they go to a new level at the academy of management under the president, discussed the features of the development of the socio-political landscape of the country, the updated legislation provides for new rules of the game from the state. moreover, they should not be enemies of each other. uh, all these interport squabbles are squabbles. eh, they should not be in our party system between the parties there should be a spirit of healthy competition, but even to a greater extent. e interaction to solve common problems facing political parties in our country. the leaders of the constructive belarusian parties are sure that the disagreements between them can only be forms of achieving the well-being of the country and citizens, responding to external challenges and attempts to interfere in internal affairs only through consolidation and common efforts. a new level in the educational process, the national children's technopark and the pedagogical university signed a cooperation agreement and a roadmap in terms of

creating joint projects. including scientific and technical data from students the agreement that we signed will give many opportunities to our gifted children who are studying at the national children's technopark. why because we understand that a lot depends on the teacher today, and university a, which we have at the specialized pedagogical university , of course, trains teaching staff who will work in the country and today it is highly qualified, and our university has 42 students scientific research laboratories have been created, and some of them are significant work. it's just on the problems of modern technologies. this is chemistry and bers kors as e work with gifted children. and i think that, well, as educators who need to know someday, of my colleagues, i will have to go here already as a teacher and go through the practice of working with

gifted children on the basis of the children's technopark. i think it will be very useful for our students. for me , there are a lot of different studies being carried out at our university. and i'm like a chemist. i am interested in research in the field green chemistry, biotechnology, and we even have a stem laboratory at the university and we conduct research there. they are so small, but these places of study, also related to robotics, chemistry and biology , regularly conduct classes for a young developer. here they master robotics, aerospace technologies , virtual reality, engineering ecology. see you all at this point, at 19:00. get up on the first button.

what was the earthly path of the saints in christianity here he found his earthly love here he left for us an eternal memory of his prayers and his invisible intercession of their intercession before god what is the basis of a person’s spiritual life, the beauty of love is the very positive amazing wonderful result that these conversations give when, uh, people are not only interested in spiritual life, like that, but the most important thing is that they unite, that they

make up, as it were, one team, how a believer learns to live with god in a person’s heart it is already becoming indifferent world. answers to these and other questions in spiritual and educational projects on belarus 24 tv channel now

these drugs are freely sold in pharmacies and everyone has access to them. meanwhile, even a few centuries ago , either substances categorically prohibited in the modern world, or causing damage, as they say, coped with their function. now harm to health, for example, alcohol , moreover, they were sometimes used instead, even fists today are much more humane and simpler, and thanks to all this, of course, science, and in the outfit and in the topic that we decided to devote this issue to talk in the next half an hour. let's talk about analgesics on the air of the science series project. my name is ekaterina biretskaya. hello, and look in the program from

psychotropic substances, yes, painkillers, let's study the history of the issue. find out why a person experiences pain at all. and let's figure out how modern drugs help to cope with pain. the history of the first remedies to help relieve pain begins in antiquity. but then the healers could not even imagine that it was possible to remove the unpleasant sensations of a person who has something in pain. doctors wanted to alleviate the suffering of a person during an operation. in ancient rome, attempts to anesthetize were completely inhumane to the patient with a club on the head, and while he did not come to his senses, the operations were carried out by the romans, another way was to hit the sea electric stingray, and in

ancient greek, the stingray means narc, that is, numbness, hence the name came from anesthesia. in ancient greece, healers gave sick cannabis funny with wine. in russia , wormwood was used in the 18th century. british chemist joseph priestley discovered nitrous oxide or laughing gas means really on time. he is a lot of pain, but it was not possible to use it normally for obvious reasons at about the same time, too, british scientists edward stone was investigating the effectiveness of willow carabine extract, but only 100 years later. this tool began to be used everywhere and in 1824 the substance salicylate was isolated from it and this became it. the birth of the first painkillers, the first synthetic anesthetic drug was finazon, discovered in the 1860s in 1893 by scientists discover pyramidon, which at that time became

the gold standard in anesthesiology, and in the 20th century it was replaced by acetylsalicylic acid. true, this popular drug has side effects that the gastrointestinal tract does not like, i will add that investigators are still working on the ideal formula of analgesics that could relieve pain and not cause adverse reactions. and in order to understand why i propose to understand, the very mechanism of occurrence and more, and this will confidently help us, a learned physiologist. anna maria erofeeva she is already in touch with the studio anna maria hello. so what happens to our body when we start to feel pain hello ekaterina. pain is unpleasant. e, emotional and sensory experience that occurs in response to external or internal stimuli

