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at the beginning of the last century, this diagnosis was considered fatal and even surgeons until the early twenties of people with this disease, if they had gangrene they did not operate, because in more than 95% of cases patients died, then doctors knew practically nothing about how to treat diabetes, and it was about him that they kept patients on starvation diets after 100 years. everything has changed drastically if all medical recommendations are followed, people with this diagnosis live ordinary, even active lives on the air of drug addiction. my name is ekaterina biletskaya. hello. and as you already understood. today we will talk about a sweet disease and its

bitter consequences, if you do not start treatment on time, stay with us in the next half hour you will find out. it goes right through what the ancient greeks meant when they described diabetes. the main energy supplier in the body, the whole truth about insulin and the latest research on diabetes from our scientists will be told and shown soon. the term diabetes comes from the greek and translates as passing through. why did the ancient greeks call this disease in this way ? next material? for the first time, the term diabetes mellitus was introduced into medical practice in the second century and literally translates diabetes. how to pass through just such a name was chosen. because in this disease , nutrients pass without being utilized only in the middle of the 19th century, medical studies showed that there is a connection between diabetes mellitus and the pancreas

in the late 1850s, the french doctor pierre piori proposed increase the intake of sugar by sick people to compensate for it loss with urine, but after 20 years another french doctor noticed that a balanced diet and physical activity improve the condition of patients, and after another 20 years. romanian scientists paulesca in paris began to study the internal secretion of the pancreas . for many years, it took scientists to derive a pure extract of the pancreas only in 1955, the british chemist senger from a group of co-authors received the nobel prize for revealing the primary structure of insulin from that moment, and a new era of treatment for the study of diabetes began. well and now i propose to go to the main part of the program in the studio of science addiction doctor endocrinologist aleksey romanovskoy aleksey antonovich hello aleksey antonovich romanovsky candidate of medical sciences doctor endocrinologist associate professor of the department of endocrinology of the belarusian medical academy, post-

graduate education area of ​​​​research interests diabetology and associated cardiovascular diseases, tyra and dalogy urgent endocrinology member european association for the study of diabetes mellitus international diabetes federation european and belarusian association of endocrinologists. what is insulin and what is glucose and in general how are they related to each other, e, connected and connected insulin is a hormone that is produced by the pancreas by beta cells and insulin lowers the level of glucose in the blood. insulin is the main hormone that regulates the entire metabolism of the entire metabolism, that is, insulin regulates the metabolism of glucose under the action of insulin, protein is synthesized and muscles grow. under the action of insulin, fat is synthesized and under the action. wine synthesized slow starch carbohydrates or as we call it glycogen in both muscles and liver, that is, it is one of the main metabolic anabolic

hormones in humans, what happens to this hormone and why this happens to it. e, if a person is diagnosed with diabetes, usually the diagnosis of diabetes indicates that the person does not have enough insulin to ensure normal metabolism and this is primarily manifested by high levels of glucose or sugar in the blood, because in addition to regulating metabolism, insulin helps to ensure that glucose penetrates v cellular glucose is the food for our cells. and without insulin, glucose does not enter the cells and metabolism is disturbed. this is diabetes mellitus, when there is little insulin there is type 1 diabetes, there is type 2. tell me , what is the difference, what is more terrible, uh, is everything treated with the first type? for two diabetes, the immune system of the person himself destroys beta cells, that is, this is an autoimmune disease. and there is such a serious genetic

basis, insulin becomes low, and then it disappears altogether, because all the beta cells less than 10% of the population of such patients are killed by their own immune system, for example, in the republic and belarus today there are 19,700 of them. and here is the second type of diabetes. this is the most common type of diabetes. in our republic of belarus , 363,000 such patients have been registered today, and every year the number of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus increases in our republic by approximately 20,000. i mean, it's such a big problem. with the first type , there really is a predisposition and some kind of empty factor is some kind of strong stress infection. may lead to this. basically, prevention. as such, the first type does not exist, but in the second type there are two factors. these are polygenic diseases. that is, many genes are responsible for the development of obesity for the development of diabetes mellitus of the second, such as here half to develop as a result

of some genetic predispositions , also much family and half it is associated with lifestyle. let's take a break and find out. what kind of research on the topic of diabetes are our scientists. the essence of the study was to determine, first of all, the ultrastructural changes that lie at the very beginning at the very basis of the development of the disease. that is. eh, when we consider a human patient with some kind of problem, we already see his manifestation of the disease, his complaints are, and when the process is just beginning. it can start from the smallest structures, that is, at the cellular level, er, at the level of its organs at the level of small vessels, that is, the

