in the sports and recreation complex in the district center, a new site will allow local residents to play mini-football, volleyball and basketball , and an observation zone for spectators at the new facility plans to hold major regional competitions and the sports hall is built according to the latest requirements. here it is provided, various. uh, inventory equipment that will allow our children to engage in physical education lessons and various sports, this facility can be visited as schoolchildren. uh mine. uh educational time and also we can spend different here. uh, competitions, be it sports days, or some other competitions, the sports complex is also intended for visiting older people. there is a sports and recreation complex and a swimming pool, which is already actively visited by residents of the area, and for lovers of street sports, a playground is equipped on the territory of the center. this

minute i have everything until the meeting at 19:00. that they populated the planet much earlier than man on the fact that man himself literally consists of them became obviously only in the 20th century and only very recently closer to 2010, a large-scale american study showed that they are able to form inside us, a full-fledged independently functioning organ. and it's called the microbiota.

literally in our country. at the end of 2021, we opened a center for the study of the microbiome. in the next half hour, we will try to study the microbiome by this project team. my name is ekaterina beletskaya hello and see the program. an ecosystem with its own collective genome, how to distinguish a microbiome from microbiota? whose chain is longer than the genetic intricacies of the smallest inhabitants of the human body and how microbacteria are studied by scientists of the new center of the academy of sciences we will know very soon. antonio ivan leeuwenhoek invented the microscope in the middle of the 17th century. the scientific community was shocked by the fact that in one drop of water there are a huge number of microscopic organisms. one can only guess how amazed the researchers were when they realized that our body inhabits an average of 2 kg of microbacteria. facts, only the facts in our next material. and

the creator of the microscope ivan leeuwenhoek in the 17th century was able to examine and write oral bacteria for the first time in 1828 the scientist christian ehrenberg introduces the term bacterium itself, when he studied e. coli bit bacteria without spores in the 19th century, it became clear to researchers that bacteria play an important role in health and the human condition, but it became possible to fully study the microbiota only after the discovery of gene sequencing technology by frederick, senker, a microbiologist. carl huese, divided seven microorganisms into archaic bacteria and eukaryotes of this classifications are used and now eukaryotes have a nucleus in bacteria. no archaea. these are simple single-celled microorganisms that live in extreme conditions in geysers at the bottom of the seas and oceans. bacteria live in a variety of environments that we contact. we are with them much more often than serhias,

because they differ from each other next to the function, for example, bacteria can break molecules, carbohydrates and produce fatty acids, while archaea do not. at the end of 2021, belarusian geneticists announced the creation of a whole center for the study of the microbiome. who why and why we needed to deal today with the head of the center elena petrovna hello elena petrovna mikhailenko, the leaders of the republican center for the study of the microbiome of the institute of genetics and cytology of the national academy of sciences of belarus, the leading researcher of the laboratory of ecological genetics and biotechnology of the institute, genetics and cytology of the national academy of sciences of belarus, opened a candidate of biological sciences recently. why right now it was decided to open a whole center and study the microbiome there, the center was opened in december 21.

the decision to open this center was made by the chairman of the academy of sciences of belarus, gusakov vladimir grigoryevich, because research on the microbiome in the republic of belarus has increased in number, this topic is quite relevant and quite promising. uh, why the institute of genetics? uh, because at the institute of genetics, if the entire line of equipment that allows you to do such research. uh, microbiome research is now focused on studying the genetic characteristics of our microbiota. this is our center the republican study of the microbiome is carried out by various institutions that can benefit from our scientific base. that is, it is the most efficient and most productive. it is not necessary that, er, expensive devices be in each institution , a few devices per republic of belarus are enough for these studies to receive their own and, in general, benefit our people.