associated with real or potential damage. we feel pain through a special body system called the initiative pain perception system that begins with pain receptors, which are located throughout the body. and they are activated in response to mechanical thermal or chemical influences that exceed the threshold of normal perception, having received a generative stimulus, but the receptors transmit signals along the ascending or afferent nerve fibers of the spinal cord and then along the pathways of the nervous system, the signal is transmitted to the structure of the brain, where it is formed this is the most unpleasant sensation, and behavior also changes in the direction of avoiding or eliminating a painful stimulus; the role is more that it protects us from external or internal dangers that threaten our body and thus. it protects us from long-term harm and contributes to the formation of life experience, and therefore pain is necessary for normal life

, it should be noted that, well, the associative system works in tandem with the antiseptile system, which controls the transmission of pain signal perception at all levels, starting from peripheral tissues and ending with the brain nerve, fibers and nerve cells in such a way that the conduction of a pain signal. these are endogenous endorphins and enkephalins. these are opioids as well. these are substances that transmit signals between nerve cells, which is called neurotransmitters and lipid molecules that have a stone effect. however, if nerve fibers and nerve cells are damaged , pathological pain can form, in which the balance of the noceceptive and antisocial systems is disturbed. in this case, damaged nerve fibers become hypersensitive, that is, hyperexcitable. they perceive signals of minimal strength as painful stimuli, at the same time, an increased disease occurs, as painful stimuli, this occurs due to the fact that nerve cells, future hyperexcitable, begin to perceive

signals that come in normally and apply them, that is , pathological pain, as a rule, is chronic with repeated effort. it significantly reduces the quality of life of people and undoubtedly requires treatment. anna maria thank you very much for the detailed answer already completely. soon we will understand the mechanism of more satisfying, and we will definitely tell you. with what kind of pain belarusians most often turn to the doctor? let's find out where the myth is, where the truth is, when it comes to the negative consequences of taking analgesics. and what new anesthetic drug do belarusian pharmacists offer? and the first task, no matter how creepy it sounds on the one hand, but it is directly connected with this place, the ancient necropolis cemetery, which is more than 400 years old. i don't know where the swedish mountain is. it's a whole

archaeological complex. and what is behind us behind our backs is one of the tips of the iceberg. travel and decide cultural-historical puzzles along with the leading here are quite a few legends that we have rescued debunked ready. go. project stone, paper scissors, watch on belarus 24 tv channel what they have dedicated their lives to cannot be called simple. it is a choice to be fearless, decisive, courageous, both boys and girls began to be recruited to the institutes, therefore, there are no special differences between boys and girls in the process of training in the process of serving ; girls, on a par with boys, perform the same

standards. for us. here are military servicemen - it's like a close-knit younger brother, and everyone helps each other. training training allows them to grow and develop the foundations that have formed in society, which then eventually developed into legal norms. on channel belarus 24 the most common type of pain, according

to various sources, is a headache. however, as it turned out, most analgesics do not relieve this particular pain even more amazing and scientifically confirmed facts on our topic we learn from a conversation with a guest in the studio of the program, the head of the department of general medical practice of the belarusian medical academy , after graduation, a candidate in medical sciences. and vasilievna, hello. good afternoon we wine. let's figure it out from the very beginning, this arises from the chemical structure. this is the most science, a capacious classification, but from a clinical point of view , it is convenient to divide real clinical practice into such painkillers that, for example, narcotic non- narcotic painkillers are not narcotic drugs can also be divided into steroidal and non-asteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, most often we use these natural non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs - these are the drugs that everyone hears about this and paracetamol, this is some kind

of profen, this is ibuprofen, that is, a whole whole , depending on what than they work. with which enzyme are also more specific and less specific there are those that block only the oxygenase cycle responsible for pain. and there are those who are for pain and, unfortunately, also, which affects the production of gastric protective factor. in the people, they are called strong painkillers and not very strong painkillers. well, here are the ones that are not so dangerous. yes, they do not cause side effects. they say they are so normal. well, if everything is already completely bad, and everything hurts. you need something stronger and then yes there may be questions. here, too , you need to understand that if we are talking about anesthesia in the modern world. there has been such a ladder for a long time, the world health organization has proposed pain relief for it, and it implies that there are steps on which various means are used to