microvasculature. here it is for us it was interesting to see. that is, it was we who, in the first place, wanted to investigate, in principle, the studies that were carried out in our laboratory at our institute. it was a very long period of time. we conducted research first on experimental animals. this is, of course, the white laboratory rat of our vivarium. institute of physiology diabetes mellitus. in particular research. this issue was covered somewhere. well, about four years in the final stages. e. we also looked at some laboratory parameters and cells blood already of patients who have been verified, that is, diagnosed with diabetes mellitus in cooperation with clinicians, the main conclusions, the most important very first target that takes the blow in diabetes mellitus. this is me brain weight. that is, it was the vessels of the microvasculature of the brain and the brain tissue that were damaged in the first place. e, ultrastructures of endothelial cells, that is, those cells that

line inside e, vessels of blood growth frontal lobes. and changes were expressed with side of the platelets, that is, they were prone to increased aggregation. that is, they accumulated together formed such conglomerates and pronounced changes in red blood cells, that is, erythrocytes. and when we examined the erythrocytes of experimental animals. it was a very pronounced picture, that is, all the erythrocytes were not only of different sizes, but also of different shapes, and they again were inclined to form their conglomerates. why does all this lead in parallel to the fact that the thickness of the muscle layer of the vessel wall changes, which the desquamation of endotheliocytes increases, that is, the cells that line the inside of the vessel change, or even we found cells that had completely destroyed organelles, that is, an absolutely destroyed cell, damaged in parallel with this

, a change occurs on the part of blood cells, that is, changes. the quality of the structure of the vessel wall and changes in the function of blood cells, that is, the formation of microthrombosis against the background of impaired microcirculation and swelling of the brain tissue, primarily in the area that we found these changes some microcirculatory moments. i assumed some things. i did not expect to see, i did not expect to find, for example, that in the earliest developments of diabetes mellitus , the level of renin already changes. it rises much. this is the substance that is responsible for the development of high vascular tone, that is, high blood pressure. that is, here it turns on in the early stages, the mechanisms of formation of arterial hypertension are early changed by the content of 100 calcium substances, which are responsible for the metabolism of bone tissue. that is, the formation of bone tissue is also disturbed. her diet is also broken. these are the moments that were found at the earliest stages of the formation of diabetes. it was,

of course. well, sad, maybe find, if i may say so. you're watching the project today talking about the sweet sickness of its bitter consequences and don't miss further fainting convulsions nausea. how else can hypoglycement manifest itself, does an animal suffer from diabetes, and how to protect yourself from a sweet illness on the air very soon? the most knowledgeable and most courageous guys a chair on which they work there with a saw, they are sawing something. i answered option c because in spring the shields come from the word freckle. and in the word freckle there is the letter w. they will find answers to

all questions. i am 100% sure that this is yes, because i have met this word, and i know that it translates as to tickle for valuable prizes and the honorary title of the winner of the show. i know that alexander sergeevich pushkin was born in 1799. and this is the eighteenth century. i answered accordingly. no, it seems to me that the correct answer is an option, because that this is the very first city of belarus intellectually entertaining show. i know on tv channel belarus 24. in the program, belarusians let's get acquainted with the enthusiastic citrus grower dmitry mardos in due time. so it turned out that i managed to collect the largest collection in the cis, one of the largest or largest collections in europe, but actually in the world, a private collection, we will be surprised at what an incredible size citrus fruits are,

look at new zealand lemons. you see, this is not tied to anything real. and now i'll climb in and show you what kind of fruit is on this stage rose op. it is not ripe yet, but you see, here it is about the size of a naked person and what amazing properties they can have when i was, uh, on one of my dirk trips, uh, we tried dozens of different varieties of the most delicious most interesting and when hmm i managed to survive from one orange juice. i smelled the scent of e plume of french women's perfume. watch friday on our channel. for those who have just joined us, i'm telling you this science addiction the topic of our today's program is diabetes mellitus studio doctor endocrinologist alexei romanovsky

directly. now let's try to understand such a concept as hippolycemia. tell us the same sharp decrease, and the sugar level in patients with diabetes mellitus in the normal state of sugar is elevated, how is this even possible, and what happens with diabetes . this is a blood sugar level or glucose level below normal values, but in diabetes mellitus. it is we who define a specific glucose level of less than 4 mm, if a patient with diabetes has a glucose level of less than 4 mm. here we must already sound the alarm to understand, and the most important reason for hypoglycemia in diabetes mellitus is an overdose of either hypoglycemic tablets or insulin, and the second reason is the small amount of carbohydrates that a person consumes in a particular meal. insulin is usually calculated on the amount of carbohydrates. how much does a person's strength of carbohydrates mean, and, accordingly, the required amount of

