[000:00:00;00] until the meeting, the 19th century is called a revolutionary century for science, if earlier scientists were more likely to observe nature, then now it was the appearance of substances with completely different properties, sometimes those that are found in nature on earth. at least it didn't even change the world. i'm not talking about the fact that energy production has begun. and today we all use electricity and a card, which has always been the case with vrublevsky. this is a biography of a georgian boy who

was born in grodno. he was baptized in pairs, graduated from the grodno gymnasium and came from large family in 1862. he enters kiev university and is already in exile after participating in the uprising.

your eyes can no longer withstand the explosions. now we will remove the bandage. don't worry, don't

rub your eyes. follow the subject. how do you feel? thank you. i can best congratulate you. the recovery is going well. the next third operation is required. no, now just take care of good food walks and do not write or read a year. you said year. whole year this is necessary for a full recovery. dear mother, i'm fine. the operation was a success , don't be surprised that this letter was written

by a frau's female hand. gerda graciously agreed to help me, the doctor ordered me not to read or write. and you see how i diligently fulfill his instructions, anticipating your question, i will answer. yes, frau gerda is unusually mila, she has a beautiful voice, and she takes very good care of me after the operation, so you can be calm without female attention. i will not stay, your loving son. dear eduard in berlin, this university, surely not yet saw such a strange student. i go to all the lectures, but i don't read books and i don't write notes - a hilarious sight for my classmates when i repeat the phrases to myself in order to better remember the professor's words. at the same time , i involuntarily close my eyes and begin to

move my lips, no matter what nicknames they gave me. well, let their ridicule break, and my successes, and i'm still one of the best students in the course. i confess only to you. this is probably the most difficult time in my life. the ridicule of comrades and limitations in means does not hurt as much as the answers of the professors to whom i showed my cosmogonic theory. how much i connected nadezhda with her when i wrote it in siberia in exile, perhaps i didn’t know something and i didn’t take into account a lot, but i get the same practical advice. now it's not scientific. do something else. leave your tales and so on. i was kept from leaving my studies by one person, herman fund gel-goltz, who did not praise my theory, but suggested classes in

his physics laboratory. said he saw a scientific streak in me. now your brother is back winged is keen on experiments. dear sigismult, i think that work in the direction of gases is both very promising and very risky. remember the experiments of the young hemfriday to the teacher faraday, how many explosions accompanied the discovery of the laughing gas nitrous oxide. and how many we do not know gases when heated distillation under pressure can behave unpredictably. you're taking a big risk, plus your eyesight and sorry absent-mindedness, multiplied by your perseverance. i beg you, please, be careful, your loving brother edward

never heard of a practice session. and we don’t have such people, only if the students are already engaged in the experiments of experimenters , in addition to discovering the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, he managed to convert some types of gases into a liquid state, at the beginning he received liquid chlorine, then all the rest, but as a result of a series of experiments. he brought out six gases that are permanent. that is, they cannot be converted into a liquid. even at a pressure of 3,000 atmospheres. these include

oxygen and hydrogen. the atmosphere of the earth, today we let's do one experiment, i ask everyone to be extremely careful and careful. dear brother. i was already in munich in the laboratory of philippe joly, when there was no longer any means or opportunity to stay in berlin, i sent out letters in which i offered myself as an assistant. he was the only one who answered me. a great master in the field of precise measurements and perfect research methods. i think we will hear more about him and his many students. so i'm full of

hope unlike my pockets they dear mother, i'm doing well. i'm in a hurry to share with you my first success. i am sending you a publication of a work on the diffusion of a gas through an absorbed substance. just don't be afraid of this name, diffusion is penetration. you only imagine this work noted by james maxwell himself, an english physicist and author of the theory of the electromagnetic field to fall into his field of vision. this is a great honor and cause for pride. my dear son your elder brother vitovt, explained to me that the amount of kumlaude with which you defended your doctoral degree means with the greatest honor. how i rejoice at your success , proud of you and worried, because you are engaged in electricity and other dangerous experiments, please take care of yourself and try not

to waste all your time only on science in strasbourg there should be a lot of pretty girls. i so want you to come not to the empty house of a lonely person, but to the house where love lives and children's voices sound like a mother who loves you. don't forget here. the pay hasn't gone down. no,

