they are not supported in this, then children over 12 years old will be able to move to state hostels. at the same time, it is specified that such a child can be excommunicated from his family without the consent and notification of the parents , the phrase will certainly not be superfluous. god save america, these are the main events up to this minute, and we will continue at 19:00. acquaintance with belarusian enterprises and the outstanding result of their work and now the belts are made of natural silk with the addition of gold and silver. even though it's a modern belt this is a very unique gift for very unique people. it's like a small thing, in order to pull it out and raise a child, you must always have the strength, patience, skills and abilities that people like. and this is the most important approach to business , which everyone needs to strive for

. we succeed. yes, because i already have experience , as it were, i have been working on this machine for the sixth year. if you do not like your work, there will be no quality, watch the quality mark project on belarus 24 tv channel. we experience millions of emotions. we can rejoice, be angry, be surprised, be sad, sometimes our emotions are not under our control. and music expresses our emotions much more strongly. this emotional force literally takes back, and has already hit. in us. it becomes an integral part of life. after all

, the secret of music is that it finds an inexhaustible source of expression, where there is speech. now these drugs are freely sold in pharmacies and everyone has access to them. and between everything

, a few centuries ago , either substances categorically prohibited in the modern world, or causing harm, as they say now, coped with their function. health, for example, alcohol, moreover, even fists were sometimes used instead of them; today everything is much more humane and simpler, and thanks to all this, of course, science, and it is near and in the topic that we decided to devote this issue to talk in the next half hour. let's talk about analgesics on the air, the science project is nearby. my name is ekaterina beretskaya. hello, and look at the program. from psychotropic substances yes painkillers let's explore the history of matters. why does a person experience pain at all? and let's figure out how to cope with pain modern

drugs. the history of the first remedies to help relieve pain begins in antiquity. but then the healers could not even imagine that it was possible to remove the unpleasant sensations of a person who has something in pain. first of all, doctors wanted to alleviate the suffering of a person. during the operation , i traced the chronology of the creation of the first methods of anesthesia in our rubric. the history of the issue in ancient rome, attempts to anesthetize were completely inhumane , the patient was beaten with a club on the head, and until he came to his senses, operations were carried out romans. another way is to strike a marine electric stingray, and in translation from ancient greek, skat means narc, that is, numbness, hence the name anesthesia.

in ancient greece, healers gave the sick funny cannabis with wine, and in russia they used wormwood. in the 18th century, the british chemist joseph prizley discovered nitrous oxide or laughing gas as a remedy for a lot of pain for a while, but for obvious reasons it was not possible to use it normally at about the same time , the british scientist edward stone also explores the effectiveness of the extract of caribou willow, but only after 100 years. this remedy began to be used everywhere and in 1824 the substance salicylate was isolated from it, and this was the birth of the first painkillers . finazon, discovered in the 1860s, became the first synthetic anesthetic drug. in 1893, scientists discovered pyramidon, which at that time became the gold standard in anesthesiology, and in the 20th

century it was replaced by acetylsalicylic acid. true, this popular drug has side effects not to like. i will add to the gastrointestinal tract that investigators are still working on the ideal formula of analgesics that could relieve pain and not cause adverse reactions. when we experience any toothache headache, we drink the same pills in order to understand why i propose to understand the very mechanism of pain, and a scientist physiologist will confidently help us in this. anna maria erofeeva she is already in touch with the studio. she is maria hello. so what happens to our body when we begin to feel the pain ekaterina hello. pain is unpleasant. e, emotional and sensory experience that occurs in response to external or

internal stimuli associated with real or potential damage. we feel pain thanks to a special system in the body called the anesthetic system. uh, the perception of pain begins with pain receptors called nut-setras, they are located throughout the body. they are activated in response to mechanical thermal or chemical influences, which exceed the threshold of normal perception, having received, the generating stimulus, but the receptors transmit signals along the ascending or afferent nerve fibers, the spinal cord and then along the pathways of the nervous system, the signal is transmitted to the structure of the brain, where this most unpleasant sensation is formed, and behavior changes towards avoidance , or elimination of a painful stimulus, the role is more that it protects us from external or internal dangers that pollute our body and thus. she protects us from long-term harm and contributes to the formation of life experience and therefore pain is necessary for normal life