insulin. it is individually calculated, he should lead, and if he leads more insulin than he received carbohydrates, then glycemia will develop and the third reason the development of hypoglycemia, especially in people who receive insulin - this is a big physical load, because our muscles consume a lot of carbohydrates. and if a person receives less carbohydrates, more insulin and more physical activity, then the fourth reason for development will develop in diabetes. this is the presence of tablets or insulin. plus , drinking alcohol also leads, but the main reason is still an overdose. or drugs or insulin, this should be ruled out a person. the patient himself can understand that he has the level of sugar has dropped sharply or and this can understand, well, the one who is nearby, what are the symptoms and what to do in the vast majority of cases, uh, the person feels the approach and glycemia. yes, it manifests itself

as sweating in a person becomes covered, then the body begins to tremble and a wolfish appetite appears, excitement appears, if you do not take fast carbohydrates, sweet, tea juice, sweet lemonade. and here, by the way, it does not fit. these are the colas with black caps, there are no calories, so this will save you less. and if something is not to undertake, then hypoglycemic coma may develop. when the help of medical professionals is already required intravenous e, vision, but in most cases, as well. tents, of course, feel the harbingers and educate a diabetic patient to have in his pocket or a candy, especially that patient who uses insulin to prevent hypoglycemia. hmm. that is, diabetics should not have anything sweet at home. this myth is bad. yes, especially when a person receives insulin, it is necessary

that sweets be available. let's let's talk about the consequences of diabetes. uh, i understand that they can be very different and this is a complex of diseases or first a complex of diseases, and then, uh, diabetes mellitus is dangerous primarily for its chronic complications. ultimately, chronic complications are very dangerous and they can lead to heart attacks, strokes, lower limb amputations, blindness, and kidney failure. this is the end stage of diabetic complications, hence sugar. you have lunch very insidious disease. uh, before from the moment until the symptom of chronic diabetes develops, the patient does not feel anything bad. so to speak , pain or something else, this is the insidiousness of this disease, this disease must be taken very seriously. let's see how to understand if there are problems or not.

what tests do you have? at what age do you start to control this whole story? well, here we need to divide all our people into two high-risk groups and groups that have a low risk of high-risk groups - these are those people who have a family history of diabetes mellitus, especially type 2 diabetes, and those who are overweight or obese when the body mass index is greater than 25 or greater than 30, as well as those who have a waist measured in centimeters tailoring tapes for a man over 102 cm. and for women over eighty-eight, this is the risk group. and these people should first of all check their blood glucose levels more often . it is necessary to hand over better two analyzes. now they are completely available both in polyclinics for free and in commercial laboratories. it is the level of fasting blood sugar and glycated hemoglobin, which indirectly reflects and very well reflects the average

glucose level over the past three months. these two tests are absolutely enough to establish a diagnosis of diabetes or a meal. that is, when the numbers are not yet debit. well, what to start taking these two tests, if, for example, from not at risk, that is, you have forty years, you can more often than 605 years and the older the age, the more often you ask, but not more often than once a year, well, yes, do , as we are offered this do in the clinic. that is, if they offered a medical examination of this level of glucose of ukraine, it will definitely be there when applying for a job with the certificates that we receive for a driver's license and so on, if there is any doubt, you can take it at any time. but do animals suffer from diabetes and do we need to take tests and did our correspondents find out? diabetes

mellitus veterinary practitioners of the disease often suffer from it, both farm animals and domestic animals scientists from the institute experimental veterinary medicine of the academy of sciences of belarus note that most often this disease is diagnosed in dogs, cats , horses, pigs, and much less often in animals with the so-called multi-chambered stomach. these are sheep-goat cattle with an old record of the disease. in, for example, dogs, cats make up approximately 3-4% of the total pathology. this figure may not be that big, but unfortunately this is such a specific chronic disease, which, of course, leads to damage to many organs and e. their functional and organic damage and therefore very difficult to treat. diabetes

mellitus in animals is associated with a violation of all types of metabolism, but mainly carbohydrate metabolism due to the fact that destruction is observed. the so-called beta cells of the pancreatic long langer's islets are these cells that synthesize insulin, which is an important regulator of glucose levels in the body. due to the fact that diabetes mellitus causes a large number of causes, many organs are involved in the pathological process and the disease manifests itself in the most different symptoms. with an increase in the level of glucose - this is the main, as if a sign of this disease, a redistribution of fluid in the body occurs and, in connection with this, the water electrolyte metabolism is disturbed and is noted in connection with this. dryness, for example, of the mucous membranes of the skin, may also

have deeper lesions, sometimes with this disease, even necrosis of the tip of the tail in animals is noted. greenhouse organs. first of all, the liver of the heart of the brain. even the lungs are the only way to get your pet sick. do not run it in time to diagnose it. do these clinics need blood ? determination of the level of pancreatic liver enzymes and handwriting. these are cholesterol aminotransferases to alkaline phosphatase, urea creatinine kenase and other