all the same 160 marks cannot be conveyed in such a way that you will pay. what will i try? sometimes thank you dear brother. it seems to me with food i was invited to work as a professor at two universities at once. i am at some loss before choosing distant tokyo on the japanese islands or krakow university. krakow university

offers a scholarship for brothers with non-children, and this is 5,000 francs per year and the opportunity to work in leading laboratories in the world for two years. are such offers rejected? the company is coming. what is this glass tube? and this is a tap, well, clearly a tube. mercury piston in

general connected to a high pressure hydraulic pump. somewhere here it is clear, we are working with gases, the next attempts to turn them into faraday's liquid to the oxygen dump, which will turn it into a liquid. it's impossible that it's impossible for liquid oxygen to get it's

a constant farad gas. engage in oxygen and the contents are mixed. it didn’t explode, but during the experiment the shut-off valve was torn off, the air began to cool and condense, mr. louis. i only saw a cloud. and we will try to get the liquid. well, sunday collect? dear mother, i'm doing well

because i didn't find a decent lady in strasbourg before i moved. in krakow , after all, the polish opponents are undoubtedly the most beautiful , and now i promise to carefully look around to find the best of them in addition. i bought a piano, perhaps it is the music that will attract the fate of my abode, true. i never learned to play decently and dshp. we are close. come visit me. don't play. how can you. i missed you very much, mother, dear edward january 20th. i made a report on some of the phenomena that occur in gases and liquids under high pressure conditions. all the professors of the university gathered and it seems that i convinced them that this is a very promising direction. they gave me a lab. it's even better than in paris

. if modern appliances are a vacuum pump , a compressor, a gas engine, i brought the latest cabin apparatus. here i found a friend. king of olszewski. we are similar in many ways, he is also passionate about science, he has a strange hobby of growing chrysanthemums. almost like my piano playing. we are the same age, both in our youth, participated in the uprisings, dreamed to turn the world upside down, and now we are dreaming about the coup, they decided to refute faraday himself and get liquid oxygen. noah laboratories

experiments on electricity that's the thing or maybe he burns himself? or explodes , the rector called me and said. if there is no result in the near future, can the laboratory be

closed? when will we start? it is now 12:15 pm

do you have pressure? time 12:25 pressure

time 12:40 end of experiment dear brother, so far we're failing. maybe faraday is right and liquid oxygen, in principle, is impossible to obtain. i'm trying to find a cure for the blues, i teach , i developed a physics course for students, i give lectures for the townspeople separately for women , i fight, so to speak, with general ignorance. you have no idea how much public rapture simple things like demonstrations of the effect cause. and you know, as they call me behind my back in women's society, our krakow sorcerer

for them, i'm a kind of eccentric hoaxer. i know they call me the cracow magician. but what i will show you now. this is not mysticism. not magic. this is a real achievement of science. look around you. on top of each other, what do you see? nothing emptiness air it's not emptiness, it's an invisible world. between you around you everywhere in this hall of energy. the particles are ready to transmit it to call it. and become your own energy. electric light, like this ray of light that broke the darkness and showed that

there is someone here in this room. so science today has shown how you can extract energy from nothing from emptiness and walls. electricity is the most revolutionary discovery of our century, and how many of you know what it is? nobody now you will see it. let's start the experiment. the generator generates electricity and incandescent lamps, produced by the american

company thomas edison , we continue the experiment, we breed electrodes. candle yes, our children will forget. what are candles?

and now the electric arc and this is just the beginning. and pan teaches physics at the university, which means books of records of experience. the vision has deteriorated. don't take care of your eyes. emund's carapace they say your lab is doing a dangerous experiment. ordinary volodya means, as

justus said. he is a swan who does not sacrifice health, for the sake of science, nothing will be achieved, everything on the altar of science. so you think, and i, dear professor, collect materials about scientists and their diseases. these are novels. these look no. experiments he worked with chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, hydrocyanic acid, and the death of wilhelm scheil 44 years

