbohydrates, starch, or as we call it glycogen, are synthesized in the muscles and in the liver. that is, it is one of the main metabolic anabolic hormones of a person, what happens to this hormone and why this happens to it. e, if

a person's diagnosis of diabetes usually the diagnosis of diabetes indicates that a person does not have enough insulin to have a normal metabolism and, first of all, this is manifested by a high level of glucose or sugar in the blood, because in addition to regulating metabolism , insulin helps to ensure that glucose penetrates into the cell glucose - it is food for our cells. and without insulin, glucose does not enter the cells and metabolism is disturbed. this is diabetes mellitus, when there is little insulin there is type 1 diabetes, there is second. tell me what's the difference, what's scarier. uh, is everything treated with type 1 diabetes, the immune system of the person himself destroys beta cells, that is, this is an autoimmune disease. and there is such a serious genetic basis, insulin becomes scarce, and then it disappears altogether, because all the beta cells killed by their own

immune system in such patients are less than ten percent of the population, for example, in the republic of belarus today there are 19,700 of them. and here is the second type of diabetes. this is the most 363,000 such patients have been registered in our republic of belarus today, and every year the number of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus increases in our republic by approximately 20,000. i mean, it's such a big problem. with the first type , there really is a predisposition and some sort of triggering factor, some kind of strong stress infection. may lead to this. basically, prevention. as such, the first type does not exist, but in the second type there are two factors. these are polygenic diseases there are many genes responsible for the development of obesity for the development of diabetes mellitus of the second type, here half the disease develops as a result of some genetic predispositions of the same family pineapple and half it is associated with lifestyle. let's take a break and

find out. what research on the topic of diabetes are our scientists. the essence of the study was to determine, first of all, the ultrastructural changes that lie at the very beginning at the very foundation of development. e disease. that is. uh, when we consider a human patient with some kind of problem. we already see his manifestation of the disease, he has complaints, and when the process is just beginning. it can start from the smallest structures, that is, at the cellular level. e, at the level of its organelles at the level of small vessels, that is, the microvasculature. this is something we were interested in seeing. that is, it was we who, in the first place, wanted to investigate, in

principle, the studies that were carried out in our laboratory at our institute. it was a very long period of time. we conducted research first on experimental animals. this is, of course, the white laboratory rat of our vivarium. institute of physiology diabetes mellitus. in particular research. this issue was covered somewhere. well, about four years on the final. we looked at the smell of e and some laboratory indicators and blood cells of already patients in whom it was verified, that is, a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus was established in cooperation with clinicians, the main conclusions. the most important the very first target that takes a hit in diabetes. this is me brain weight. that is, it was the vessels of the microvasculature of the brain and the brain tissue that were damaged in the first place. e, ultrastructures of the endothelial cells, that is, those cells that line the frontal lobes inside the e vessels of the bloodstream. and changes in

platelets were expressed, that is, they were prone to increased aggregation. that is, they accumulated together formed such conglomerates and pronounced changes in side of red blood cells, that is, erythrocytes. and when we examined the erythrocytes of experimental animals. it was a very pronounced picture, that is, all the erythrocytes were not only of different sizes, but also of different shapes, and again they were prone to forming them into conglomerates. why does all this lead in parallel to the fact that the thickness of the muscle layer of the vessel wall changes, that the desquamation of endotheliocytes increases, that is, the cells that line the inside of the vessel change, or even we found cells that had completely destroyed organelles, that is, an absolutely destroyed cell, damaged in parallel with this, a change occurs on the part of blood cells, that is, changes in the quality of structures. the walls of the vessel and

changes in the function of blood cells, that is, the formation of microthrombosis against the background of impaired microcirculation and swelling of the brain tissue, primarily in the area that we found these microcirculatory changes in some moments. i assumed some things. i did not expect to see, did not expect to find, for example, that in the earliest developments of diabetes mellitus, the level of renin. it rises much. this is the substance that is responsible for the development of high vascular tone, that is, high blood pressure. that is, here it turns on in the early stages, the mechanisms of formation of arterial hypertension are early changed by the content of 100 calcium substances, which are responsible for the metabolism of bone tissue. that is, the formation of bone tissue is also disturbed. her diet is also broken. these are the moments that were found at the earliest stages of the formation of diabetes. it was, of course. well, sad, maybe find if so you can say. you are watching the

nu-kamaniya project. today we are talking about the sweet disease of its bitter consequences and do not miss further loss of consciousness convulsions nausea. how else can hypoglycemia manifest itself, do animals suffer from diabetes, and how to protect yourself from a sweet illness on the air very soon?