indicators, and it is thanks to them that you can make a diagnosis in a timely manner and start treatment in general, the causes of the disease and the stages of its development in animals. the same as in humans, so the treatment of diabetes is the same as insulin, the treatment is such a difficult problem, in principle, which people choose the right dose of insulin, that is, starting from the usual small doses. and all this is carried out under the control of the glucose content in the blood and urine, and when these levels reach the optimal values, it selects the dose and then continues. treatment the right morning should start with the

right breakfast. i hope you are today didn't have breakfast because i'm going to feed you and cook a breakfast of champions with you. we'll help you make the first one. eating tasty healthy very appetizing is no longer impatient. start tasting. tomatoes eggplant mozzarella, sun-dried tomatoes egg mussels sulquiria. mama mia, a combination of so healthy, tasty and cool products that just immediately there is a feeling of hunger and very interesting in italy they use pasta only from durum wheat and the recipe is very simple water and flour are not forget about the invigorating exercise, you always want the elbow to meet the knee and automatically try to move the knee forward. this is a mistake that you should try not to make. look in the program. champions on tv channel belarus 24 culture history

architecture left it was collected by the uotny project in the nineteenth stavod. uh, in the role of a man, of course, golovany jump, how everything was done for the love of the gorta, especially the number one acceleration, of this legend, half the details. to ellitva. yakim has been making sens for hundreds of years, and today the elements are the most bodai, chiseled and rare for the belarusian speech of storkness is a cortush on the central resolution, the design tears off what is putin’s restlessness of the soul on the ruts of the design, of course, the facts and not the well-known bottles are not raised. in the films of tmnistic to this

poll, look, cultural from the letnitsky project architecture of belarus on our tv channel. aleksey antonovich let's move on to the treatment of diabetes mellitus, you can say that he is being treated, everyone was reassured. here is the main thing to start treating in time and follow strictly the recommendations of doctors, that this is a medication treatment. it's kind of a special way of life. explain the treatment of diabetes. there are both national and international protocols that are well developed, and every year

more and more new data appear that we introduce into clinical practice. the treatment of diabetes mellitus includes several components. the first is an ordinary healthy lifestyle, that is, the entire lifestyle of a diabetic patient does not differ from the lifestyle of any healthy person in any way and diet, including on the other hand, of course, a restriction is necessary. fast carbohydrates. this, probably, may be slightly different in some way, as well as the amount of fat in type 2 diabetes, because this is the main source of calories for physical activity, for exercise, for physical education and so on. this is part of the treatment. type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes. it's just like a component of a healthy lifestyle . that's the way a healthy lifestyle diet, exercise and stress management. many people forget there. here is the third components. the fact is that we call all spring hormones translyar hormones. well, the most

famous such hormone is cortisol , a hormone whose increase leads to obesity to increase sugar, and therefore it can also contribute. yes, the mechanism for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, so the fight against stress, or, so to speak, balancing stress. this is such an important element of these diabetics too. well, the main component of treatment is drug therapy. with diabetes mellitus of the first type, this is insulin therapy, and with diabetes mellitus of the second type, these are tableted sugar-snowing preparations. first of all and insulin therapy hmm in the second line, usually with the course of the disease , patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 may also need insulin therapy. this is absolutely normal, because this person's beta cells cannot withstand such a large load. they can't handle that much weight, because that 's what metabolism is, and they're depleted, that's an

overload in that, if we prescribe second insulin, like after a while already patients of the second type, so this is absolutely normal. it is not necessary to be afraid. well, prevention. as i understand it, these are practically the same components that are used in treatment, that is, a healthy lifestyle, the fight against stress, give up sweets. tell me this is the most difficult question you have asked today . it simply lies in the fact that these people lead a healthy lifestyle, and for the main preventive group it is overweight people. unfortunately with bad genetics. this is a very, very difficult task . ideally. it should look like this. that is, this person must be under the supervision of three specialists, a nutritionist, trainer and psychologist. and this cooperation

should last an average of 2 years. this is an ideal option to form the right idea about a healthy diet. it takes time and constant engagement and communication with nutritionists. this is the first. second why do you need a trainer or specialist? here's to physical education can be called that because it is a very important component of diabetes prevention, that is, our muscles consume a lot of glucose, but a coach can help you figure out how to grow muscles properly and how not to harm your heart and how to hate a joint, but why do you need a cover , because any calorie restriction leads to so-called nutritional depression, and then the person will already stop going to the sports club, stop dieting, and so on. sometimes you even need an appointment antidepressants or to this specific therapy, and therefore without specialists with this.