america's opponents feared her because of her sheer industrial power. now we can't fill the store shelves with staples in the us for over 22 million illegal immigrants. at best, it's millions of uninvited guests at worst, thousands of enemy infiltrators, our president is clearly losing his abilities, and the vice president never had them. today , thousands of people took to another protest in tel aviv, israelis are protesting against the new government, which unveiled plans to reorganize the country's judiciary, we are talking about plans to limit the supreme court's powers to block laws and government decisions will also allow the government to control the selection of judges. protesters block streets and highways suspended public transport clashes with police began.

see you in the evening edition. on october 15, 1997

, the automatic interplanetary station cassini with the gunkens umbrella launched from the florida spaceport, a twenty-year expedition of the earthly apparatus to saturn began. explore the sixth planet in the solar system to continue the study of outstanding scientists the italians cassini and the dutch, after whom the mission was named, as well as the french of laplace and the germans of kant , there was another surname sofya kovalevskaya on this list . from the sea to the city struck, but kovalevskaya had no time to admire its beauties. she

thought about how her first lecture would go. in the mid-fifties of the 19th century, the owner of the estate was fatal in the vitebsk province retired lieutenant general of artillery, vasily korvin krukovsky, started repairing the estate repairs, as we would say now, cosmetic tint in some places, something to update by itself to replace the wallpaper at that time the pleasure was expensive wallpaper rolls, local craftsmen volunteered to do the repairs from st. petersburg itself pasted over the living room master bedroom guest quarters. petersburg luxury was not enough. only in the nursery did the masters think to tell the owner of the shortage or not to speak with the owner of the princes, where are you silent, where did you go, dear wallpaper, you say

will start an investigation. why didn't you go to work for 3 days? why did the nursery smell of moonshine is a dilemma, however? remembered in the closet there are large sheets of paper, and some signs are painted on them with these sheets of nursery and england was allowed, as they say, trees? in those minutes when the masters glued the paper found in the closet on the walls, the family of a retired general lost a couple of tens of rubles spent on the missing wallpaper. but humanity acquired a future mathematical genius. with strange

, incomprehensible formulas, they drew upon themselves my attention. i spent whole hours trying to make out even a few phrases. and to find the order in which the sheets should follow each other kovalevskaya today , any of us knows what the ostrogradsky method for integrating rational functions or the gauss astragradsky formula for converting volume integrals of a surface in the middle of the 19th century. the meaning of the formula was understood, perhaps, only by the astrograd one of the best mathematicians of that time in russia, and maybe even a little girl sophia, a room that accidentally

biographers sofya kovalevskaya would later name pasted records of his lectures. this is an accident, by the mystical hand of the conduct, the girl was educated at home. governess smith and the teacher, and malich, two people who, in general , accompanied her in the process of learning primary home education for the winter, the father took the children to moscow or st. communicate in the highest circles in society and this certainly affected the formation of character. sofia kovalevskaya on the formation of her some kind of plans for the future, the family coat of arms korven krukkovsky has a rather unusual name blindly, vron according to legend, the raven in latin korverus helped the romans defeat the franks , according to family tradition, the prefix korven, the surname of the inhabitants less polina appeared after

the daughter of the hungarian king matthew corvina married a polish tycoon krukovsky. by the way, sophia really valued this prefix fed. what was the circle of a cat with a full supply can be treated with the belarusian coat of arms, because the plugs of the kavalevsky lived on that territory ikayu went to the warehouse of the great prince of poliustovsky, this territory in today's understanding belonged to the territory. a private belarusian family kept an extract from the polish coat of arms of 1648 stating that the orshansky gradsky clerk zachary krugovsky in the mstislav voivodeship and vasily korvin, the upitsky steward, the deputy of the vilna voivodeship, used the slepovron coat of arms sophia knew about her litvinian roots, though she considered

them at the suggestion of a pole teacher rather polish even learned the polish language. children in the house of general krugovsky. without things were not sitting. anyuta is the older sister. sonya did not leave the desk . her brother composed stories and short stories, fedya pretended to be diligently fulfilling the task of a home teacher, while secretly shuffling a deck of cards. and sonya sonya constantly considered something, calculated, tried to unravel the mysterious formulas on the walls of her room, and she also talked for a long time with her uncle peter koren kurkovsky. from him i had the opportunity to hear for the first time about some mathematical concepts that made a particularly strong impression on me. uncle talked about the squaring of the circle, about the asymptotes of straight lines, which the curve gradually approaches never reaches them.

