they were discovered quite by accident a little more than 35 years later, the author of this sensational discovery was the first among physicists to receive the nobel prize. since then, the name of this scientist has become a household name about what his wife said when she first saw her hand through, illuminated by x-rays, they must be told along with their discovery today in science. we will also tell you about it. and we will also understand globally in such an interesting topic as x-rays. my name is ekaterina beretskaya. hello, and look at the program. color in the midst of darkness, as wilhelmarentgen discovered his famous x-rays mri and ct fluorography what is the difference between the most informative studies of the human body, x-rays for recording music and shoe production, how they were used at different times in different countries, we

will tell very soon. all accidents are not accidental, if the physicist wilgel on an x-ray on november 8 , 1895, left work 2 hours earlier, perhaps the world would not have known about the greatest discovery in more detail in the material my colleagues. on november 8, 1895, the physicist wilhelm x-ray, as always, worked in his laboratory until late, when he was about to leave it was dark and turned off all the instruments and the light noticed that the jar was filled with a transparent liquid. in one of the corners of the laboratory , a little green light began to glow, and the x-ray noticed that in a hurry one device did not turn off the vacuum tube. after turning it off, the glow disappeared and the scientists began to study their accidental discovery. the fact was that the jar of liquid was at the other end of the room. so the vacuum tube emitted a special beam to test its properties. the physicist began to put

various objects on his way, a sheet of paper, cardboard, glass, and even wooden boards. the beam passed through all these objects without the slightest difficulty in the process, his hand also fell into the beam’s coverage area, what the scientists saw shocked him, he saw through his hand, and only the bones remained opaque after a few. in her intense research, he made the world's first x-ray, photographing them with the rays of his wife's hand berta followed with this, also a lot of various experiments, the essence of which he revealed his scientific work, which gained great popularity in the physical and medical scientific community. this discovery made a splash and the new rays were named x-rays in honor of their discoverer for his work in 1901. roentgen received the nobel prize in physics. x-rays. in our time, we will find out from our first guest, he is already in the studio nikita

hello nikita stepanyuk employee of the research laboratory of ion-plasma modification of solids , faculty of physics, belarusian state university tell us more about radiation in general. where do x-rays come from? and what are x- rays anyway? eh, they're not really that different . it is, for example, ordinary visible light or infrared radiation and so on. the only difference is the frequency of this own radiation and , accordingly, the wavelength and energy that does not carry, respectively, x-rays. they are the highest frequency after the known gamma radiation and, at the same time, they are of higher frequency than the known ultraviolet radiation. when moving from higher energy levels to lower ones, any electron emits an electromagnetic wave with one of the largest energy differences, it is x-ray

radiation. it has fairly low long wavelengths, and because of this, it is able , in general, to penetrate most of the materials known to us and thus to help us in research and obtaining information medicine - this is the area where it is? i think everyone knows that x-rays are used. i suggest you look into it right now. what is the difference between the well-known mri ct and fluorography? none of the types of diagnostics after a laboratory blood test and ultrasound examination of organs is used as often as follow-up ringgens . currently, various methods of x-ray examination are used, which means that radiography is fluoroscopy, this is digital radiography, as one of the research methods, where fluorography belongs to,

all fluorographic devices are currently used. these are digital x-ray machines that allow you to receive a digital image, which is transmitted to a computer, and by means of obtaining such an image, the doctor can evaluate and describe or a genealogical picture. in the minsk center in physiopulmonology, and it is here that patients with lung diseases are treated, who are diagnosed using x-rays , they note that now classical devices using x-ray film are beginning to to become obsolete, they are gradually being replaced by digital x-ray machines, devices that generate ionizing radiation. on a digital x-ray machine, performing an examination on it, the patient receives a minimum dose of radiation exposure, which is only 500 milliarths with conventional radiography. the radiation load for the patient is 0.18

when performing a fluorographic study of 0.15 weeks. there are also specialized x-ray machines for special examinations. how is a mammographer for examining the mammary glands of women, x-ray machine is a device, uh, orthopantomographs, which are used for hmm means panoramic pictures of a person's teeth. it is very convenient to perform to perform as the doctor can immediately evaluate everything, and the teeth that are in the patient. there are also computed tomographs, these are already devices that allow you to get layer-by-layer sections of the anatomical structures of the body, accurate detailing of the pathology, especially this type of study has shown itself, as doctors say, at 100 during a pandemic to a species, when simple

