[000:00:00;00] i’ve already decided that either i’m already taking it for myself and ending with all this , or you’ll end up badly and help keep yourself in shape and lie down, raise your hands up , raise your legs and do such a cool cockroach exercise, watch sports

projects on belarus tv channel 24. without exaggeration, almost every soviet family had items made of this material on their kitchen shelves and cupboards today. today, it has come into fashion again, both in our country and abroad. and this crystal- clear material got its name from the greek word translated, which is like ice speech. as you probably already guessed about crystal, that's

just in contrast to modern man. our ancestors admired the beauty of a completely different crystal, we will eliminate confusion in concepts today and, according to tradition, we will literally analyze the scientific parts, the composition of this perfect , both internal and external material, in order to prove once again that even in the crystal theme, science is nearby in the studio of ekaterina beretskaya. hello. and don't miss the next half an hour. the sumerians or the british, who first learned to create crystal? we will find out what is added to glass today so that the crystal sparkles with the right colors. and let's figure out, without which component the production of crystal would be impossible.

peculiar sound perfect transparency and thin edges for it all, we love and appreciate crystal, but it turns out, he is so thanks to the combination of glass and lead oxide, to whom we owe the appearance of the crystal formula i will tell right now. it is believed that for the first time glass with lead oxide was combined in ancient mesopotamia, where they actually invented the very technology of creating glass, however historians came to the conclusion that, most likely, it was an accident rather than a well-thought-out move, otherwise there would have been some data on the production technology in fact, archaeologists. in the ancient sumerian city of nepur. only particles of the product were found, in which a small amount of lead oxide was found, therefore it is generally accepted that the british were the first to create crystal, according to

historians in 1615, the english king jacob was the first to forbid the use of wood in production, the only exception was shipbuilding, the owners of factories and the prevailing situations came out as best they could, for example, in factories where glass was produced, wood was replaced with coal and you workers discovered that in a coal furnace the glass loses its color and becomes crystal clear, conducting similar experiments in 1676 glassworks, the master and experimenter is equal to scroft discovered crystal a durable material that is obtained by combining glass and lead oxide crystal, which we are all used to , people saw in 1932 in new york, a group of scientists finalized the formula of crystal and made its maximum transparency.

more than 90 years have passed since then, and by this moment the researchers were able to deduce the virtually perfect formula of crystal, it is about it to us as much as possible. simply and clearly, the deputy dean of the faculty of chemistry of the white state university, natalya, hello, promised to tell. so what is crystal from a chemical point of view and how it happens. good afternoon. i am very happy to welcome everyone to the studio. and if we now talk about crystal, then first of all we should decide. we just want to understand that the word is crystal, respectively, if we are talking about rock crystal, like the mineral, then the chemical formula of rock crystal is silicon two, i would like to note. here's an interesting fact that even in chemistry lessons at school, but they always said that two silicium is the formula of sand, and so, indeed, sand crystal has

the same formula from a chemical point of view, however, depending on the location of the structural units of the crystal lattice. we can observe either rock crystal, or, well , it can be sand, if we talk about crystal as dishes, that is, when we talk about crystal dishes, then, accordingly, it’s still the main base. and we have two silicium, but at the same time. uh , additives are added there, certain ones and crystal, in this case it is a special whole glass, which contains, in addition to selicium, 2 more lead oxide, or barium oxide. natalie has one more question. how does crystal change color ? crystal tableware, she can have different colors. we can observe this even relatively speaking in stores, or in some shops where they sell crystal tableware. so the color of crystal is given by oxides of various metals. so in particular copper oxide. it can color

crystal green, manganese oxide violet, well, depending on the oxide of the element, crystal can acquire one color or another. in fact, the same thing happens with rock crystal, which is a mineral of natural origin. there are also micro additives of any other elements at give to this absolutely pure transparent crystal color natalia thank you questions to you. we don't have any more. on weekends, you can go in for sports to clean up the house, or you can explore our beautiful belarus, i have the warmest memories in this city, and i am ready to walk along its streets again. today i am building