i did many other things that were completely incomprehensible to me, which seemed to me something mysterious or, at the same time , especially attractive. to hang all english officials with a crown. they are responsible for the colonization india has an uncle. anger most often succeeded tutor joseph malevich. uh, i myself loved motomatics and i will, of course, strongly. uh, there were not only the kind ones, but maybe you were also a psychologist of your age. i

went to respect that the father general, kurkovsky is the most beloved. i wanted to score the board that had passed to him, and he to her, because for 8 years sophia, under the vigilant supervision of malevich , completed the full course of the gymnasium, and not the simplified women's, but the full men's. at the age of 14, she read a textbook without the help of a teacher. basic foundation of physics, i figured out the problems in trigonometry. the father was not too happy about the successes of his youngest daughter, serious science is not a woman’s business, but the numerous guests of the krugovskys’ house were surprised and admired, some of them knew a lot about the sciences. it is today that children easily go to mathematics and programmers against their parental will, and in the 19th century, the four of uncle pyotr vasilyevich, teacher iosif malevich , naval officer, artillery professor,

lavrov persuaded general korvin krukovsky. allowing my daughter to study higher mathematics was unexpectedly persuaded in young fate. another man , fyodor dostoevsky, broke into sophia, it was for his sake that sophia abandoned the textbook of physics and mathematical tables and sat down at the piano to learn the pieces of his beloved bitcoin. the first love is not dostoevsky’s novels or his heroes, but the writer himself, his appearance in the korven krugovsky’s house is connected with the passion for the literary sister of sofya kovalevskaya anna, although we know that sofya kovalevskaya herself wrote poetry and tried to write some stories at an early age. anna 7 years older published in a magazine, which dostoevsky edited his

short story about a dream when he moved to st. petersburg for the winter in 1865. e, the acquaintance of both daughters of the generals of mountain rukovsky and his wife elizaveta took place, who had already established himself in the literary circles of fedoradostoevsky, he was already 45 years old at that time. anna was certainly somewhat carried away by dostoevsky. dostoevsky treated anna with great sympathy and their meeting took place in society. uh, young ladies who have well actually. this was the first man worthy of admiration. they teach writers paid a lot of attention, adults, talented, sociable, and the little sister was silent on the ruffled little shirts. sits and reads the works

of ancient philosophers. a teenager is trying to play beethoven, who wants attention to commit some kind of madness, but i have never been able to do it. i'm so scared so incorrigibly reasonable in a minute. when exactly i wanted to was going to make a crazy trick. i myself noticed that i only wanted to play. steering wheel of a madman and nothing more open their feelings to a loved one, and a loved one on the same day and at the same hour, decided to explain himself with salutes. anyuta refused dostoevsky, she dreamed of devoting herself to literature, not literature, and for sophia , the overheard conversation was the first heart tragedy. they sat side by side on a small

sofa. dostoevsky was fucking excited, he held anyuta's hand in his palm and leaning towards her spoke in that passionate impetuous whisper that i knew and loved so much. the happiness of first love was quickly replaced by disappointment. instead, they appeared in their hands reference book on mathematics. in october 1997 , the automatic interplanetary station cassini, huygens, accelerated to the second cosmic velocity and reached a given trajectory before humanity three times. tried to undertake such large-scale interplanetary missions.

each of these vehicles was heading to mars , but if from the earth to the red planet is about 220 million km, then to saturn is almost 1.5 billion. and so that cassini yogins does not stray from the route, a large team of scientists calculated any mistake. could turn them work uphill space debris. as you know, the first woman in the world to head the academy of sciences was ekaterina vorontsova dashkova; in 1783, empress catherine appointed her to this position . it is hardly possible to calculate with the help of mathematics, by the way, the decree

on the establishment of moscow university was also signed by a woman, empress elizaveta petrovna, in january 1755. yes, back in the day memory of a woman, the holy great martyr tatyana , but science loves paradoxes for good reason. a good mathematician will easily prove that twice two is not at all four at a russian university open on january 25 in tatyana, the day for these very faiths natalia and tatyana to study was paradoxical as a category. it is not a woman's business that is strictly forbidden. the men helped, they gallantly, extended a helping hand to the weaker sex , fulfilled every whim, gave private lessons, opened evening toy courses for ladies who suddenly wished to study physics and sophia listened to mathematics in a series of lectures on natural science by professor ivan sechinany, then it was the turn of biology , anatomy, physiology, but these disciplines

