we will find out what is added to glass today so that the crystal sparkles with the right colors and we will figure it out. without which component the production of crystal would not be possible. peculiar sound perfect transparency and thin edges for it all, we love and appreciate crystal, but it turns out, he is so thanks to the combination of glass and lead oxide, to whom we owe the appearance of the crystal formula i will tell right now. it is believed that for the first time glass with lead oxide was combined in ancient mesopotamia, where they actually invented the very technology of creating glass, however historians came to the conclusion that, most likely, it was an accident rather than a well-thought-out move, otherwise there would have been some data on

the production technology in fact, archaeologists. in the ancient sumerian city of nepur. they found only particles of the product, which contained a small amount of lead oxide, therefore it is generally accepted that the british were the first to create crystal according to historians in 1615, the english king, allegedly. the first one banned the use of wood in production, the only exception was the shipbuilding industry, the owners of factories and the prevailing situations came out as best they could, for example, in factories where glass was produced, wood was replaced with coal and one. workers discovered that glass loses its color and becomes crystal clear in a charcoal oven, conducting similar experiments in 1676 , glassmaker and experimenter scrowt discovered crystal, a durable material that results from the combination of glass and lead oxide crystal, which we are all used to.

people saw in 1932 in new york, a group of scientists finalized the crystal formula and made its maximum transparency. more than 90 years have passed since then, and by this moment the researchers were able to deduce the virtually perfect formula of crystal, it is about it to us as far as possible. simply and clearly, the deputy dean of the faculty of chemistry of the belarusian state university, natalia, promised to tell you hello. so what is crystal from a chemical point of view and how it happens. good afternoon. i am very happy to welcome everyone to the studio. and if we now talk about crystal, then first of all we should decide. we just want to understand the word crystal, and accordingly, if we are talking about rock crystal, as well as the mineral, then

the chemical formula of rock crystal is silicium two, i would like to note. here is an interesting fact that even in chemistry classes at school, but they always said that there are two minds to settle - this is the sand formula. so, indeed, sand crystal has the same formula from a chemical point of view, however, depending on the location of the structural units of the crystal lattice. we can observe either rock crystal, or, well, it could be sand, speaking of about crystal as dishes, that is, when we talk about crystal dishes, then, accordingly, the main bases are anyway. and we have two silicium, but at the same time. e, then additives are added, certain and crystal, in this case it is a special whole glass, which contains, in addition to selicium, 2 more lead oxide, or barium oxide. natalie has one more question. how does crystal change color? crystal tableware, it can have a different color. we

can observe this even relatively speaking in stores, or in some shops where sell crystal glassware. so the color of crystal is given by oxides of various metals. so in particular copper oxide. it can color crystal green, manganese oxide violet, well, depending on the oxide of the element, crystal can acquire one color or another. in fact, the same thing happens with rock crystal, which is a mineral of natural origin. there, too, micro additives of any other elements give this absolutely pure transparent crystal a color. natalia thank you for your questions. we don't have any more. how you think, can a guy

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still, the main component of crystal was and remains glass, and it, in turn, is made from quartz sand. what should it be in order for the crystal product to turn out and it is mined in our country, we will find out from the deputy general director of the scientific and practical center for geology of the ministry of nature and environmental protection of belarus galina borisovna hello hello ekaterina galina borisovna let's start with what sands are in general and smoothly approach our main character, the creator of the sands - this is, as it were, a transformed material from previously such parent rocks, which

poured out in antiquity, and now, under different conditions, these rocks collapsed, forming sands of various forming composition, maybe there are minerals that are already distinguished from e, rocks in terms of their composition, some also belong to those from which they were formed, here we have usual ordinary yes, irrigation of feldspar quartz, they are also formed from granites from rocks of acidic composition, this means that galerites can be of different composition there. here is the sand already enriched with glauconite. that is, it was some kind of slates that contained such a little green additive, but this is what we have with you clean quartz sand. you can see that they are very different in color. quartz sand its origin is twos, when the parent rocks are destroyed and there was no access to them, no water, no air of sand granules. then they

are so less rounded, maybe even more durable, but secondary sands are already sands, which then began to receive water and air. so they began to influence him, the water washed out the sand, carried it over sometimes even considerable distances, washing it off. at the same time , cleaning it, because the grains of sand rubbed against each other friend. they became cleaner, all clay particles were removed and the sand was already becoming of pure quality, where the content of silicon dioxide co2 reaches and then up to 99% of primary quartz sands in our country, as if not in our country. yes, we already have a secondary one, that is, they were carried by water, carried by the wind. we already see that there are other superimposed processes on this sand. why is it called secondary, that is, these are already transfer processes and processes of influence of other factors, but this is all the sand

samples - this is in our country. yes, it's sand. yes, we can see this belarusian one anywhere. here are the sources. yes, and on the banks of rivers , lakes, etc., to use in construction, probably, that's usually yes, ordinary sand. yes , green little green ones - this sand is more glauconit, let's say so especially. eh, the direction of use may not even have been studied glauconite more clay material, so let's say so for construction work. he is not very suitable. the only thing that can be used in paint some add somewhere else, that is, for the color and the main character of our main character. yes, quartz sand, of course, it has a very large direction of use, that is, crystal is not the only one, not the only one. direction. we have most of the e-quartz sands used in the production of glass and for the production of molding products, the sand is used for the production of glass according to gost