you are already in charge. even the first question was answered, microbion and microbiota. here, let's understand the terminology, the term was coined microbiota. that is, it is a set of microorganisms that inhabit a certain organism, or a certain ecological niche, and the microbiome is already a concept of the totality of the genes of all these microorganisms. that is, when we say the word microbion, then we actually understand the totality of genetic information and crabiots, if we are talking about a person, now many consider the microbion as separate human organs, because in general, they have their own function there their tasks are no less important than those of all our other bodies with you. let's talk about case studies. microbio. yes, how does this happen? and most importantly, for what. uh, the classic study is the usual seeding. so, when you go to the hospital there, they say we 'll do a microflora culture. here she is. until now , this expression has remained determine e, the composition of

e, krapiots in this way with the development of new ones. e, technology with the development of genetics in the middle of the 20th century , such a direction as pcr analysis appeared, when it is possible to separate microorganisms by its individual structural elements to work with certain products say yes. this microorganism is present in some biological fluid, or in some biological environment. at the beginning of the 21st century, new technologies appeared that make it possible to make this analysis simultaneously for all possible microorganisms. called scan 16s. that is, each bacterium has certain fragments that it is unique to this bacterium over these. here are the snippets. you can determine the species, that there is a microorganism, that is, this aggregate. we analyze it right away, then the work is inferior to the computer science of beer in computer science, which already puts it all on the shelves. they say that here such and such a percentage of such and such

microorganisms means such and such a percentage of some microorganisms. this allows. uh, reveal the simultaneous and how these aerobic, which grow in the presence of oxygen, and otherwise. smooth bacteria that are almost impossible to catch. eh, if we are talking about the usual sowing for culture, we met many people here. yes , every year, probably, there are reports that that they discovered again some kind of either bacteria, or a stamp of bacteria, or they brought it out, there is the presence of bacteria, there is the gastrointestinal tract, there is the oral cavity, which used to be. in general, in principle, they did not even assume that such a strain of bacteria, or a type of bacteria, maybe there is no more. they may have been. we just haven't seen them. i think it's time to send your center and see. how does it all work, my colleagues have already been there . let's watch already. this instrument,

essentially a fluorescence microscope, costs several hundreds of thousands of dollars, but thanks to him it is possible to obtain so much genetic material, including microorganisms, that this slightly covers all costs. to represent 150 gb of text, this is one launch, er, the output of information up to 150 gb is a very large amount of information and manually, of course, analyze it. um, well, absolutely impossible, so we have a bioinformatics department that is working with these large amounts of data, because, of course, they need further analysis and interpretation. it is a general institute, that is, this department is addressed from all our laboratories. and they come here in this room too. er, to work on these devices because of all our laboratories practically, as i said. they can analyze dna from any source, like

plants like animals, like humans or microorganisms, so everyone needs this analysis. despite the complexity of the tasks performed, the equipment works enough. they just get a dna sample in the form of finely chopped e such dna fragments that is, if the genome, for example, several billion parnucleotides, then preliminarily when preparing the library. it is cut into fragments of 300 paired nucleotides. uh, the whole genome, like a mosaic, is cut into such pieces, these fragments, then they are attached. here in these tubules of the substrate and then uh, special labeled e are added, they are adening nucleotides, by the way, and the sequence is read. these short fragments are already software. these short fragments add up into a common long genome. this allows a detailed study of plant microorganisms. naturally. human material. our center for

microbiome research. he is engaged in such a related discipline. e. this is the study of microbes, that is, the study of the totality of microorganisms, including e, the microbiome of the human internal environment, that is, the totality of microorganisms that are in the intestine. why should e study these questions at all? because uh, here are the latest discoveries, the latest data show uh, and they say that u composition microbiome, that is, the composition of microorganisms living in the human internal environment. they have an impact on the well-being of a person on the immunity of a person. almost 20 people work in the center for general health and they are divided into working groups. one of the developments. the center is already using the neighbor's farm. previously, the varietal variability of collection

samples at home was studied, and for treatment with lysospheric bacteria, as a result, three hybrids were isolated and obtained . for open ground, which is registered in the state register of varieties, and they have successfully passed the test and at the moment and are a success among farmers, because we grow a plant there not according to generally accepted technology, but without the use of bacteriological preparations. this work is of practical interest for the whole country, as it increases crop yields up to 150-200%. this has great potential in the future, because already in the transition to ecological land use. well, we will have to abandon such an intensive use of mineral fertilizers to look for alternative ways sources of nutrition for plants this project has already been completed, and further plans of scientists to study the microbiome of the soil. as part of this project, we