for those who have just joined us, i tell you this is a science mania. the topic of our today's program is diabetes mellitus in the studio, endocrinologist elixir manovsky right now let's try to figure it out concept as hippolycemia. tell the same sharp decrease, and the sugar level in patients with diabetes mellitus in the normal state of sugar is elevated, how is this even possible, and what happens with diabetes . this is a blood sugar level or glucose level below normal values, but in diabetes mellitus. it is we who define a specific glucose level of less than 4

mmol/l if a patient with diabetes has a glucose level of less than 4 mmol/l. here we must already sound the alarm to understand, and the cause of hypoglycemia in diabetes mellitus. most the main thing is an overdose of either hypoglycemic pills or insulin and the second reason is the small amount of carbohydrates that a person consumes in a particular meal, insulin is usually calculated on the amount of carbohydrates. how many people ate, e, carbohydrates, which means, and, accordingly, the required amount of insulin. it is individually calculated what he should lead, and if he takes more insulin than he received carbohydrates, then a third reason for the development of hypoglycemia will develop, especially in people who get insulin - this is a big physical load, because our muscles consume a lot of carbohydrates. and if a person receives less carbohydrates, more insulin and more physical activity, then hypoglycemia will develop and the fourth reason for the development of religion. with diabetes. this is the presence

of tablets or insulin. plus drinking alcohol is also used. but the main reason is still an overdose of either drugs or insulin. and this must be excluded man. uh, the patient himself can understand that he has a sharp the level of sugar has dropped or and this can understand, well, the one who is nearby, what are the symptoms and what to do, in the vast majority of cases, uh, the person feels the approach and glycemia. yes, it manifests itself as sweating in a person becomes covered, then the body begins to tremble and a wolfish appetite appears, excitement appears, if you do not take fast, carbohydrates, sweet, tea juice, sweet lemonade. and here, by the way, it does not fit. these are the colas with black caps. do there are no calories, so this hyperglycemia will not save. and if something is not take, then hypoglycemic coma may develop when

help is needed. but in most cases, uh, patients, of course, feel the harbingers and educate a diabetic patient should have a candy in his pocket, especially the patient who uses insulin to prevent hypoglycemia. hmm. that is , diabetics should not have anything sweet at home. this myth is bad. yes , especially when a person receives insulin, it is necessary that sweets be available. let's let's talk about the consequences of, uh, diabetes. eh, i understand that they can be very different. and this is a disease complex, or first a complex of diseases, and then, uh, diabetes mellitus is dangerous primarily for its chronic complications. ultimately, chronic complications are very dangerous and they can lead to heart attacks. strokes amputation

of the lower extremities, blindness and kidney failure. this is the final hundred. diabetic complications, so diabetes mellitus is a very insidious disease before the moment until the symptom of chronic diabetes develops, the patient does not feel any bad, so to speak pain sensations or anything else, this is the insidiousness of this disease, this disease must be taken very seriously. let's see how to understand if there are problems or not. what tests do you have ? at what age do you start to control this whole story? well, here we need to divide all our people into two high-risk groups and low-risk groups, high-risk groups - these are the people who of which someone in the family has diabetes , especially type 2, and also who is overweight or obese, when the body mass index is more than 25 or more than

30, as well as those who have a waist measured in centimeters with a tailor's tape. men over 102 cm, and for women over 88 , this is the risk group. and these people should first of all check their blood glucose levels more often . it is necessary to hand over better two analyzes. now they are completely available both in polyclinics for free and in commercial laboratories. it is the level of fasting blood sugar and glycated hemoglobin, which indirectly reflects and very well reflects the average glucose level over the past 3 months. these two tests are absolutely enough to establish a diagnosis of diabetes or diabetes. that is, when the numbers are not yet diabetic at what age to start taking these two tests, if, for example, from and not in the risk group, that is, you can start from forty years old, you can start from 65 years old, and the older the age, the more often you ask , but not more often than once a year must be done,

as we are offered to do this in the clinic. that is, if they offered a medical examination of this level of glucose in the blood, there will definitely be or applying for a job with the certificates to which we receive for a driver's license, and so on, if there is any doubt, you can pass it at any time. but do animals suffer from diabetes and do our correspondents need to take tests? diabetes mellitus veterinary practitioners of the disease often suffer from it, like a farm animal. so homemade scientists from the institute experimental veterinary medicine of the academy of sciences of belarus note that most often this disease is diagnosed in dogs, skin to horses, pigs, and much less often in animals with the so-called multi-chambered stomach. these are sheep-goat cattle with an old record of the disease. about, for example,

dogs cats is approximately 3-4% of the total pathology. this figure may not be that big, but unfortunately this is such a specific chronic disease, which, of course, leads to damage to many organs and e. their functional and organic damage and therefore very difficult to treat. diabetes mellitus in animals is associated with a violation of all types of metabolism, but mainly carbohydrate metabolism due to the fact that destruction is observed. the so-called beta cells of the pancreatic pancreas are those cells that synthesize insulin, which is an important regulator of glucose levels in the body. due to the fact that diabetes

mellitus causes a large number of causes, many organs are involved in the pathological process and the disease manifests itself in the most different symptoms. with an increase in the level of glucose - this is the main, as if a sign of this disease, a redistribution of fluid in the body occurs. and in this regard, water-electrolyte metabolism is disturbed and differs in this regard. dryness, for example, of the mucous membranes of the skin, may also have deeper lesions, sometimes even necrosis of the tip of the tail in animals is noted with this disease. greenhouse organs. first of all, the liver is the heart of the brain. even the lungs are the only way to get your pet sick.

