[000:00:00;00] cooperating for the second year, an exhibition of creative works is always a chance to become a participant in international projects, and this year nspu and bspu have planned two international plein airs, both within the framework of competitions, a and the winners of these competitions will go to altai in the first case, in the second case, a delegation from novosibirsk a delegation from the pedagogical university will come to minsk a delegation of the belarusian state university will go to novosibirsk such a large-scale project is presented for the first time in 30 years of the existence of the department. you can see the exposition until the first of april. and a day in the museum of the first gymnasium you can get acquainted with the history and traditions of the establishment and education of the minsk region, one of the oldest schools in belarus has collected hundreds of exhibits, which tells about the development of the education sector in the central region , archival documents, photographs, teaching materials and school paraphernalia, an award

of honored teachers and old textbooks among unique items. school ports with an inkwell and an ink pen, as well as the uniform of students of the soviet period of briefcases, the iranians, this museum is unique for our region, because it is the only one in its kind and is presented here, and the education system from its origins to the present. e of the whole region. that is, 22 districts are presented here separately, the city of zhodino. here you can get information about how education was born in each district, what it is at the present stage. and of course, we paid a lot of attention to the great patriotic war, because this topic is really topical, this topic that never happened. doesn't pull. separate stands of the slutsk museum of education are dedicated to the famous graduates of the institution among them book publisher ilya kopievich astronomer vital terafsky author of volumes on obstetrics edwards. the broadcast will continue the sports

review. let me remind you that the project of the ria news agency is available on all social networks, as well as in our mobile application qr-code on the screen, see you at 7:00 pm. new jersey suffers, the third defeat in a row in the regular draw of the nhl last night, the club lost to florida 2:4, and the belarusian forward devil seagur. sharangovich finished the meeting with a plus one, he went on the ice in the fourth line and spent on the site 12 minutes and 23 seconds of them almost 2.5 minutes when playing in the minority during this time he made two shots on target. in total, in the course of the season on account, sharangovich scored 27 points, 12 goals and 15 assists in the standings of the devil's east and is still 3 repetition of the australian finals in the us tournament and on sobolenko and elena rybakina today they will compete for the victory of the master in indiana welsea, which

regarding the statistics of five matches in four won belorusskaya but they all ended in three sets. last meeting of girls on the island of the novena, let me remind you, it ended with the victory of the sable. today the winner of the tournament will earn more than $1 million and a thousand

rating points. the game starts at 23:00. first of all, we educate, unwittingly, we educate a full-fledged citizen of our society, how to maintain a balance between the state and each individual , we came to parliament in order to defend the interests of our voters, the interests of the country. now, when you are betrayed, it's like that you are hit by hands, and you seem to forgive. you can, but hug already no. in my opinion, the more control, the better the quality, the better the law and how not to let go of the helm of fate, but through the complexity of the difficulty, you try yourself in these situations. you become stronger. you already see things differently. this is

probably the only thing for you and me that we must do to save our hearts once. and conscientiously doing my job , i will always pray for every child in our country and in the countries of all, probably all countries of the world, let's talk about the values ​​of friendship, happiness, and plans for the future in the program.

say, do not be silent, new releases on the belarus 24 tv channel. without exaggeration, almost every soviet family had items made from this material on the kitchen shelves and in sideboards today. it has become fashionable again, both in our country and abroad. and this crystal- clear material got its name from the greek word translated, which is like ice speech. as you probably already guessed about crystal, that's just in contrast to modern man. our ancestors admired the beauty completely we will eliminate the confusion in concepts of other crystal today and, according to tradition, we will literally analyze the scientific parts, the composition of this perfect