hastily used. e, material bacteriological preparation of institutes of microbiology. this is saint-petersburg. uh, in addition, we actively use the material of the belarusian, agricultural academician, slides and in general, as sources. we have repeatedly contacted the california center for tomato bioresources as collections. this is an addiction today, we are examining microorganisms and see further bacteria and health, how and why we depend on microorganisms vitamins, water and sugar, the most useful food for the microbiome of a newborn and for the development of which industries and areas we will tell you the important results of the study of scientists from the center and microbiome of the academy of sciences of belarus very soon. for those who have just joined us, i tell you, this is science mania. today i study microorganisms

that live inside us and not only help. we are in this the head of the microbiome center of the academy of sciences of belarus irina petrovna the work of scientists focused only on the microbiota of human history. or not only no, of course, that is, the center implies the study of the microbiome. not only in humans, but also in animals, this is the microbial composition of the soil, both for the needs of agriculture and for the forensic tasks defined there. this is the center, and it allows several institutions to work simultaneously, but this is one and the same problem. we have now come with you to the era of multidisciplinary sciences . complete and get some results, so completely different institutions are involved. why the academy because the scientific center of the republic of belarus is why? here is the center here we have a good. well, with a man, everything is clear. yes, we

found out that he lives there. e, what hinders e, what is missing, for example, what harms? well, this is me so figuratively. yes, but very very simply exaggerated. but uh with soil, for example, or you even said there is uh, a direction for forensic science. here tell us. well, why are we researching all this. we are in soil. here are the microorganisms. that is, we are this way. i understand correctly, we are trying to find out what this soil lacks in order for it to give a good harvest, yes, the plant-microbial community of microorganisms. well, they are not only pests, yes, that is, we are talking about past centuries, then a priori believed that they were microorganism. that is, if we have found some kind of bacterium, then it means that we urgently need to fight it, we cannot allow it to be here next to us at all. then it turned out, everything means easier, you can’t live without a bacterium can and many bacteria they are. in general, sources of quite necessary and useful e compounds, and

in the same way both for humans and for plants, that is, hormones and low molecular weight compounds that a plant needs are produced by microorganisms. therefore, if the soil is poor in certain microorganisms, then no matter how hard we try, we will get a good harvest with you, or the plant may simply get sick. yes, that is, if they are antagonists of some specific bacteria, or vice versa, the soil will it is inhabited by really close non-creative microorganisms, therefore, these studies are being carried out both in belarus and in the russian federation and abroad. that is, now it is, as it were, already a routine method in agriculture. i will definitely ask you about forensic science, because it is also very interesting, but right now i suggest that we stop again. let's see, uh, the story that our body, of course, is extremely smart and adaptive, but its patience is better. still not experiencing the theme will continue our correspondent. the formation of our microbiome

begins in the womb. although not so long ago it was believed that they were sterile, and the main colonization of human microorganisms occurs at the time of his birth and in the first hours after birth. this process is influenced by a number of factors. well , firstly, the methods of delivery, a child who is born through the natural birth canal during childbirth receives the normal microflora of the birth canal and the mother's intestines and is populated with normal microflora. children born through. caesarean sections are deprived of this possibility. their main microflora is the microflora of the mother's skin and the skin of the personnel who took birth, which is why it is so important. i recommend experts. after the birth of a child , to carry out the so-called skin contact between the skin of the mother and the baby, in fact, simply attach

the newborn to the mother's body. otherwise , there will be a settlement of the microflora and not of the mother, but of the personnel and the environment. also, the formation of the microbiome is of great importance for the feeding of congenital children, children who are on breastfeeding. beneficial microbes of bifidumbacterium lactobacilli are immediately obtained. in addition, breast milk contains substances that inhibit the reproduction of the microflora pathogen and promote the reproduction of a good healthy microflora of the baby. and children who are fed with milk formula for the first months of life are deprived of such an opportunity, therefore, the settlement of normal microflora. intestine. they take longer and problems are not ruled out. the formation of

intestinal microflora in newborns is also affected. uh, various prescriptions for treatment during the neonatal period, all antibacterial drugs that the child receives. of course, they slow down the maturation of the intestines and slow down the formation of normal microflora. primary microflora. it is formed, as i have already said, in the process of childbirth and in the future it is formed and approaches the composition of the microflora. the intestines of an adult closer to a year. and then it is already influenced by the introduction of complementary foods . environmental factors. but stop being adults. we decide for ourselves. how to be our microbiome, so our task is to feed your body with healthy foods with plenty of fiber, fruits, vegetables, berries, sour-milk and fermented foods. it is advisable to exclude sugar, glucose syrup baking sweets. but adding pure water to the state of the gastrointestinal tract also affects normal sleep and the absence of prolonged stress.