pictures of pneumonia didn't show. that's why last year. many state clinics were equipped with ct scanners, which we can generally see in x-ray studies, and in particular the lungs - these are tumors. these are infectious diseases, inflammatory diseases, including tuberculosis - these are pleurisy. uh, these are diseases. in general , organs, both lungs and pleura inside the thoracic lymph nodes of the mediastinum, that is, all this helps to reveal chest x-ray. well, i no longer take about that. that the best method for diagnosing the pathology of the musculoskeletal system is also x-ray studies, fractures , dislocations, and tumors of bone tissues. everything. it

comes to light first of all at biological researches. of course, the most popular x-ray study is fluorography, despite the fact that its cost is low. but the accuracy of the study at a good level allows you to see the disease in the initial stages. and this is an excellent screening for lung cancer in our country, for the first time , fluorography is done at the age of 17, and then up to 40 every 3 years and after forty once every 2 years, especially doctors warn to ignore the passage of this study is not worth it to those who cannot give up such a bad habit. like smoking, i would like to remind you that so many lung diseases. in particular. these are malignant tumors. they are caused by smoking, especially in long-term smokers according to statistics. after quitting tobacco smoking

, the lungs are restored and cleared within nine years. that is, after 9 years, if there were no serious already er diseases caused by tobacco use. uh, you can count on that and a future life with healthy lungs, but even in medicine, the use of x- rays. that probably fluorography ct and mri is not limited. or maybe you can tell us somewhere else and in general, in general, in what other areas x- rays are used today in exactly the same way as in medicine, for example, with the ability to radiate a film when shooting through the light of an object. it is also used for x-ray flaw detection. that is, when instead of human consciousness, we study in the same way, for example, pipes or some other

solid objects. that is, we see what defects there are, it is not completely difficult there. and we can give a conclusion about the applicability of this object to the application, you can still use x-rays, if we talk about the direct method, then in x-ray diffractometry, for example, the x-ray wavelength is such that it allows it to degrade on crystals and thus . we can scan the sample. e to understand what type of lattice and well, what sizes according to? uh, the sample is directly indicative of the elemental composition. of course, we can't, but with a different method. such as, for example, an x-ray spectral microanalyst. we can use it there , in general, indirectly. the fact is that the excitation of atoms occurs due to electron beams, as in an electron microscope, but then. these excited electrons. in atoms. they begin to return to lower energy levels in the same way and emit an x-ray characteristic for each atom

the differences between these levels and, accordingly, the frequency of radiation are known, and therefore the intensity can be used to determine how many of which atoms are in a given substance. in general , uh, x-ray radiation is being investigated now and what are the main directions of these studies, the range of methods according to the plan for execution and for their implementation. here, for example, it can be expanded, for example, the use in medicine directly for the treatment of a disease. they are only for diagnosis , new sources of radiation can be found, or more actively in some way known ones are used. uh, how, for example, is there an indirect appearance from, for example, the same gamma radiation when energy is lost, when it becomes x-rays, in principle, there is still something to work on for something global, probably, it is hardly worth expecting. well go thank you very much indeed. interesting, but we have a scientific time. yes, and cruelly, the most interesting x-ray

emission facts from all over the planet right now. at the beginning of the 20th century in the usa, one enterprising shoe atelier, engaged in tailoring shoes for order, offered all customers to take an x-ray of their feet in order to make them perfect, sitting on the foot shoes , this practice did not last long. and since it was discovered that radiation in such quantities causes health, irreparable harm in the ussr, forbidden music was recorded on x-rays, such handicraft records, ribs, dances, on bones were called, music lovers receive a thin record with one song lasting no more than 3.5 minutes. and such records diverged very quickly thanks to them. soviet youth, at least had an idea about other music, the most ordinary sticky tape, if unwinding it becomes a source of x-rays, scientists explain this phenomenon by the effect of three in luminescence. this phenomenon is due to the separation of

charges. after all, asymmetric bonds in the crystal are destroyed, and the appearance of light. it enters due to the reconnection of the same charges. at the company, we keep talking about x-rays. from the next minute , x-rays of the canvases of world-class artists, how their cases are used in art, what hides the famous black square of malevich and why do law enforcement officers use x-rays in their work, we will find out in a few minutes? if it were in the use of x-rays in medicine, everyone would probably know about the use of this radiation in art. it is known that few gaps in knowledge will be filled today with an expert to share a drovicha. hello yuri fedorovich moiseev head of the laboratory of physical and chemical research of the department of scientific and restoration workshops of the national art museum of belarus why and why is x-