did not interest the daughter of a retired general, they only strengthened the desire to study mathematics question one, where russian universities were famous for their integrity to women and girls. entry denied. one can certainly get an education privately going abroad is a dilemma. at that time, there were two options to enter the university, which allowed you to study under the supervision of your parents, or get married most often. an effective marriage, since the side to which these young special people planned to leave, yes , in order to issue a residence permit , young persons had to see a passport, and this passport could be obtained either with permission from the parents, from whose supervision they come abroad, or you have there in your passport that she is already married,

she chose marriage, fictitiously. everything is very simple, the pseudo spouses conclude an unspoken agreement not to interfere in each other's personal affairs, the noble goal will free the woman from the shameful dictatorship of the russian education system. a man is also not in the loser, someone has the status of a respectable married person went to study or work in prestigious foreign universities, and someone with the same status. i just chose to play in no less prestigious casinos, sometimes fictitious wives for money. there were several contenders, one of them turned out to be vladimir kovalevsky from the neighboring estate of a hustler, who also weighed heavily on science and his decision to enter into a fictitious marriage. e with one of the circular ones. uh, so, well, it's been enough

conscious, vladimir kovalevsky also faced an unexpected dilemma, whom to marry according to the plan of her elder sister sofya anyuta kovalevsky was supposed to free her from the guardianship of her parents. she will devote her life to literature and will be published abroad , it was going to the wedding. but having met sophia, the future husband declared that i would marry only the youngest, this i will benefit the world science of sparrows, he is educated , knows all languages ​​\u200b\u200blike his own and is still mainly occupied with mathematics, and already goes through spherical trigonometry and integrals works like an ant from morning to night. and at the same time, he is alive, sweet and good-looking, in general, such happiness fell on me that it is difficult to imagine for brother alexander

standing in front of the altar, sophia from that moment already kovalevskaya furtively brushed away tears, how life would turn out with a stranger. what future did this fake marriage have in store for her, the newly-made husband looked at his wife differently in the eyes of vladimir , he liked the tenderness and admiration of sparrows more and more and who knows, maybe this marriage will ever cease to be, or a newlywed, understood the die was cast. let not directly. let bypass each of them on this day, began its journey to scientific heights. average distance from earth to saturn almost one and a half billion kilometers where he made the so-called

gravitational maneuver, he flew past the morning star twice, picking up speed, then, using the earth's gravity, the apparatus. smoothly turned around and at great speed rushed to jupiter, the most massive planet in the solar system. here's the cassini station, did another gravity assist, to speed up and head. compiling such a route is the most difficult astrodynamic task for the cassini mission. duygens was preparing for a whole decade for 3 years, the device really moved without a single failure. the world's first woman and mathematician was hepatia, who taught alexandria back in the fifth century, and only at the beginning of the 18th century did the world hear

the names of other prominent women scientists, two french women emilia and maria lamps. the first translated from the latin work. newton, the other compiled into trigonometric tables, which are called lalante tables. italians maria gaitana oniziy chim with the name of a curvy verziera and finally one englishwoman. mary somerley is an author of books on astronomy and physics. it is today that any of us can easily determine the difference between the land table and the versier curve. and in the 19th century, on april 3 , 1868 , 18-year-old sofya kovalevskaya sent 18-year-old french women from the vitebsk province to conquer scientific europe. they boasted of their tables and not by the night it will be said by the verziers very soon the whole scientific world will have to admire the formulas that they tried in the head of this a small fragile sparrow that worked like an ant the first stop in enlightened

europe germany heidriderberg. the local university is one of the oldest on the continent founded in 1386. here kovalevskaya listened to the lectures of famous professors, listened in the university auditorium on a par with a man. true , it didn’t make sense to stay here for a long time; the listened cycle of lectures did not give the right to receive a diploma; a woman is out of the question even lectures by local professors for female ears. basin in the days of 1870, sofia kovalevskaya faced the famous hamlet question of whether or not to return home and give up the dream of receiving the coveted diploma, which means turning from a fictitious wife into an effective scientist or staying abroad