, both internal and external material, in order to once again prove that even in the crystal theme, science is nearby in the studio of ekaterina beretskaya. hello. and don't miss the next half an hour. the sumerians or the british, who first learned how to create crystal? we will find out what is added to glass today so that the crystals play with the necessary colors and we will figure it out. without which component the production of crystal would not be possible. peculiar sound perfect transparency and thin edges for it all, we love and appreciate crystal, but it turns out, he is so thanks to the combination of glass and lead oxide, to whom we owe the appearance of the crystal formula

i will tell right now. it is believed that for the first time glass with lead oxide was combined in ancient mesopotamia, where they actually invented the very technology of creating glass. however , historians have come to the conclusion that, most likely, it was an accident rather than a well-thought-out move, otherwise there would have been some data on the production technology according to in fact, archaeologists in the ancient sumerian city, only particles of the product were found for a long time, in which a small amount of lead oxide was found, therefore it is generally accepted that the british managed to create the first place according to historians in 1615, the english king, allegedly. the first one forbade the use of wood in production, the only exception was the shipbuilding industry, the owners of the factories and the current situation went out as best they could, for example, in factories where glass was produced, wood

was replaced with coal and once the workers discovered. what glass loses in a coal furnace its color and becomes crystal clear, conducting similar experiments in 1676 glassworks, master and experimenter scrowt, discovered crystal a durable material that is obtained by combining glass and lead oxide crystal, which we all used to people saw in 1932 in new york york , a group of scientists finalized the crystal formula and made it as transparent as possible. more than 90 years have passed since then, and by that moment the researchers were able to derive the actually perfect crystal formula, it was about her to us as far as possible, simply and clearly, promised to tell the deputy dean of the chemical faculty of the belarusian state university,

natalia hello. so what is crystal from a chemical point of view and how it happens. good afternoon. i am very happy to welcome everyone to the studio. and if we now talk about crystal, then first of all we should decide. we just want to understand that the word is crystal, and accordingly, if we are talking about rock crystal, like the mineral, then the chemical formula of rock crystal is silicium two would like to point out. here is an interesting fact that even in chemistry lessons at school, but they always said that , in my opinion, two settle down - this is the formula of sand, and so, indeed, sand crystal has the same formula from a chemical point of view, however depending on the location of the structural units of the crystal lattice. we can observe either rock crystal, or , well, it can be sand, if we talk about crystal as dishes, that is, when we talk about

crystal dishes, then, accordingly, the main base for us is silicium two but at the same time. some additives also cope with crystal, in this case it is a special type of glass that contains, in addition to the selection of the mind, two more lead oxide or barium oxide. natalia has one more question. how does crystal change color? crystal tableware, it can have a different color. we can observe this even relatively speaking in stores, or in some shops where they sell crystal tableware. so the color of crystal is given by oxides of various metals. so, in particular, copper oxide can color crystal is green, manganese oxide is violet. well, depending on the oxide of the element, crystal can acquire one color or another. in fact, the same thing happens with rock crystal, which is a mineral of natural origin.

there too micro additives of any other elements are attached to this. absolutely pure transparent crystal color. thanks questions for you. we don't have any more. objectively , peace and creation is a concentrated expression of what can be conditionally called the national idea in the first lines. we belarusians, peaceful people. even without it. we are always for peace. if you work here, work, find your niche in public life. you can develop here and reach a certain limit. further more , faster, stronger, we are building bridges of friendship and roads of prospects, we need to work. we need to rely on our family, on those people who are in belarus who work for creation and

for the world as a whole, that we, as a family , are ready to live together with those who are not ready to embark on the path of betrayal, and it has become clear to me thousands of belarusians , how be proud. and what to fight for, watch on the tv channel belarus 24. belarusian memorial complexes in the weakening of the fact that one should not forget nicoli khatyn, good luck for a lunge was an improject of yakiya peralza went, inshi. this is in the image of the verme-symbolic and yak on my oath, faithful good, that yong is not nato of a naturalistic historical grid and dagestul, unknown to the details of the withering of the people's pomnikovsky memorial, the memorial was kept and from the right and was driven by zadroki kept on the budget was hung with a komsomol construction site. furcations intertwined here