, experiments with mercury, hydrogen secyanide and other substances. how many years has he been ill? yes , after all, the slav lost his hands on experience, and then paralysis and purulent blisters on the skin of karl klaus . what are you working with? here james died his lab during an experiment purple face and bloody foam at the mouth. i'm sure he got poisoned. dear mother, i'm fine. i hasten to share the biggest shock of recent days. no, i

was excited, not a particularly young female, as you probably would like, but believe me, the reason for my delight. no less beautiful i returned from paris, where the first international electrical exhibition was held , i was a man of science ready for anything unusual. she shook to the core, electricity is the energy of the future that will transform our world of phone conversations. on in the distance, there is already a reality of electric lighting, streets and houses, too. or, for example, in krakow there is a horse tram. at the exhibition , an electric tranvar was presented. how much more convenient and effective what to say? i already have electric lighting in my laboratory, there is a dynamo, it is obvious to him that we are on the threshold of a new era , the era of using the energy of nature for

human needs. my dear brother. i am still under the impression of the electrical exhibition in paris, how the hall of the palace on the champs-elysées sparkled , where the exhibition of a thousand spectators was held dozens of scientists, and then imagine, i open a local newspaper and, next to a detailed description of edison lamps , reports of the franco-tunist war, a description of the colonization of algeria next to inventions designed to improve people's lives, evidence of our barbaric attitude towards each other. bloody wars in africa here in europe whether humanity is ready for the discoveries that it receives, whether the energy of electricity will be used to destroy the murder

, you can say that it is not. i can't. belarusian memorial complexes weakening the fact that one should not forget nikoli hotyni, udadi for a lunge was the improject of yakiya peralza show-inji. this is in the image of the verme-symbolic and i swear on my vermedobro that yong is not nato naturalistic nets and dagestul unknown details of the wilting of folk popniks. he kept the right one tinkering with the zadroki of the state budget, then the memorial was hung with a komsomol construction site. here intertwined perches furcation faded trend. remember the history of one

carriage, and history has one carriage of the history of the people. goes on a trip, but they don't even guess where fate will take them. oh, let's visit interesting places in belarus together with them . funguden, a chapa archaeologist, by the way, managed to find very interesting excavations here. so they say that there is an oak tree here, which is about 500 years old. listen, well,

there are exactly 500 here. wow, this is how the sarcophagus looks like, watch the stone, paper scissors program on our tv channel. the air would become the ocean. imagine a sea of ​​air, because at low temperatures gases become liquids and now you

will see a substance that cannot be found in ordinary life. in its normal state, it is a combustible gas, but in liquid form it has incredible properties. it is believed that any gas can be turned into a liquid, but no one has yet been able to get liquid oxygen, liquid oxygen, nitrogen, what kind of fairy tales for what? is it needed at all? for example, why

did albert the great discover silver nitrate? we were able to get. the first photos and now we use it. how many years of centuries? scientists went to this, not knowing what would be result. and this is just one example. so are liquid gases this future is possible, new energies new cosmic speeds we will fly into space in liquid air. we'll have lunch

. and gently lower it into liquid ethylene. now you will find out what liquid ethylene is capable of, please. just gently lower the boiling point of liquid ethylene to -110°c and it is now boiling. all get objects amazing properties do you think

the pelvis is dangerous? she is an explosion, dangerous, i will ask you now to move away from the fire. so friends attention and in conclusion i want to strike your imagination. if we had not burned this rose now. they defrosted her. she would

come to life. as if nothing happened to her. and the freezing of living organisms at ultra-low temperatures is still a big mystery for scientists . thanks to the fish, they are cold-blooded from them and know how

to put them into suspended animation, but humans. if you think well. well why why why? why thanks

time 11 hours atmospheres 10 atmospheres, 13 atmospheres continue.