relieve pain, at the top is a narcotic analgesic, and at the bottom yes, these non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and their assistants. sometimes it’s enough to relieve pain by adding a substance that relaxes, and for some the best substances , which, on the contrary, an antidepressant will increase the level of serotonin and turn out to be more effective than an anesthetic, such a desire to compare all drugs with an analgesic effect are among doctors. that is, this is how we know the world by comparison with each other also like that. right now , there is an ambiguous concept related to the fact that the way the drug is administered parenterally through the muscle or intravenously affects the strength and especially the speed of the effect. it, of course, will act faster the moment about the onset of the answer. and the drug that we will apply is local, because we should not forget the huge number of those ointments that also exist with an anesthetic drug. yes, we will not see the effect of them soon. but they have practically no systemic side

effects irina vasilyevna in terms of action. when wait for the pain to go away took a pill made an injection. yes, plus or minus half an hour, probably, if a tablet and a little faster injection, in fact, it depends on a whole component of factors depends on what kind of drug we use. yes, that is, there are drugs that come in faster, are absorbed faster , they show their effect, there are some that are a little slower. it really depends on the route of administration. yes, the medicine that we inject into a vein or intramuscularly, it will work, of course, there in eight through 10 through 12 15 minutes. and the drug that we will take orally, we will wait for the effect, probably, yes , closer to the time, there is plus or minus 20 40 minutes. on the one hand, on the other hand, it depends here is a person, after all, pain sensitivity is an individual thing. well, apart from the fact that our system in our body has its own analgesic antinoceceptive system.

by the way, our body always produces endorphins, which have an analgesic effect. there is a suggestion effect. there is a placebo effect. i took a pill. so me will become easier. i can sympathize in 5 minutes. this is an improvement. here, of course, there will be a greater contribution, probably, of such a psychological perception. pain is on the other side of the people. well, i took a pill, and it won't help me. it will still hurt, and it won't whine. and it's, well, it's nothing doctor. your treatment didn’t help. so it sort of sucks quickly and enters the bloodstream during the parade, it depends, if we assume, this injection depends on the patient’s microcirculation, that is, there are a lot of such factors, they can influence. well, of course they globally, it won’t change the situation and it’s unlikely, but instead of 30 minutes there will be 30 hours there, right? of course, we understand with you that somewhere this is approximately the same time, with regard to side effects. well, except for, uh, we've already touched on the subject. that's not very. e loves our stomach,

painkillers there are several such unpleasant target organs, in fact, the first one that we remember is the gastric mucosa. why active substances it produces protective mucus. no, mucus, its own hydrochloric acid factors, aggression, begin to irritate the mucous membrane. here we are, of course, we are afraid of complications, not only unpleasant sensations of intestinal bleeding. it can be life-threatening, but in addition to the mucous membrane, for example, the heart is unpleasant for pain-relieving organs, for example, in a patient with myocardial infarction. it is worth considering very carefully whether to prescribe painkillers for them, because it has a certain toxic unpleasant effect on the heart cell. and there is a whole even individual work dedicated to that some drug for pain relief to choose for a patient with a heart disease, again, we must understand that in addition to the heart, this is a tendency to increase pressure, that is, the patient takes pain or temperature.

paracetamol, for example, and provokes an increase in blood pressure, the liver and kidneys are such unpleasant targets from the point of view. and without control use, painkillers can lead to liver and kidney failure. periodically, we see resuscitation of patients who have a chronic disease, they are chronically watered. they drink for a very long time, painkillers come across kidney failure, because that they did not track the function of the kidneys, therefore, these drugs should not be abused. the doctor himself will say that you need to look at the blood in a biochemical analysis, so as not to miss this moment when i was preparing for the program, i read that american scientists have developed completely new drugs. it's called and test 121 might be a working title. which allegedly does not cause addiction and no side effects. actually, it seems to be true. yes indeed there are molecules in development that have such a powerful analgesic effect

comparable to a narcotic drug, but the manufacturers claim that they do not cause addiction. yes, why are we afraid of drugs, a real addiction is formed, and unfortunately, there are people who, during the treatment of pain, become pyoid addicted here, maybe yes, such a niche is a good use if you invent a molecule that is as strong, but without addiction, but you must first wait . yes. at first they are really animals, then they are healthy, we will not say that we believe in everything. the key to sports success is a competent decision and smart approach. how many teams are participating in the 1/4 finals of the competition the situation in chess, when the king is under attack , that is, under the threat of capture, on the next move

ruslan how well the belarusian athletes understand the sport of the colors of which country defending with the help of which the athletes distinguish their players from the players opponent, of course, watch the intellectually sports show heading on belarus 24 tv channel. let's talk about how to be open to the world, no matter what, i'm always ready to pick up. i always say we can we will we want to, because i really light up with really talented ideas, in fact, the main goal. uh, we are pursuing, if our citizen has an idea, they will save more than that, here are many say the market. this is where the market needs to turn. what is theater? after all, energy exchange,