disappeared this trend. these are the chances of a documentary cycle, the memory of my land is such a populist, and remember, what are showing the history of one carriage, and the history of one carriage of the history of the people. belarus and yet the main component of crystal was and remains glass, and it, in turn, is made from quartz sand. what should it be like in order for a crystal product to be obtained and mined in our country. get to know him the deputy general director of the scientific and practical center for geology of the ministry of nature and environmental protection

of belarus galina borisovna hello hello ekaterina galina borisovna let's start with what kind of lists there are and smoothly approach our main character, the creator of the sands - this is already, well, transformed material from previously such parent rocks that poured out in ancient times and now, under different conditions, these rocks collapsed, forming sands of various compositions. maybe there are minerals that are already distinguished from the rocks in terms of their composition. they also belong to those from which they were formed, this is what we have almost ordinary yes, watering spar quartz. they are also formed from granites from rocks of acidic composition. this means that galerites can be there with different compositions. here is the sand already enriched with glauconite. that is, it was some kind of shale that contained such a little green additive, but this is

pure quartz sand with you. you can see that they are very different in color. quartz sand its origin doubles when the parent rocks are destroyed and there was no access to them, no water, no air granules sand. then they are so less rounded, maybe even more durable. but the sands are secondary, these are already sands, which then began to receive water and air. so they began to influence him, the water washed out the sand, carried it over sometimes even considerable distances, washing it off. at the same time , cleaning it, because the grains of sand were rubbing against each other. they became cleaner, all clay particles were washed away and the sand was already of pure quality, where the content of silicon dioxide co2 reaches and then up to 99% of the primary quartz sands we, as it were, do not have in our country. yes, we already have a secondary one, that

is, they were carried by water, carried by the wind. we already see, there are, as it were, other superimposed processes on this sand , which is why it is called secondary, that is, these are already transfer processes and processes of influence of other factors, but this is all the sand, all samples - this is in our country. yes, it's sand. yes, we can see this belarusian one anywhere. here are the sources. yes, and on the banks of rivers , lakes, etc., to use in construction, probably, that's usually yes, ordinary sand. yes green little green - this sand is more glauconit, let's say so especially. uh, the direction of use may not even have been studied. vulcanite is more of a clay material, so let's say so for construction work. he is not very suitable. the only thing that can be used in some paint is to add somewhere else, that is, for color and the main character. yes, quartz sand, of course, it has a very large direction of use, that is, crystal

is not the only one, not the only one. direction. we have most of e quartz sands used in the production of glass and for the production of moldings sand is used for the production of glass according to gost should be the content of dioxide, quartz silicon so-called free co2 should be at least 95, and for the production of moldings 93% is enough. the content of quartz for glass production is more stringent requirements for the content of iron oxides, because iron is an impurity it gives. worse melting can make it difficult to color on glass, that is, quartz grades are divided from the iron content sands uh-huh for production. here are the glasses according to the iron content. there are, for example, dark glass. this brand t happens. there semi-light ps glass is the best,

of course. this is for especially light products. there obs above you there varieties. these are the sands, which are specifically for the production of crystal. yes , the content of iron oxides, it should be no more than 0.01 just a little bit. consider this an impurity that we will not see visually or in any other way. that is, no more than one hundredth only then. here it can be used for crystal. at us natural quartz sand. it is a little, of course, not of the same quality as this one we see now, it is already enriched sand. it has been washed out of all harmful impurities, it already has practically none of them, and a serious technological process has already been passed here. yes, here is already the sand that can be used for glass , anyway, here it is in its pure form so that we take it only here, well, there are some samples there or separate deposits where there is such pure

sand, but for to put into production. it still goes through enrichment. here is the sand. i know that you have ongoing activities at the practical center at night. uh, serious research is precisely quartz sand, which is under scrutiny. but today, first of all, of course, we hmm are aimed at hmm exploring deposits, yes, which could also carry out import substitution processes and, let's say , create a mineral resource base for hmm those industries that we have to find. i determine the degree of its suitability to determine, let's say, the technology of enrichment, that is, what processes are necessary to enrich it for production, i already understand correctly, in order to get a crystal product, and quartz sand must be of very high quality with a minimum