forensic science tell here the study of the microbiome. what result? why is this done, we help in this way to identify the criminal or find out which bacteria it is not enough in the body in forensics - this is a new direction. this is the trend of the 21st century. these studies. we are planning only in belarus. i hope that they will begin either this year or next year as part of the implementation of the program of the union state together with our colleagues and the russian federation in general. this is the direction that our criminologists are primarily interested in in order to determine the crime scene, or a crime was committed there, well, a car on shoes in wheels machines remain traces of the soil and after the ladies of this soil. we can tell whether this person was there at the crime scene, or this person was not at the crime scene. this is such a serious work.

yes, forensic, and in the short term, in what other areas, uh, will you be working now? it is focused on interaction. uh, the microbiome and the host genome. i would like to understand, this is the interaction of these two systems, which are connected to each other, how they influence each other and how can you avoid minimizing the negative consequences, the most, probably, such a widely known example of this interaction is various insufficiencies, when you and i produce the pelvic enzymes themselves, which allows you to break down lactose, milk protein, uh, and uh , microorganisms that inhabit our exactly the same intestinal tract. uh helps. in general, cope with this protein. and, that is, it is food for many of our bacteria and it is considered that as a genetically polymorphism of the person himself.

to bring to milk intolerance so poor uh our composition of the microbiota, that is, u changed lead to this insufficiency. that is, to them, and, as it were, like this. hmm, of course, it helps itself . we most often see this in young children, there are 6 months there of the year. uh, when they have a breakdown, uh, from the gastrointestinal tract. this is precisely the immaturity, e.g., of the microbial composition, not some genetic predispositions, but precisely the immaturity of the microbial composition. that is, if it does not go away by 2 years, then we can already say about some genetic features of the person himself. then you need to look at his genetics and in the same way after 60 years, when our composition is already changing with you, micro-, er pilots of the gastrointestinal tract, nutritionists and gastroenterologists. uh, they advise people to limit their consumption of whole milk, because the body again cannot cope with it. in such milk

, this is the direction, that is, the interaction of the genome and the microbiome. medical practice. very often among the children's population is. e, differentiated kalita that is, this is a disease of the gastrointestinal tract, when for a certain time they cannot make a definite diagnosis to a child, the danger of this condition is that blood is found in the stool of such a child, and, unfortunately, very often we cannot determine the cause this disease. this reason can be both genetic from the side of the genetics of the person himself, and as a result of a violation of the microbiome of this person. that is, some certain pathogenic microorganisms join there, which are the usual flickering methods. walk to find this

microorganism. and so we are developing a technology that can be used quickly in the routine of medical practice. uh, this is a study of this year and in the next two, which will be introduced, uh, into the practice of children's institutions in the republic of belarus and one of such areas. so you asked if we only deal with humans, and our institute was approached by employees of the institute, in general, the genetics of the russian federation is the city of moscow, they are interested in the problem of the bee microbiome. at our institute. there is a laboratory that studies the genetics of bees, one of the problems. e, which the owners of bees face - these are bees, they die and get sick. uh, especially when they buy new bee colonies . the beginning falls into other conditions, they start to get sick and so here you need to find the reason why this happens, and here is such an idea to look at microbio-bees with an immune system, that is, everything is

clear that the microbiome is involved in the formation the immune system of the macro-organism of the host organism, and how does the microbiome of the bee change, mm, if it gets into different climatic conditions, how does this affect the state of the immune system, like, what is this study? i understand that this study will be next year begins. that is, in general, the plan is such results, they are visible, they are being implemented, and they are applied in many areas of our life. it seems to me that the most important thing for a scientist elena petrovna thank you very much for finding the time i know that the work schedule is tight and they came to us. but we do not say goodbye in our program, the time has come for the traditional scientific digest. as you might have guessed, he will be too, and the microbiome is a human.