time 11:30 pressure 24 atmospheres we need to move on. we also need tend to lower temperatures. then you need a vacuum. the boiling point of ethylene is about 110 this little should be much lower. dear mother, as always, i am happily upset by one unforeseen worries, the university does not allow me to come to you next week, as i planned. in addition, we urgently need to prepare an article for

the french edition. oxygen is the strongest oxidizing agent and can be unstable in the liquid state. i spoke about it. perhaps you might need it's not about pressure, but about other parameters, for example, temperature. so, you really want to get into my list of scientists who put health, maybe life, the altar of science, and somehow not really, judging by the injury. the explosion was quite strong. you are still very

lucky. i, as a doctor, want to warn you. your eyes can no longer withstand explosions. one more experiment like this and no amount of science will help you. if you have consciously decided to kill yourself, i dare say there are many simpler ways. i see you new equipment. i ask you to besiege too doing science, it is important that the light has nowhere to go and does not interfere during the inspection. so i think it will be better to see the fundus of the eye. nowhere to go. a closed system you can say, and so look straight ahead,

if the flask is bent, and he will have nowhere to go in front of him, so that these darknesses, lord doctor. you are a real scientist. this is brilliant thanks. we haven't finished our inspection. and you didn't pay for admission. dear brother, there are many times when success was far away and not obvious. i asked myself. is this question worth the effort that i spend and will i be able to find that little detail, without which i may never get the result, but when the detail was found, i took a new step forward. i forgot my doubts. looks like we've found the missing link. let's

try nothing once again to risk his health. so, at my command, you apply pressure, understand me, come on. is there pressure?

pressure dear, brother succeeded. i saw liquid oxygen. i'm ready to jump like a child with joy. tomorrow we will repeat the experiment together with olszewski. everything came together torment risks everything was not in vain liquid oxygen exists, as i expected it is sky blue . the discovery made is an important step, thanks to which you will remain inscribed in the history of science. louis cathy i will console myself with the fact that you have been able to obtain liquid oxygen by means of apparatuses similar to my raoul, by this method it will no doubt be possible

to achieve a much larger hermann fund. we are happy to share with you our discovery right here in this laboratory using our apparatus, professor alishevsky and i managed to obtain liquid oxygen in measurable quantities. quantities. and now we know how to get it and how to store it, we also received liquid nitrogen. thank you for today. we know that permanent

gases do not exist. there are simply technical limits that limit the scope of the experiment, but time and the development of science pushes these boundaries and someone after us will be able to get not a gram, but tons of this liquid oxygen. this is forward movement. they surpass their huge energy, they have a unique thermal conductivity. how they will be used in the future is, of course, difficult. now say this question. it is for you? just don't freeze, you want

them to stay alive. but what about the idea of ​​man? it makes no sense, even if in 100 years people will cure the diseases that we suffer from today, then the person will wake up and be alone. somehow it all works out very well. recently, years of experiments have been successful for me, we have received liquid oxygen and nitrogen in turn, liquid hydrogen.

i was accepted as an honorary professor of the leading european. i am inspired by the academy of sciences, no matter how trite it may sound, there are other reasons for pleasant excitement, but let's not rush to write about it later. expensive success pleases all of us. we in the russian chemical society held a special meeting on liquid gases that you received. i am very, very proud of you. now you are at the top, when it seems that everything is behind you are inspired, it is at these moments that scientists should not weaken their attention.

i still worry about you. temperature fever, but yesterday he fell asleep himself. so sodium calcium chloride perforated dressing with wax, let's

drink plenty of water and turn gently. this is a new drug. it effectively reduces pain symptoms. as a doctor, i can add to you. it's a blood poisoning. medicine is powerless here.

dear, my mother is fine. the discovery of zygmund vrublevsky became in demand only in the 20th century . 1961, a man first ascended into space. the first human being, the frozen body of professor james batford, is still kept in a

liquid nitrogen tria-chamber . using superconductors cooled by liquid gases, 2008 the first superconducting power line was launched 2017 a healthy child was born from a frozen egg fertilized 25 years ago. people started to be interested in the molecular kinetic theory and take it very seriously know about this theory there was no clear representation of the gas, so

many scientists thought what is it? liquefied gas cylinder cryogenic technology jet fuel quick freezing capabilities all these are technical applications of the discoveries that studied at rublevsky in the nineteenth century. today we are facing these advances to get

the lowest temperatures. the capital of the minsk region with you on the air elizaveta lavkevich, good evening, briefly, the seven people who went through the borisov region suffered, alas, not congratulations of heavy herbs, we will put on pedalized vidos-salovars, asking me