, it should be noted that the nociceptive system works in tandem with the antiseptile system, which controls the transmission and perception of the pain signal at all. at levels ranging from peripheral tissues to the brain, this system is represented by signal molecules that are produced inside the body, and they act on nerve fibers and nerve cells in such a way that conduction of pain this signal is inhibited by endogenes endorphins and cephalins. these are opioid drugs. these are substances that transmit signals between nerve cells, which are called neurotransmitters and lipid molecules that have a stone effect. however, if nerve fibers and nerve cells are damaged , pathological pain can form, in which the balance of the acetative and anti-pumping systems is disturbed. in this case , damaged nerve fibers become hypersensitive, that is, hyperexcitable. they receive signals minimal forces, like pain stimuli,

while there is an increased, pain sensitivity, called hyperbolism. in addition, the body can begin to feel non -painful stimuli, like pain stimuli. this is due to the fact that future hyperexcitable nerve cells begin to perceive signals that come in normally and apply them, that is, with repeated effort, pathological pain, as a rule, is chronic, it significantly reduces the quality of life of people and undoubtedly requires treatment anna maria thank you very much for detailed answer. very soon we will understand the mechanism of more satisfying. and we will definitely tell you. with what type of pain do belarusians most often go to the doctor? let's find out where the myth is, where the truth is, when it comes to the negative consequences of taking analgesics. and what new anesthetic drug do belarusian pharmacists offer?

every week we review the main topics that aroused the greatest interest among our viewers and subscribers on social networks. we offer to learn the belarusian language on a walk with our tv guides. at one time, konstantin tsiolkovsky was not afraid to predict space flights. well, let's ask glazkov at once for knowledge from the minsk planetarium. and we also introduce you to amazing people who live in belarus and do everything for its development of ryazhenka milk 24/7 project that everyone should see, watch on belarus

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common type of pain, according to various sources, is a headache, however as it turned out, most analgesics do not relieve this particular pain even more amazing and scientifically confirmed facts on our topic, we learn from a conversation with a guest in the program studio, the head of the department of general medical practice of the belarusian medical academy , post-graduate candidate in medical sciences irina vasilievna hello. good afternoon we wine. let's figure it out from the very beginning there is some kind of classification for painkillers. yes , the classification is the first classification that arises this by chemical structure. this is the most science, a capacious classification, but from a clinical point of view, from the practice of real clinical practice, it is convenient to divide into such painkillers that let's say narcotic non -narcotic painkillers non-narcotic

can also be divided into steroid and non -asteroid anti-inflammatory drugs most often we use these non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs . these are the drugs that everyone is talking about, this is paracetamol, this is some kind of profen, this is ibuprofen, that is, the whole whole a whole list of medicines that we always encountered somewhere, we saw them, they used them, and just speaking about them, they depend on what they work with. which enzyme is also more specific and less specific are those that block only the oxygenase cycle responsible for pain. and there are those who are for pain and, unfortunately, also, which affects the production of the gastric protective factor. in the people, they are called strong painkillers and not very strong painkillers. well here are the ones that are wrong dangerous. yes, they don’t cause kidneys, they say, well, they’re so normal. well, everything is already completely bad, and everything hurts. you need something stronger and then yes

there may be questions. here, too, you need to understand that and if we are talking about pain relief in the modern world , there has long been such a ladder, the world health organization proposed its pain relief, and it implies that there are steps on which different means are used to relieve pain, at the top is a narcotic analgesic, and below yes, these non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and their assistants. sometimes it is enough to relieve pain by adding a substance that relaxes. and for some, the best substances , which, on the contrary, an antidepressant will increase the level of serotonin and turn out to be more effective than an anesthetic, such a desire to compare all the drugs with an anesthetic effect are among the doctors. that is, this is how we know the world, the comparison between ourselves is also the same. now there is an ambiguous concept related to the fact that the way

the drug is administered affects the strength and especially the speed of the effect. parenterally through a muscle or intravenously. of course, it will act faster, but as a rule , it will be faster and the quality that we will take in pills will stop working, it will be longer at the moment about the onset of the answer, and the drug that we will apply is local, because we should not forget the huge amount of these ointments, which also exist with an anesthetic drug. yes, they also have an effect. we will not see soon. but they have practically no systemic side effects or vasilievna in action. when to expect what let go of the pain? took a pill and gave an injection. yes, plus or minus half an hour probably, if a tablet and a little faster injection, in fact, it depends on the whole component of the factor depends on what kind of drug we use. yes, that is, there are drugs that come in faster, are absorbed faster , they show their effect, there are some that are a little slower. it depends quite right on the route of administration. yes, the drugs that we inject into

a vein or intramuscularly, it will work, of course, there after 8 through 10 through 12 15 minutes. and the drug that we take orally we will wait for the effect, probably, yes, closer to the time there, a plus or minus 20 40 minutes. on the one hand, on the other hand, it depends on the person. pain sensitivity is an individual thing. well, except for what is simple in our system in our body. it has its own pain-relieving antinacetic system. by the way , our body always produces endorphins, which have an analgesic effect. there is a suggestion effect. there is a placebo effect, i took the pill. so it will be easier for me. i can sympathize with this in 5 minutes improvement. here, of course, there will be a greater contribution, probably, of such a psychological perception. pain is on the other side of the people. well, i took a pill. but she won’t help me, she’ll still get sick, and there’s no whining even that, but she’s not a doctor. didn't help. i drink your treatment, your pills are of no use, therefore, yes, it is individual. in addition, it depends