and why it will always be the same, because people come, spectators come. and we give energy. you give us back, we have a cycle going on, and something happens we begin to think, breathe, live differently. uh, the sooner we teach our children to kind business from the island. yes, they are right, a merciful generation, say, don’t be silent , watch on belarus 24 tv channel. is pain always a reason to see a doctor in the first place, and not go to the pharmacy for painkillers? in general, i think that it’s always better to monitor your health with the help of professionals rather than skip the pain, especially if we are talking about the types

of pain that can be fatal, yes , which can be harmful, such as chest pain. it hurts. what if it's a heart attack, so yes, it's really better always turn. well, before you give to the doctor, that is, of course, you will not call an ambulance because your finger hurts. yes, that is, or a toothache there, most likely, you will want to cope with the pain before going to the doctor. and with more dirt, this is quite acceptable, so medicines . these are sold without a prescription. not just like that. thank you very much for more questions. we don't have any left. and we continue. there is a kind of pain to endure, which is simply impossible. now we are talking about more with cancer, but here too of all, the length of help comes science. to make life as comfortable as possible for patients who have experienced serious

illnesses, most often oncological diseases , the main task of palliative medicine and the first thing that specialists in this field decide is, of course, the reduction of pain . patients do not have pain at the end of life, and in cancer patients often pain occurs already in the first stages of the disease. yes, and the reason for seeking medical help in our seventy percent statistics is because a person sick and talk about waiting. only when that's before death. i will be relieved. this, of course, is stupid, but also a whole area, which since 2014, in fact , such a norm, palliative care, has been legally enshrined. this is just the same medicine comfort on this medicine is helping people, even regardless of oncological it is a disease or not, so that people are not afraid, what is palliative care. it's not 5 minutes before death. this is just to provide. quality of life patient when we nausea when he it hurts and a special protocol for the treatment

of diseases does not allow copying these pathological symptoms. this is how the chief freelance specialist of the ministry of health of belarus on palliative care olga muchko notes that pain is multi-layered and it is necessary to approach the issue of its relief in a comprehensive manner. it is impossible to give just one pill and expect improvement in the first hours. especially when it comes to chronic pain. therefore, today there are whole technologies for the treatment of chronic pain syndromes, if we are today only in the context of oncological patients say that it helps in the treatment of pain, of course, there is such a concept as pharmacotherapy, what we say can be given a pill, injected , stick a patch, uh, that will alleviate pain syndromes. there is also a whole section. these are invasive methods of treating pain, uh, which are already associated with the intervention with a scalpel, a needle, the administration of special substances that block the transmission of this nerve impulse of the nerve trunks, there is

an instruction official document with a clear algorithm for prescribing certain drugs, as we should prescribe this treatment, it starts, for example, with weak, acting analogs with a stronger analgesic from the rubric of strong analogs. these are opioids. these are the drugs that are called narcotics, all the drugs that we work with, if the patient has chronic pain. she herself is with the antidote for the formation of this addiction , we say this, as a plus to a minus, if you choose the right dosage, the patient will never experience a feeling of euphoria, and those dosage forms that today offers our medicine to patients, they are prolonged. that is, they slowly enter the bloodstream. of course, like all drugs, these painkillers have side effects that doctors control, and if the patient is tired, it’s better, for example, after surgical treatment, doctors can refuse painkillers constantly

monitoring pain sensations helps regulate the amount of drugs, and the pain itself is fucking on medicine is divided into three levels. the first stage is mild pain, when we evaluate it in points according to numerological rating scale. one three points. uh, the next step is moderate pain. uh, 4-6 points and 7 10 points - this will be strong at every step. we have our own set, so to speak, of, uh, tools and preparations that work, so weak pain is treated with preparations in this section. most often, with mild pain , paracetamol is used when the pain passes to the second stage, the doctor, as a rule, prescribes the weak. a pilot tramadol the new approaches proposed by the world health organization have made some adjustments already in the second step. we can use and not only weak pyoids , but also strong pyoids, but in small dosages

it is no secret that older people do not tolerate large dosages of tramadol very well, therefore, in such cases and when there are other contraindications. you can use the same morphine or hydromorphone, but in small dosages. well, something means a small dosage. if we say that the average starting dose of morphine. this is in tablets of 60 mg, then up to 60 mg of morphine. this is a drug application.