, the content of dioxide, the silicon of quartz, the so-called free co2, must be at least 95, and for the production of molding 93% of products are sufficient. the content of quartz for glass production is more stringent requirements for the content of iron oxides, because iron is an impurity it gives. worse melting can hamper the color on the glass, that is, from the iron content, grades of quartz sand ugu are divided for production. here are the glasses according to the iron content . there are, for example, dark glass. it's a te brand, it happens. there semi-light ps glass is the best, of course. this is for especially light products. there ovs above you there varieties. these are sands, which are precisely for production crystal glass. yes, the content of iron oxides, it should be no more than 0.01

just a little bit. consider this an impurity that we will not see visually or in any other way. that is, no more than one hundredth only then. here it can be used for crystal. we have natural quartz sand. it is a little, of course, not of the same quality as this one we see now, it is already enriched sand. it has been washed away with all harmful impurities, it has practically no impurities, that is, the technological process, a serious one has already been passed here. yes here is already the sand that can be used for glass, anyway, here it is in its pure form so that you take it , only here, well, there are some samples there or separate deposits there, where there is such pure sand, but in order to to put into production. he's getting rich anyway. here is the sand. i know that you have ongoing activities at the practical center at night. uh, serious research is precisely quartz sand, which is under

scrutiny. but today, first of all, of course, we are aimed at hmm explore the deposit, yes, which could also carry out import substitution processes and , let's say, create a mineral environment base for hmm those industries that we have to find. where to determine the degree of its suitability to determine, let's say, the enrichment technology, that is, what processes are necessary in order to enrich it for production, i already understand correctly, uh, in order to get a crystal product, and quartz sand must be of very high quality with a minimum iron content. right there quite quite. yes, there are some other criteria and how do we work with such sand, that is, we still take our sand and process it and the technologies work and work on our

cheese. yes, the gomel gok is the only one for now. here is a porn enrichment plant that works specifically on quartz sand, because you can just wash it, let's say. so this one, but do not enrich. but the enrichment is carried out at the gomel mining and processing plant, and the processes are there. quite simple, that is, it is a wash from wash. this is a drying hydrosizer, that is, and then there is a classification, because each direction needs its own requirements , if it is for the ministry of industry, it means that all raw materials are classified there with certain requirements, and then they are sent and delivered to all, the factories of the belarusian glass company. and also quartz sand is used for sandblasting a thing there, that is, it can be anywhere, quartz sand, probably, is now also used in art and draws a report on it. can also be tinted

different colors and draw and will be wonderful too. the main thing is to have talent. well, if the biologists only have something to find, this is also a talent. yes, all the conditions in order to extract and give the conditions so that an industrial product will later turn out of it, but there are generally on the planet. perhaps strange, where are the deposits of exactly the quartz sand that is needed for the production of crystal? there is, of course, this is belgium before it was you remember that the crystal was the czech republic in soviet times , czech glass and plus czech crystal these are crystal factories in germany, besides the glass itself, there are a lot of all sorts of additives and additives, and uh, everything else. what is, let's say, a trade secret, where hmm our sands are dedicated to, for example, yes, here we have. uh, a reserve, one

that still needs to be studied before scouting it. perhaps we will also come across the fact that there will be a sufficiently high quality, or at least that it will be possible to enrich it to the requirements that are necessary for our factory from crystal products. for some reason i'm not i think that you will succeed. we will hope for this and we will also work for this. thank you, and we continue and look further. we strain our eyes and ears, how to distinguish real crystal from a fake? find out why all this time scientists, creating the thinnest and purest glass, only tried to repeat what nature had already created. and carefully study the real rock crystal. this program

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it is best to buy real crystal and from a trusted manufacturer with a long history in our country there is a brand whose products are valued without exaggeration all over the world , experienced consultants will tell you how to choose crystal, what to focus on. what is the difference between glass and crystal, mainly it is transparency, thin beautiful ringing of the density of the product, of course, the play of light with the help of facets, which are applied to the crystal products. these are the most basic characteristics,

for example, many thin edges on products. their appearance is possible thanks to a special technology that combines manual labor and, of course , the material itself plays a large role; it is on crystal that they can be made so subtly and in large quantities. it is possible to make it on crystal, they reveal this possibility of light breaking through which gives such a beautiful brilliance. the density of the product is also a key criterion . crystal products are never light, so they are quite hard to break. and transparent glass gives the same lead oxide. the sticker always says that the composition of the crystal is lead oxide, which indicates that it is a crystal product itself. that is, if we don’t have this sticker,

well, in general, in every set, yes, it is present, if this is the glass of this sticker. despite the fact that all the world's crystal manufacturers have their own technologies and still adhere to the same classification, if your products contain up to 10% lead oxide, this is considered to be simple crystal glass.