don't run. it is time to diagnose it, donate color to clinics, you need blood and urine . biochemical blood tests, first of all, are important in terms of diagnosing this disease. determination of the level of pancreatic liver enzymes and handwriting. these are cholesterol aminotransferases to alkaline phosphatase, urea creatinine kenase and other indicators, and it is thanks to them that it is possible to make a timely diagnosis and begin treatment in general, the causes of the disease and the stages of its development in animals. they are the same as in humans, therefore the treatment of diabetes is the same as insulin, in the treatment it is a very difficult problem, in principle, how do people choose the necessary dose of insulin, that is, starting from the usual with small doses, and this is all carried out under control the content of glucose in the

blood and urine, and when these levels reach the optimal values, selects the dose and then continues. treatment alexey antonovich let's move on to the treatment of diabetes. maybe they said that he was being treated to reassure everyone. here is the main thing to start treating in time and strictly follow the recommendations of doctors that this is a drug treatment. it's kind of a special way of life. explain the treatment of diabetes. there are both national and international protocols that are well developed, and every year more and more new data appear that we introduce into clinical practice. the treatment of diabetes mellitus includes several components. the first is the usual a healthy lifestyle, that is, the whole lifestyle of a diabetic patient does not

differ from the lifestyle of any healthy person in any way and diet. including on the other hand, of course, it is necessary to limit fast carbohydrates. this is the only one that may be slightly different in some way , as well as the amount of fat in type 2 diabetes, because this is the main source of calories for physical activity for exercise, physical education and so on. this is part of the treatment. type 2 diabetes, a in type 1 diabetes. it's just like a component of a healthy lifestyle. that's the way a healthy lifestyle diet, exercise and stress management. many people forget there. here is the third component. the fact is that everything with spring hormones we call them contraceptive. well, the most famous such hormone is cortisol, a hormone whose increase leads to obesity to an increase in sugar, and therefore it can also contribute. yes, the mechanism for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, therefore the fight against stress or, so to speak,

balancing stress is also an important element in the prevention of diabetes. well, the main component of treatment is drug therapy. in case of diabetes mellitus of the first type, this is insulin therapy, and in case of diabetes mellitus of the second type, these are tableted hypoglycemic drugs. first of all and insulin therapy hmm secondly, usually with the course of the disease , patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 may also need insulin therapy. this is absolutely normal, because beta cells this person can not withstand such a large load. they cannot serve such a big weight in quotation marks, because such a metabolism, and they are depleted here is an overload, therefore, if we prescribe a second, like, after a while already patients of the second, type, then this is absolutely normal. it is not necessary to be afraid. well, prevention. as i understand it, these are practically the same components that are used in treatment, that is, a healthy

lifestyle, fighting stress, giving up sweets. tell me it's the hardest the question you asked today is prevention of sakha on the water of type 2 diabetes for people who are not obese do not have risk factors. it simply means that these people introduce a healthy lifestyle , and for the main preventive group , these are people who are overweight. unfortunately with bad genetics. eh, this is very, very difficult to set ideally. it should look like this. that is, this person must be under the supervision of three specialists, a nutritionist, trainer and psychologist. and this cooperation must continue on average 2 years. this is an ideal option to form the right idea about a healthy diet. it needs the time and condition of a dietitian's relationship training. this is the first second why you need a trainer or

a physical education specialist, you can call it that, because this is a very important component of diabetes prevention, that is, our muscles consume a lot of glucose, but a trainer can help figure out how to grow muscles properly and how not to harm the heart and how to hate joints? well , why do you need a cover, because any calorie restriction leads to so -called nutritional depression, and then the person will stop going to the sports club , stop dieting, and so on. sometimes it is even necessary to prescribe antidepressants or to this specific therapy, and therefore without specialists with this. eh, it's very difficult to understand. it is scientifically proven that even in high-risk groups, the prevention of type 2 diabetes is possible and very successful, so i can only wish you good health. and your patients. thank you very much for taking the time

for our program. i really hope that as many people as possible will watch it, and at least all the main myths about diabetes, we have dispelled here. thanks a lot. it was a science project . i am ekaterina beretskaya. be healthy and on time. check your blood sugar levels. if you have been with us for half an hour, now you understand exactly how important this is until we meet on the air soon.