iron content. absolutely right there. yes, there are some other criteria and how do we work with such sand, that is, we still take our sand and process it and the technologies work and work on our cheese. yes, the gomel gok is the only pommel. here is the mining and processing plant, which works specifically on quartz sands, because you can simply wash, let's say this very one, but not enrich it. but the enrichment is carried out at the gomel mining and processing plant, and the processes are there. quite simple, that is, it is a wash of a scrubbing. this is a drying hydrosizer, that is, and then there is a classification , because each direction needs its own requirements, if it is for the ministry of industry, it means that all raw materials are classified there with certain requirements, and then they are already sent and

delivered to all, plants belorusskoe glass company. and also quartz sand is used for sandblasting a thing there, that is, it is anywhere, maybe quartz sand, probably now it is also used in art and draws a report on it. can also tint in different colors and draw and it will also be wonderful. the main thing is to have talent. well, if biologists only have to find this talent too. yes, all the conditions in order to get it, give the conditions for it to turn into an industrial product, but on the planet in general there are. maybe be strange, where are the deposits of precisely quartz sand of the kind that is needed for the production of crystal? there is, of course, this is belgium before it was you remember that there were crystals in the czech republic in soviet times.

yes, czech glass and plus czech crystal, these are crystal plants in germany, besides the glass itself, there are a lot of all sorts of additives and additives, and uh, everything else. there is. uh, reserve, the one which still needs to be studied before reconnaissance and it. perhaps we will also come across the fact that there will be a sufficiently high quality, or at least that it will be possible to enrich it to the requirements that are necessary for our plant from crystal products, galina borisovna, for some reason i’m not a catfish. i'm sure you will succeed. we will hope for this and we will also work for this. thank you, and we continue and look further. we strain our eyes and ears, how to distinguish real crystal from

a fake? find out why scientists all this time creating the thinnest and purest glass, they only tried to repeat what nature had already created. and carefully examine the real rock crystal. the most current event from the world of sports on the swindler continues to fight for play-in success, which yes to the right to compete for the playoffs of the kharlamov cup with hard training and interesting meetings. perfect shooting is obtained when you don’t think about anything, when you still ran about 5 years ago. i think why do i need this at all every time it was hard and you try to show yourself more work more, and i it seems that this is only for the benefit of victory and defeat. everyone is working very hard in their clubs. i think we

're definitely not getting worse, but there was such a slight excitement, because yes, as you said, we didn't play together for a long time. watch in sports projects on belarus 24 tv channel, we offer to spend one working day with professionals in their field. here in our olympic reserve school we are developing without any kind of coaching. and you and mom and dad , say so, yes it helps, where you are in your studies and in some other moments there is work, then there is a bit of division of work. here are some kind of such relations of close ones there , such very friendly ones, that is, to find this is the difference. tell me only about the heroes, but also in general the development of profession features in our base. we hold a lot of competitions and we attract our children to refereeing from these children's competitions. watch the program for one day

on belarus 24 tv channel. it is easy to distinguish from a fake. the main thing is to know how my colleague valeria vasilyeva went to the company store. leading enterprise production of crystal products in our country, in order to learn how to choose a really high-quality product. it is best to buy real crystal from a trusted manufacturer with a long history in our country, there is a brand whose products are valued without exaggeration all over the world