rays used in art at all? how does it help x-rays? it gives the opportunity to see the restorer. here we have a department called the directing department. and we treat it before the work went on restoration. we do it under red ultraviolet fixation and x-rays, how to show these with me, it combines everything in one place and gives the restaurateur ass pictures of such a degree, there is something down there, something is not there, because, for example, they divided, which here we restored what we done with them, changes are shown there, that is, historical ones have changed some points, for example, i discovered that there is armor. no, it is smeared, his hand just holds. and here his hand is already pointing at the armor, purely technically, that is, at first the artist wrote that here is the arm and the armor, and

then he covered it up. yes, he changed his mind and changed badly, that is, historically it was no longer relevant. they've moved it to a different topic. every artist. there is your handwriting, for example, here is an image of a russian. the fact is that it is in red light, for example, and x-rays we see, he worked first with a pencil, and then he made an image. here you need infrared money that traces how he changed. the fact is that many works even began to draw. well, in such and such a profile, in such and such he did not like something. and we see on the x-ray that two faces are one somewhere in the direction of the other. here, how the latter already directly hits the face exactly, as in the picture, well, it also helps to find some sewing. for example, we had zhukovsky for the examination of the work, it’s impossible,

an old canvas, a work is painted on an old canvas , moreover, a work of such subtlety, each petal, the real thing in russian paintings comes with this, but the fact is that the regen, apparently, is a torn canvas, she does not see the picture, because therefore the canvas was also applied later work. and so it was determined that he could not repeat it. there was no need to simply turn on the artist so every petal was every detail. first of all , there is consciousness somewhere. there he already knew how to draw, so there was no need to deal with such subtleties. so here's a copy we talked about the fact that x-rays shine through. you see everything and several layers. is it true that the mona lisa also has several layers in the picture, and at the very first she did not smile, some sources. it is said that this also became known, thanks to the x-ray no, in the fifteenth year, since uh-huh. he

just applied such a technique, he set up a regular camera and a very bright light, and the shooting went on in a few clicks. well, that is, the image is constantly light turned out so that it broke through, bottom down. that is, there are several layers, that is, the artist is no longer alone layer will give. and so he struck from what was inside. he looked at the image, but it seems like the second image is no longer smiling. this is the fact that you understand, just here is the work of the artist. i looked at how my artist changed the image from the mona lisa figured it out. let's talk about malevich's black square, because also in some sources malevich's black square appears next to the theme of x-ray radiation , they settled on what is still below, if the image is different at all. well, yes, there is

a type of abstraction there, well, very colorful color much more than just hits, respectively. let's say reflection is considered to be just a gallery. i decided so, that is, at first malevich painted something bright in color, then something went wrong and changed his mind. well, these are artists, too, they have a mood. one job is very different from another. for the same khrutsky , for example, his portraits differ from each other very much, because he signed it. and after that it turns out to eat, therefore, very strongly, but still we go in, sometimes a russian portrait of about 5 years back, a little more, too, there was a margin of light squeezed such a sublime hall image portraits established something crunching on the payment simply from a technical point of view. that's how long this process is in general, here is the

translucence of the picture in order to understand what is there in the very, very bottom. well, if we talk about our art museum, we can say this . first, we also worked. just an x-ray device, here is a work of art, a film is placed on top of the image and the case is translucent from below, that is, there it is, true, we now have a digital one. that is, there is no need for a work now, firstly, it relatively concerns to be harmed, that is, it only hangs. he looks like he is in that condition. and as a photograph does, like this, we will now make a work. it 's much faster this time. secondly, we, if a large work is also the same size, are all limited by the squares of the work, and then we simply add it in the computer and we get a natural large image, good and with a good printing job. we have it turns out almost native future. here is ah. here

here, in my opinion, yes, the passport of the study is a completely different picture. there was here, uh , we have an artist. uh, popov's abstract is called x-ray. here, in fact, under this came another image. here we had a very good woman who could very well find historically all things, and she determined who this x-ray was. this is a woman. this is mukhina's friend sculpture, everything has already been written off, returning to our direct topic of the x-ray program alternative. here in research in the art of x-rays appeared, or still one of the most reliable works in the first place. already installed at least a thousand times more. give it turns out, it does not work prod.