and continuing to knock on closed doors, trying to prove in the first place itself that women have the right to education. to be destined to serve the truth of science and pave a new way for women, because it means serving justice. i am very glad that i was born with a woman, as this gives me the opportunity to serve truth and justice at the same time. from the memoirs of sofia kovalevskaya, of course. she chose the second path kovalevskaya knocked on all the doors of berlin that led to the scientific laboratory of the audience of the society in vain closed in german hesslon. finally, she knocked on the door of karl veer strasse herself, an outstanding mathematician professor at the university of berlin, a member of the berlin, bavarian and paris academy sciences he was simply shocked. i would say her arrogance and dishonesty for german

society, and the doorbell without any letters of recommendation is young on the threshold. as he said, this is a strange russian with a single requirement. give me math lessons out of decency, the professor listened to the insistent stranger. he offered her several most difficult problems, they say, he won’t solve it anyway, but he will solve it, at least one will continue the conversation in a week kovalevskaya brought the answers to the problems to the master. all the originality of the solution of the conclusions surprised karl welstrasse. doors it offices were opened to a mathematical genius, but even after that, the leadership of the university of berlin did not allow sophia to the classrooms, you never know a genius, and karl believes strass turned out to be a real man for four years. he personally taught sofia kovalevsky

under the university program until the end of his life. she considered herself only his student and consulted with him every time. how to present your scientific works to the public. i think it's not a man's passion for a woman. it's not love , not even father's love, it's huge respect. e, an accomplished mathematician to e. hmm to a young lady who could do a lot in science, maybe even as much as he did, seriously dear, dear. sonya, be sure. i will never forget that i owe my student that i have not only my best, but also my only friend. you can be sure. i will always faithfully support you in your scientific aspirations from karl's letter, you believe, the route of sofia

kovalevskaya support, the metro was needed in 1874, the thesis was almost ready. with title to the theory of differential equations many years later. the ideas from this dissertation will be included in all textbooks of mathematical analysis, even if, according to henri poincaré himself, sofya kovalevskaya would greatly simplify the proof of the porridge theorem and give her the final form of this theorem, and today they are used to calculate heat and electrical conductivity. the study of hydrodynamics and the propagation of sound vibrations in a word is the solution of a number of physical problems. well, i deducted from nabokov to say that there , here, a mathematician is compared to sakrabam, which means he does his somersaults at the top, rather there is a grid below, if he falls down there is a grid, say, here, which somehow also supported kasha kavalevsky’s theorem,

if the solution to the coefficient of the equation is no longer so smooth, how could we not use it like that at night it is important that she is somewhere below, so to speak, that we will not fall down, and this is her masterpiece in mathematics, as i think. this theorem was published in the journal of theoretical and applied mathematics , one of the scientific journals of the highest prestige. once very positively assessed its result. he assumed that the result should be exactly like this. well, imagine what you 're supposed to prove. here are four levels . it's hard to imagine yourself well for a woman without diplomas and degrees, and they still didn't exist. at the university of berlin , it turned out to be impossible to achieve recognition from heidelberg, either moscow or

st. at the university of götting in lower saxony , the faculty must agree that a student who is independently engaged in research such as that carried out by kovalevskaya is something unusual. from a letter from carl beish trass to the university of göttingen in july 1874, the university of göttingen did something that it had never done before, having reviewed the submitted works, awarded the scientific degree of doctor of philosophy in the field of mathematical sciences to the woman sofya kovalevskaya , academicians, were struck not only by the depth, but also breadth of knowledge of a 24-year-old girl along with differential equations. she was engaged in the study of elliptic integrals and rings. saturn is the one to which

the cassini space station went at the end of the 20th century. even galileo galilei drew attention to the fact that the sixth planet is still spinning somehow wrong. later, the astronomer determined that saturn is surrounded by a huge ring ; by the way, the same huygens , after whom the 1997 mission was named, and the same cassinius, the italian-french astronomer, also proved that the ring is not one, and at least two. and only sofya kovalevskaya mathematically substantiated that around saturn , in fact, there are not solid, liquid or gas rings, but billions of tiny solid particles, which, moreover, do not form a circle a ellipse. otherwise, according to kovalevskaya’s calculations, they were simply torn apart. were not needed. for this discovery, it is not at all a telescope or a spaceship, but a pencil, paper and an enviable zeal of the ring, saturn is such

a calculated mathematical problem with regard to the problem of body rotation. uh, at the time when these tasks were raised, they were very high. were evaluated in the mathematical community , triumph and kovalevskaya were talked about in scientific circles, she was referred to her works were published. the goal was achieved, however, they spoke about sophia in german french italian and almost did not speak russian. the flock of the most difficult goals in front of her, she passionately desired to achieve them, but despite this , i never saw her in such a sad depressed state of mind as when she reached the alleged goal woman mathematician decided to treat at home. in the end , some changes must take place in russia as well.