, experienced consultants will tell you how to choose crystal, what to focus on. what is the difference between glass and crystal, mainly it is transparency , thin beautiful ringing of the density of the product, naturally, the play of light with the help of facets, which is applied to crystal products. this the most basic characteristics, for example, many fine edges on products. their appearance is possible thanks to a special technology that combines manual labor and, of course , the material itself plays a large role; it is on crystal that they can be made so subtly and in large quantities. it is possible to make it on crystal, they reveal the possibility of light breaking through

which gives brilliance. the density of the product is also a key criterion. crystal products are never light, so they are quite hard to break and glass gives transparency. the same lead oxide. the sticker always says that the composition of the crystal is lead oxide, which indicates that it is directly into the crystal product. that is, if we do not have this sticker, well, in general , in every set, it is yes, if this glass does not have this sticker. despite the fact that all the world's crystal manufacturers have their own technology , they still adhere to the same classification. if you contain up to 10% lead oxide here, this is considered to be simple crystal glass, with 18-20%, it is not enough lead product. but 3.24%, and more expensive khrustalev, is exactly what is produced at the belarusian glass factory in berezovka , and the brand's products also have their own unique characteristics. this is our

signature drawing. very popular enough on a large assortment. it is presented in our glasses glasses wine glasses. well, the last most literally subtle characteristic of our crystal is its ringing. this is our new collection, which is very much in demand by buyers. i just don't have time to transport it all the time. to to preserve all the beauty of crystal, you need to know how to take care of it. crystal does not tolerate high temperatures, so you cannot drink hot drinks from it, just as you cannot use dishwashers to wash it in hot water. otherwise, the transparent product will quickly become cloudy. these are the key rules when using crystal products that have lasted 10 years. they are back in fashion again. recently, uh, buyers are very focused on crystal, because there is a large selection

of many collections and the buyer chooses crystal is more than glass. although in glass. we also have a large assortment. for the purity of the experiment, i want to find out for myself where the crystal is, and where is it not, first of all, by sound? as we found out, it is long and very very sonorous. now let's look at this option. there is no such sound. and plus there are no stickers either, which means it's not crystal. now let's check this one. and in comparison this one i think the difference is obvious and now i

can say with confidence that it has been tested on myself. at the very beginning of the program. i didn't say in vain that our ancestors admired the crystal clearness of a completely different crystal, which we have been talking about all this time, turns out to be from the 17th century. people tried only to repeat what nature itself did, it was rock crystal that the ancient greeks once called ice, and modern man, trying to make a mineral with his own hands. the crystal retained this name. what does real rock crystal look like and when and why did a person start using it, i propose to find out right now. mining rock crystal man engaged in antiquity, of course, no mines,

then there were no people looking for it on the rifts of rivers, pieces of the mineral were split and polished. and by the way, it was very difficult to do this; the product was polished with fine sand pastes, using coarse ropes made of plant fibers for this. rock crystal is called natural quartz quartz, which nature itself has grown, such a crystal looks like a sharpened pencil of a pyramidal shape , it must be like this, it has a sharp tip, and it should be transparent , colorless without any impurities and turbidity inside only such quartz is called rock crystal, but , and the crystal that we have at home is artificial glass , which was made at the factory, for example, quartz sand was taken, some additional substances were added there, and then it turns out such

a crystal, which you then we make vases, glasses , chandeliers. well, as for products from rock crystal, there are very few of them. the first manufactory, which made beautiful products from rock crystal , appeared in and in the xii century in the city of goose-crystal. in fact, if we take even our entire planet earth as a whole, because that nature cannot grow a large enough number of huge crystals so that the sculptor can then carve out of this crystal, for example, a vase or a bowl of some sort, e.g. there is a rarity. such products are now in museums look. they are centuries later. everything is also amazing, because when cutting and

polishing rock crystal, its brilliance becomes similar to diamond, so rock crystal is also used in jewelry. deed. i can also say that it is now fashionable to go sunbathing under the artificial sun in a solarium. so this artificial sun is made of rock crystals, if we melt this stone, it will melt at a temperature of more than 1.000.570 ° when heated. it becomes liquid. and if we then cool it quickly, we get quartz glass. and if we had unusual quartz glasses in our windows, then we could sunbathe, right here, without going out into the street, and the quartz lamps familiar to all of us for disinfection are also made from gorny crystal glass, quartz glass transmits