my itinerary and will send a visit to the polishuk museum. here is the tool. here is polischuk, that's the thing. these are the arrowhead scrapers, we will visit the only ski factory. masha is right here. this area is the preparation of ski components and assembly. uh, ski package. let's get acquainted with the device of the mill, if a person incorrectly supplies the amount of grain, then he does not have flour from this temperature, inside it turns into sticky shoulders. maxim is called paste. look in the program. was on our tv channel are there the most promising positions for

defeating the enemy? lies, conjectures and secret meanings, the main goal is to break, this is the easiest way to get belarus russia developed and supervised just the same when participation of specialists not only from the usa or great britain and other leading countries, if you call yourself independent, then show your independence. show and prove faith in what you do on belarus 24 tv channel . and yet the main component of crystal was and remains glass, and it, in turn, is made

from quartz sand. what should it be like in order for a crystal product to be obtained and mined in our country. get to know him the deputy general director of the scientific and practical center for geology of the ministry of nature and environmental protection of the environment of belarus galina borisovna hello hello ekaterina galina borisovna let's start with what kind of sands there are in general and smoothly approach our main character, the creator of the sands - this is already, well, transformed material from previously such parent rocks that poured out in ancient times and now at under different conditions, these rocks were destroyed , forming sands of various compositions, perhaps there are minerals that are already distinguished from the rocks in terms of their composition. they also belong to those from which they were formed, this is it us almost ordinary, yes watering spar in quartz. they are also formed from

granites from rocks of acidic composition. this means that galerites can be there with different compositions. here is the sand already enriched with glauconite. that is, it was some kind of shale that contained such a little green additive, but this is pure quartz sand with you. you see that in color they are very different quartz sand its origin in two, when the parent rocks were destroyed and there was no access to them, no water, no air granules sand. then they are less rounded, maybe even more durable, but the secondary sands are already sands, which then began to receive water and air. so they began to influence him, the water washed out the sand , carried it over sometimes even considerable distances, washing it off. at the same time, cleaning it, because the grains of sand were rubbing against each other.

they became cleaner, all clay particles were removed and the sand was already of pure quality, where the content of silicon dioxide co2 reaches and then up to 99% of primary quartz we don't have sands, as it were, in our country. yes , we already have a secondary one, that is, they were carried by water, carried by the wind. we already see, there are, as it were, other superimposed processes on this sand, which is why it is called secondary, that is, these are already transfer processes and processes of influence of other factors, but this is all the sand, all samples - this is in our country. yes, it's sand. yes , we can see this belarusian one anywhere. here is a sandbox, yes, and on the banks of the rivers of lakes, so on to use in construction, probably here is usually yes, ordinary sand. yes, green little green ones - this sand is more glauconit , let's say so especially. eh, the direction of use may not even have been studied glauconite more clay

material, so let's say so for construction work. he is not very suitable. the only thing that can be used in some paint is to add somewhere else, that is, for color and the main character of our main character is quartz sand, of course, it has a very large direction of use, that is, crystal is not the only the only thing. direction. most of our e-quartz sands are used in the production of glass and for the production of molding products, the sand is used for the production of glass according to gost, there must be a content of dioxide, the so-called free co2 quartz silicon must be at least 95, and 93% is sufficient for the production of molding products. the content of quartz for glass production is more stringent requirements for the content of iron oxides, because iron is an impurity it gives. worse

melting can hamper the color of the glass, then eat from the iron content are divided grade quartz sands ugu for production. here are the glasses according to the iron content . there are, for example, dark glass. this brand t happens. there semi-light ps glass is the best, of course. this is for especially light products. there ovs above you there varieties. these are sands, which are precisely for the production of crystal crystal. yes, the content of iron oxides, it should be no more than 0.01 just a little bit. consider this an impurity that we will not see visually or in any other way. that is, no more one hundredth only then. here it can be used for crystal. we have natural quartz sand. it is a little, of course, not of the same quality as this one we see now, it is already enriched. it has washed away all harmful impurities, it