december of the 2000th year of the flight of the cassini interplanetary station, having successfully covered millions of kilometers , the space wanderer made another maneuver in the st. petersburg area ahead of saturn, but then the orientation system failed to maintain the given cassini direction. used several gyroscopes at once. one of them failed in december 2000, however, did not investigate the failure. and even more to eliminate it from the ground impossible mission is at stake. is the next device just lost in the endless expanses of space, scientists could only watch and hope. sophia vladimir kovalevsky returned to their homeland in russia together in a family

marriage, their fictitious marriage turned into true love , a review of the famous french mathematician carl runge has been preserved. he wrote to his mother. we had an interesting saturday evening , the society consisted of four mathematicians and sophia kovalevskaya she has a thin, thinking little sad face, lovely when she smiles. it was strange for me to have a conversation with a lady about mathematics and see that she was at the height of the subject. i felt this in the questions that she asked, which she offered me before, that i imagined her in astronoses and old-fashioned bespectacles and was amazed. finding that scientific education can be combined with perfect femininity. i'm threatened. big danger, i'll turn into a math textbook. only when they are looking for well-known formulas, but which cease to interest when they fall on the shelf among

other books from a letter from sofya kovalevskaya to her friend maria mendelssohn, who dodged the whole world of science mendeleev sechin to the homeland of kovalevskaya for centuries. dostoevsky turgenev sophia spoke about european recognition about the works and ideas that were born to her in distant germany, the guests understood such success to be worth a lot, but for official recognition in tsarist russia , any petition from kovalevskaya was not enough, and a woman returned with a refusal . can teach in russia mathematics only in the lower grades of the gymnasium. naturally, women's courses, and even when bestuzhev's women's courses opened in st. petersburg, kovalev's courses were not allowed to teach. it was necessary not to choose to organize their own business, the kovalevskys collaborated with the newspaper. new time.

one of her publishers was vladimir, and sofya acted as a publicist and reporter, she wrote on a variety of topics, most often scientific, it was because of her articles that readers learned about a steam engine powered by solar energy and an august show about the first attempts air balloon float wanted a backdrop about the american typewriter and chemical experiments. pasteur seemed to be on the mend. yes, she had a daughter. and yes, for some time she was engaged in her upbringing, but very briefly, but on the other hand, mothers did not raise children in noble families. she had an example of her own german mother. so the governess was the nanny, the nurse, and my mother lived on a completely different floor and they met only for a few there. hours a day and maybe that's why she thought that someone can raise her child, and she must do what she loves, another attempt

to prove her right to teach at a russian university, moscow 1880, the answer of the minister of public education of the russian empire , state councilor andrey soborov. kovalevskaya and her daughter will have time to grow old before women are admitted to his university in the numerous refusals of officials. a frequently repeated phrase. we have men cope with teaching, innovation. we don't need. kovalevskaya answered sharply when pythagoras proved his he sacrificed the great theorem to the gods a hundred bulls since then, all cattle are afraid of everything new instead of mathematical problems. kovalevskaya had to solve the problems of a completely earthly construction of stone houses. with trading baths with them, but it all ended in failure and led us to complete ruin from the memoirs of sofya kovalevskaya and again sofya

i had to make a choice to continue the adventure with business or still make my way to the university department, not in russia, but abroad, and she decided to get together instantly. it even looked, not like training camps, but like escape she knew there was only one person in the world who could help her. old faithful friend professor veer strasse at the very end of 1882, the kovalevsky family almost simultaneously received two letters one in berlin where at that moment lived in odessa where vladimir lived in the first letter, the swedish professor guestami, so the lifler student of veer strasse invited frau sofya kovalevsky to work in stockholm at the newly formed