on how the gastrointestinal tract works. how quickly the drug is sucked and enters the bloodstream depends, if we allow this injection on what kind of microcirculation the patient has, then there are a lot of such factors, they can influence. well, of course, they will not change the situation globally and are unlikely, but instead of 30 minutes there will be 30 hours. yes, of course, we understand with you that somewhere this is approximately the same time, with regard to side effects. well, except here, uh, we have already touched on the topic. the stomach does not like us very much. painkillers there are several such unpleasant target organs, in fact , the first one that we remember is the gastric mucosa. why because she's amazed? yes, this is the enzyme that is involved in the formation of pain-inducing active substances. it produces protective mucus. no, slime. its own hydrochloric acid factors, aggression, begin to irritate the mucous membrane.

here, of course, we are afraid of complications, not only unpleasant sensations, but, first of all, the development of an ulcerative lesion. we are afraid of gastrointestinal bleeding. it can be life-threatening, but in addition to the mucous membrane, for example, for pain-relieving organs, the heart is unpleasant, for example, in a patient with myocardial infarction. it is worth considering very carefully whether to appoint them painkillers because it has a certain toxic effect on the heart cell. and there is even a whole work dedicated to individual. tom which drug for pain relief to choose for a patient with a heart attack? again, we must understand that in addition to the heart, this is a tendency to increase pressure, that is, the patient takes pain or temperature. paracetamol , for example, and provokes an increase in blood pressure , the liver and kidneys are such unpleasant targets from the point of view, and without control use,

painkillers can lead to liver and kidney failure periodically we see in intensive care patients who have a chronic disease and are chronically ill. they drink for a very long time, painkillers come across to kidney failure, because they did not track kidney function, therefore you cannot abuse these drugs yourself the doctor will say that you need to look at the blood in a biochemical analysis so as not to miss this moment when preparing for the program i read about that american scientists have developed a completely new drug. it is called a test, 121. let the working name, which allegedly does not cause addiction and no side effects, in general, this seems to be true. yes, indeed . there are molecules in development that have such a powerful analgesic effect comparable to a narcotic drug, but manufacturers say that they do not cause addiction. yes, why are we afraid of drugs , a real addiction is formed, and unfortunately, there are people who, during

the treatment of pain, become addicted here, maybe, yes, such a niche is good application, if you invent a molecule as strong, but without addiction, but you must first wait. yes. first they are really animals, then they are healthy volunteers , then real patients. yes, that is a whole long long long way. so for now. probably we will not say that we believe in everything. the heroes of the program treat belarus with respect and warmth, so i came here. i really liked it. we were so warmly received by people, you feel that this is warmth that you don’t get from belarus. this wonderful. there is some kind of unique atmosphere here, unique people, located very friendly, very hospitable and

everywhere they came across people who, with an open soul for an hour with them, no additional finances do business every day their love becomes stronger, belarus gave a lot of things? a lot of? what i saw that's cleanliness. that's the whole impression that you really have, uh, harm has become the most native very native city for me. and i always, unfortunately, to be honest, i think that i will have to return sometime. watch in the program a look at belarus on belarus 24 tv channel. let's go watch let's go, i'll show you oil. see how it smelled of french perfume. it smelled fried. this is belarusian oil. but it cannot be that there is a residential building, and there is oil right under it. no, it can’t be in the forest, only the girls hurt. but if it doesn’t wash off tomorrow, we can smear our feet, and for no reason i have to score clothes. i scored. i scored

the boy come to us with one desire is to work, we have no homework. all this we try to teach them. that's what you can tell me. that's it, watch the good satchel and belarus with svetlana borovskoy on our tv channel. is pain always a reason to see a doctor in the first place, and not go to the pharmacy for painkillers? in general, i think that it is always better to monitor your health with the help of professionals, and not skip pains, especially if we talk about those types of pain which can be fatal, yes

, which can be harmful, such as chest pain. it hurts. and suddenly this heart attack, so yes indeed it is always better to draw. ah, but before you give to the doctor, that is, of course, you will not call an ambulance because your finger hurts. yes, that is, or if a tooth aches there, most likely, you will want to cope with the pain before going to the doctor, and with more dirt, this is quite acceptable, so the drug. these are sold without a prescription. not just like that, thank you huge question more to you. we don't have any left. and we continue to eat this kind. pain to endure, which is simply impossible, now we are talking about more oncological diseases, but even here science comes to the rescue today, all the details in our next material.