has practically no impurities, that is, the technological process, a serious one has already been passed here. yes, here is already the sand that can be used for glass, anyway, in its pure form so that we take it , only here, well, there are some samples or individual deposits where there are such clean sand, but in order to put it into production. he's getting rich anyway. here is the sand. i know that you have ongoing activities at the practical center at night. uh, serious research is precisely quartz sand, which is under scrutiny. but today, first of all, of course, we are aimed at hmm exploring deposits, yes, which could also carry out import substitution processes and , let's say, create a mineral resource base for those industries that we have to

find. where to determine the degree of its suitability to define, let's say, the enrichment technology, that is, what processes are necessary in order to enrich it for production, i already understand correctly, er, in order to get a crystal product, and quartz sand must be of very high quality with a minimum iron content. absolutely right there. yes, there are some other criteria and how do we work with such sand, that is, we still take our sand and process it and the technologies work and work on our cheese. yes, gomel gok is the only poke. here is a mining and processing plant that works specifically on quartz sand, because you can simply wash it, let's say. so this one, but do not enrich. but the enrichment is carried out at the gomel mining and processing plant, and the processes are there. quite simple, that is, it is a wash of a scrubbing. this is a drying hydrosizer

, that is, and then there is a classification, because each direction needs its own requirements, if it is for the ministry of industry, it means that there is a certain requirement that all raw materials are classified, and then they are already sent and supply to all e, factories of the belarusian glass company. and also quartz sand is used for sandblasting a thing there, that is, it is anywhere, maybe quartz sand, probably now it is also used in art. yes, they draw fingers. it can also be tinted with sand in different colors and painted, and it will also be wonderful. the main thing is to have talent. well, if biologists only have the talent to find it, too. yes, all the conditions in order to get it, give the conditions so that later it turns out an industrial product, but there is one on the planet. maybe strange, where is the deposit of exactly the quartz sand

that is needed for the production of crystal? of course, this is belgium before, you remember that there were crystals, the czech republic in soviet times. yes, czech glass and plus czech crystal, these are crystal plants in germany, besides the glass itself , there are a lot of all sorts of additives and additives, and uh, everything else. there is. uh, a reserve, one that still needs to be studied before scouting it. perhaps we will also come across the fact that there will be a sufficiently high quality, or at least that it will be possible to enrich it to the requirements that are necessary for our factory from borisovna crystal products , for some reason i have no doubt that you will succeed. we will hope for this and

we will also work for this. thank you, and we continue and look further. we strain our eyes and ears, how to distinguish real crystal from a fake? find out why scientists all this time creating the thinnest and purest glass, they only tried to repeat what nature had already created. and carefully study the real rock crystal. the first meal should not only saturate, but also please. i've already had a good night's sleep and i'm ready to start the champion's breakfast together with the guests of the program, we'll prepare a nutritious and satisfying

breakfast. today we will have a french-style breakfast, this is clafoutis with goat cheese and vegetables, and we will make a very healthy delicious sea buckthorn tea, we will talk about the beneficial properties of products with useful properties, have all kinds. therefore, you should choose, based on what kind of dish you want to cook, we will show you an exercise, thanks to which the body will be in good shape. all day today our warm-up will be devoted to the muscles of the back of the arm to the belt movement to the right. left right left, watch breakfast of champions on our tv channel. two teams of bright erudite belarusians, we work together in the field of construction, so today we will not build and will answer the question correctly,

using all our knowledge. they will try reach for your dream of the honorary title of the winner of the show on how many hills , according to legend, rome was founded just the number seven is the absolutely correct answer on the seven hills, the correct answer brings points to the team's piggy bank, and for the wrong answer, the participants go to build a tower. we have two good options. state two options. rome in what year nastya project tower on ours propose specific actions to make decisions and fulfill agreements. and how does it happen that the knife of this

chair is illusory much more than four, here we are it is necessary or not. perhaps, this is the emotional step from us and seeks to see the logic in actions and find answers to controversial issues fakes. be careful with meaty opinions and excuses and remember that politics is very difficult. but it's very interesting. i am categorically glad that we are now forcing ourselves to respect the author's projects. watch on belarus 24 tv channel. easy,