state university, the second letter came to odessa in official language, informed mr. kovalevsky about the criminal case excited against the industrial society , where he was the director of such a disgrace , vladimir kovalevsky could not bear the suicide of her husband, sophia learned from a telegram at the end of april 1883. sophia kovalevskaya arrived in stockholm on november 11 and stopped at the invitation of the metaclifler. it's his first week. she didn't do anything else. as soon as she studied swedish from morning to evening, she was offered to arrange an evening to introduce other stockholm scientists, but she asked me to wait

a couple of weeks until. they will learn to speak swedish, nevertheless, after 2 weeks in terrible broken swedish. she could already express herself . yes, kovalevskaya was an unusually interesting interlocutor; it was not for nothing that the swedes called angela of the conversation on january 30, 1884. sofya kovalevskaya climbed the chair at stockholm university to give her first lecture so far. in german, in the presence of a dozen professors, the stern professors received her lecture with restrained favor. but the students met with applause and bouquets of roses. because it was a new place. it turned out that e in them there are no lists of rules what existed, for example, in a web-sale or in linda, that a woman is forbidden to teach in a higher educational institution, and therefore lev lera

cleverly took advantage of this, and despite the fact that e-e sophia kovalevskaya was such a charismatic character, he managed to explain to the then to the rector of the university that it was a rare case that sony received what was an incredible appointment for 5 years in stockholm in july 1884. and it was a breakthrough. she was an assistant professor, which gave her a good salary and support. will she become a full-fledged professor was not yet decided. the happy years of her life began, her favorite work, inspiration, an amazing acquaintance and admiring recognition. she knew how to keep herself and you know, if you look at her hair, she carefully watched them. if you look at any photo, they are neatly

arranged, she dressed in moscow things that were much better than what people wore here in sweden for their reception, it was considered a great success as an expression of feminine kindness. the one that can't help but call admiration from the memoirs of professor guest mettakli fleur. the king of sweden oscar the second invited naval sofya kovalevsky, a light , graceful partner, a shining face in your company. every man feels like a king said the monarch from the gossip column of the stockholm newspapers. cavalier, this is a man of rare spiritual and physical beauty, the most

charming and intelligent woman in europe at that time. yes, i certainly had a heartfelt attraction to her from an interview with a norwegian polar explorer, frithu fanansonics. she could do anything. i liked life lectures on mathematics and mechanics in swedish german french, work in the journal act of mathematician, where scientists from germany sweden russia france are published, by the way, today it is considered one of the best in the world and its level of knowledge was very high. it can be said that she was the most educated mathematician in sweden in those years, more educated than the guests themselves. so the elevator. because she knew mathematical physics differential equations, which was the pinnacle of mathematics of that time, mathematics

, the queen of all sciences, this phrase was said, alas, not by kovalevskaya, another outstanding mathematician karl gaus, sometimes kovalevskaya had the illusion that almighty mathematics can be calculated even the vicissitudes of human life. together with her friend, the swedish writer anna charlotte or fleur, she writes a drama struggle for happiness, a work unique in world literature. it is calculated according to mathematical laws and consists of two parts. the first event, as they were, the second as they could would be, but the real glory was brought to her by memoirs of childhood memoirs with a description of noble customs and bright characters. what is worth one dostoevsky's success was furious her memoirs became the bestseller of her time, and you can read about the reaction of people, sophia received good money for the publication.

people were very interested in her person, her literary stroke, in my opinion, was comparable to her mathematical gift, which, in general, is very rare, of course, she seemed to be a european person. mathematics. she was interested in everything, so to speak, that is, she wrote journalistic articles there about how the swedish schools, so to speak, are arranged , so to speak, she wrote, so there is a play , then sans charlotte leflech, and at the same time. she says she was, so to speak, a perfectly successful mathematician. so here i am, how to say, so their students all the time and say, so to speak. you can’t close yourself in mathematics alone, but even in the whirlwind of her new life, sophia was primarily a mathematician , the problem of the movement of a rigid body around fixed point under the influence of gravity to put it simply, the problem of the motion of a spinning top, has long

attracted attention, the mathematics of the whole world of the problem has been committed. naturally , it was first raised 150 years ago by leonard eiser, a very famous mathematician and the sanction of st. petersburg, who worked in the middle. this century after euler, one unsolved problem remained, which became a challenge for mathematicians as soon as it was solved, and the work of weapons engineers and even astronomers would become easier. the same tops only gigantic in 1888 parisian the academy of sciences announced a competition of scientific papers on this topic under its conditions, the manuscripts were submitted anonymously anonymously this then in the 19th century. and today, who does not know the author of the third work , the classical case of the solvability of the problem of rotation of a rigid body around a fixed point of rotation of a heavy asymmetric top. in any case, everyone knows that