to make life as comfortable as possible in patients who have experienced serious diseases, most often oncological the main task of palliative medicine and the first thing that specialists in this field decide is, of course, the reduction of pain in patients. we don't feel pain at the end of our lives, and in oncological patients , pain often occurs already in the first stages of the disease. yes, and the reason for applying for medical care we have seventy percent statistics because a person is sick and talk about waiting. only when that's before death. i will be relieved. this, of course, is stupid, and the whole direction, which since 2014, in fact , such a norm, palliative care, has been legislatively enshrined. this is just the same medicine comfort is medicine. helping people, even independent oncological it is a disease or not, so that people are not afraid, what is palliative care. it's not 5 minutes before death. it's just the same to ensure the quality of life of the patient when we feel sick when he is in pain and a special protocol

for the treatment of the disease does not allow copying these pathological symptoms. as noted by the chief freelance specialist of the ministry of health of belarus for palliative care olga muchchko, the pain is multilayered and it is necessary to approach the issue of its relief in a comprehensive manner. it is impossible to give just one pill and expect improvement in the first hours. especially when it comes to chronic pain. therefore, today there are whole technologies treatment of chronic pain syndromes, if we talk today only in the context of oncological patients, what helps in the treatment of pain, of course, there is such a concept of pharmacotherapy that we are talking about giving a pill, injection , sticking a patch, uh, which will alleviate pain syndromes. there is also a whole section - these are invasive methods of treating pain, uh, which are already associated with the intervention with a scalpel, a needle , the introduction of special substances that block the transmission of this nerve impulse of the nerve trunks,

there is an instruction official document with a clear algorithm for prescribing certain drugs, how we should prescribe this treatment; this begins, for example, with weakly acting analogs with a stronger analgesic from the strong analogs section. this is from the piloid. these drugs are what are called narcotics, those drugs that we work with them, if the patient has chronic pain. she herself is with the antidote of the formation of this dependence , we say this, as a plus to a minus, if you have chosen the dosage correctly, you will never the patient will not experience a feeling of euphoria, and the dosage forms that our medicine offers to patients today are prolonged. that is, they slowly enter the bloodstream. of course, like all drugs, these painkillers have side effects that doctors control , and if the patient gets better, for example, after surgical treatment, doctors can

refuse painkillers. three level. the first stage is a weak pain, when we evaluate it in points, but on a numerological evaluation scale. one three points, and the next step is moderate pain. uh, 4-6 points and 7 10 points - this will already be strong, and at each stage there is a set, so to speak, of, uh, tools and drugs that work, so weak pain is treated with drugs. the so-called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and other drugs that go into this section are attached to them. paracetamol is most often used for mild pain when the pain progresses to the second stage, the doctor usually prescribes a weak opioid tramadol new approaches that the world

health organization has proposed have made some adjustments already in the second stage. we can use and not only weak pyoid and strong pyoid, but in small doses . it is no secret that older people do not tolerate large doses of tramadol very well, therefore, in such cases and when there are other contraindications. you can use the same morphine or hydromorphone, but in small dosages. e. well, something means a small dosage. if we say that the average starting dose of morphine is 60 mg in tablets, then up to 60 mg of morphine. this is a drug application. and when the patient has passed the second stage of pain, it is necessary to switch to a stronger version of pyoid anesthesia. this is morphine hydromorphone fentonyl. here is the fact that we are registered in the republic, what we use today, again in the form of prolonged forms that work better at each stage of pain relief, we have just

listed the basic drugs adjuvants are added, these are drugs that themselves have either minimal energy activity. e, but the most important feature and power is that they potentiate the action of this basic drug. and this is again an extensive topic - these are antispasmodics, glucocorticosteroids and axiolytics , antidepressants, anticonvulsants. that is, in order to prescribe a competent pain treatment, you cannot go to the pharmacy and say, give me a pill for the head or one we often have. and unfortunately, she is faced with a situation where otc does the same. its black business, when patients come already with abdominal pain, they begin to increase the intake to stop this pain. people come already with ulcerative bleeding with wires, when the patients are already suffering from the kidneys, because they ate enough and healed themselves. therefore, only a competent medical prescription with the control

of those possible complications that may arise, and at any stage of pain will bring the treasured relief when a person, despite the disease, can live a full life. prolonged pain cannot be severe, but severe prolonged. so even more than 2,000 years ago, the roman philosopher seneca thought , but today we can say with confidence that modern drugs developed by scientists most effectively resist almost any kind of more, which once again proves that science is nearby in this matter.