the main thing is to know how my colleague set off. it is best to buy real crystal from a trusted manufacturer with many years of experience. history in our country there is a brand whose products are valued without exaggeration all over the world. experienced consultants will tell you how to choose crystal, what to focus on. what is the difference between glass and crystal, mainly transparency, thin beautiful ringing of the density of the product, naturally, the play of light with the help of edges, which are applied to the crystal

of the product, these are the most basic characteristics. and now about everything in order, for example, a lot of thin edges. their appearance on products is possible thanks to a special technology that combines manual labor and naturally a large role is played by the material itself, it is on crystal that they can be made so subtly and in large quantities. it is on crystal that they reveal this possibility of light breaking through, which gives such a beautiful shine. the density of the product is also a key criterion. crystal products are never light, so they are hard enough to break and the transparency of the glass is given by the very lead oxide. the sticker always says that the composition of the crystal is lead oxide, which indicates that it is directly a crystal product. that is, if we don’t have this sticker, well, in general, in every set, yes, it is present, if this

glass does not have this sticker. despite the fact that all the world's crystal manufacturers in their technology still adhere to the same classification. if you contain up to 10% lead oxide, this is considered to be a simple crystal glass, with 18-20% a little lead product. but she’s 24%, and above expensive crystal glass, this is exactly what is produced at the belarusian glass factory in berezovka, and the brand’s products also have their unique characteristics. company drawing very popular enough on the large assortment it is presented at us glasses glasses wine glasses. well, the last most literally subtle characteristic of our crystal is its ringing. this is our new collection, which is very much in demand by buyers. i just didn't have time

to bring it all the time. to preserve all the beauty of crystal, you need to know how to take care of it. crystal does not tolerate high temperatures, so you cannot drink hot drinks from it, as well as wash it in hot water should not be used in dishwashers, otherwise transparent products will quickly become cloudy. these are the key rules when using crystal products that have lasted 10 years. they are back in fashion again. recently, uh, buyers are very focused on crystal, because there is a large selection of very many collections and the buyer chooses crystal more than glass. although in glass. we also have a large assortment. for the purity of the experiment, i want to find out for myself where the crystal is, and where is it not, first of all

sound? as we found out, it is long and very, very voiced, now we are looking at this option. there is no such sound. and plus there are no stickers either, which means it's not crystal. now let's check this one. and in comparison this one i think the difference is obvious and now i can say with confidence that it has been tested on myself. it was not in vain that i said to the programs that our ancestors admired the crystal clearness of absolutely different crystal, which we have been talking about all this time, it turns out the 17th century. people tried only to repeat what she did herself

nature, it was rock crystal that the ancient greeks once called ice, and modern man, trying to make a mineral with his own hands. the crystal retained this name. what does real rock crystal look like and when and why did a person start using it, i propose to find out right now. mining of rock crystal was done in ancient times, of course, there were no mines, then there were no people looking for it on the rifts of rivers, pieces of the mineral were split and polished. and by the way, do it, it was a very difficult product to polish the paste from fine sand, using coarse ropes made of vegetable fibers.

rock crystal is called natural quartz quartz, which nature itself has grown, such a crystal looks like a sharpened pencil of a pyramidal shape, it must be like this, it has a sharp tip, and it should be transparent, colorless without any impurities and turbidity inside only such quartz is called rock crystal . well , the crystal that we have at home is artificial glass, which was made at the factory, for example, quartz sand, some additional substances were added there and then it turns out such crystal, which you then make vases, glasses, chandeliers. well, products made of rock crystal, there are very few of them. the first manufactory that made beautiful products from rock crystal appeared in russia in the xii century in the city of goose-crystal. in fact, even if we take

even our entire planet earth as a whole, because nature cannot grow a large enough number of huge crystals to the sculptor could carve out of this crystal, for example, a vase or some kind of bowl here is the armament of the chamber in the kremlin in moscow , the samovar of peter i is stored, which is also made of a single crystal crystal, that is, it is a rarity. such products are now in museums look. they are centuries later. everything is also amazing, because when cutting and polishing rock crystal, its brilliance becomes similar to diamond, so rock crystal is also used in jewelry . i can also say that it is now fashionable to go sunbathing under the artificial sun in a solarium. so this artificial sun is made of rock crystals, if let this stone melt, melt, he is