modern stabilizers, gyroscopes and navigation systems cannot be imagined without work on the motion of a spinning top, or at least knows that at that very interplanetary station cassinis, who riveted scientists all over the earth also had gyroscopes for orientation in space. and it was one of them that failed in the winter of the year 2000, what happened in outer space can be called a miracle of space debris, which apparently got stuck in one of the flywheels, the gyroscope, did not last long and soon all systems resumed work. july 1 , 2004 at 2:00 11 minutes gmt cassini slipped between the rings, saturn and approached the planet itself, remained on the surface of titanium to study a giant satellite 7 years of travel and jewelry

cassini's calculations justified themselves, he began to send photographs of saturn and, of course, of its rings, consisting of billions of particles, as sophia kovalevskaya calculated at the time. in 1888, the results of an international competition of scientific works were summed up in paris, the jury determined its best motto. he says that you know, do what you must and come what may , when the envelope with the surname surfaced, it turned out that the author of the competitive research sofya kovalevskaya at that time was the only woman in the world who held the position of professor of mathematics, sweden met her heroine, life-long professorship at stockholm university and a special prize from the swedish academy of sciences and a life-long position, which she received in 1889. this is a historical date for women, because this is the first

time in history that a woman has received a professorship in mathematics in the academic world, which makes her a historical landmark with a demon. even in russia , under the pressure of the famous mathematicians chebyshev , imshinetsky and bunyakovsky, at a meeting of the st. petersburg academy of sciences, question from the admission of female persons to election as a member of the corresponding 14 academicians voted three against on december 12, 1889 . the general meeting of the academy of sciences approved sophia kovalevsky as doctor of mathematics, professor of stockholm university , corresponding member of the st. petersburg academy of sciences. pravda a year later, when the place of a full member of the academy became vacant in st. petersburg, she was not even allowed into the meeting room , the presence of women, not in the customs

of an academic meeting. professor kovalevskaya has never been a russian academic and did not. if you believe that the world lives according to the laws of mathematics, then kovalevskaya's life is somewhat similar to the very curve that little sophia told her uncle about. she endlessly strives for sympathy, but she can never achieve it. in mechanics, sofya kovalevskaya finished what euler and laksh started in mathematics, continued her search for koshel in astronomy, supplemented the laplace theory of physics , research break, and in life she proved the right of a woman to a place in the once masculine world of science and although the discovery gained worldwide fame sofia kovalevskaya never achieved real recognition in her homeland. kovalevskaya

died suddenly on january 29, 1891 at the age of 401. she caught a cold, but the disease developed rapidly, even the seriously ill sophia continued to give lectures and prepare scientific articles. she was, so to speak, a person who had no boundaries, a girl who was absolutely carried away, drawing strength, uh, and uh, vital energy precisely. here in these here mathematical symbols, which skillfully see behind the formulas. in general, the beauty of the world, if she lived longer, no one can predict. what would she achieve absolutely. we in sweden still cherish the memory of her, for example, every year the day of kavalevsky

holds five universities in stockholm london oops died and technically chalmirs university. several hundred schoolchildren come to goethe borka for a couple of days to listen to lectures on mathematics and participate in events and exhibitions in memory of sony kovalevskaya twentieth year of the flight of the cassini interplanetary station hundreds of pictures of the rings, saturn and the planet itself thousands of measurements and records used up almost everything fuel on april 26, 1917, the last operation of the space wanderer began. called the grand finale. cassini, made 22 turns between the planet and its rings, sending amazing pictures to the earth on them, the structure of the rings, landscapes, satellites, the inexplicable hexagonal vortex at the north pole, then the device burst into the atmosphere of saturn at great speed and began

to fall rapidly until it burned out . we are in this last moment of our cosmic life. he continued to transmit pictures to the ground saturn, if you in life, at least for a moment, felt the truth in your heart, if the ray of truth through marriage and doubts illuminated your path with a bright radiance, so that in its unchanging decision the horn would not appoint you ahead of the memory of this moment, sacred forever, as a shrine in chest. after all, formidable gods, jealous strict, their sentence is clear. the decision is one from that person and will be exacted by many who had many talents, kovalevskaya

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