the fact that, in general, every day there are more women unite, of course, there are common interests. the most important thing is that all of them are aimed, but at the creation, of course, at the unity of the fulfillment of those tasks that we face today for the benefit of our country for the benefit of our city. at 19:00 more information see you in the evening edition.

we use it as food packaging, we take dishes from this material for picnics, and in general, not a single trip to the store is complete without the acquisition of this material is inexpensive and incredibly versatile , with properties that make it ideal for applications in many areas and at the same time create problems, for example, environmental is all, of course, about plastic. today we will talk about it, because, as in all other topics. in this , too, science is close by to convince you of this. i have ekaterina belinskaya for half an hour. hello and let's get started. from

ivory and tortoise shell yes, let's start inventing complex chemical formulas according to tradition from the history of the issue in the middle of the 19th century, there was a shortage of materials of animal origin, elephants were on the verge of extinction, as they continued to be hunted. let's take a look literally at the scientific parts of modern plastic, in order to assess the risks to human health and nature, they can be washed out, leached in a different way , water enters the soil. well, then move along the food chain to various organisms, including the human body. and also let's see how belarusian scientists create a healthy alternative to the usual plastic. eat

plastic, as a material of modernity , mankind has been dealing with for a long time, as it turned out, in natural high-molecular compounds or polymers. these are horns, tortoise shell, rubber and shellac , animal horns were deformed when heated and various products were made from them, from medallions to cutlery, but we will find out directly how and where the synthetic plastic we are used to appeared. now i propose to study the history of the shortage of materials of animal origin, elephants were on the verge of extinction, as they continued hunting, or rather, hunting was not even for them, but for a new bone, it was used in the production of many goods. from piano keys to billiard balls, about the same thing happened, and with some types of turtles, turtles went

to make combs. but soon a solution to this problem appeared, the artisan and chemist alexander parks in 1862 invented and patented the material parkezin, it was made from nitrocellulose processed nitric acid and solvent in 1866. parks creates a firm for mass production material. however, this is a business idea. leads him to ruin, parkizin is replaced by xylonite and kisses xylonite produced by the company of daniel spill of a former employee of the park. saa kisses a company owned by john ayat, the business hyatt became the most successful, so we still use his product name in russia, carbolite is invented in america leading in germany is polyvinyl chloride, and in britain, an industrial method for the production of polyethylene chemical properties that made

plastic incredibly practical and durable material at the same time complicate its disposal. this is its main drawback, and the problem of the impact of plastic on the human body and the environment, we will talk with the chief researcher of the laboratory of transboundary pollution of the institute of environmental management of the academy of sciences of belarus mosquitoes iosifovna hello hello , the first question, which, well, probably worries everyone without exception. yes, what element in plastic has, e, a negative effect on the human body, or are there several of these elements in general, considering plastic, of course we must understand that it is a natural synthetic material. there is definitely nothing there, polymers or a mixture of polymers modified or associated with technological additives. and these are plasticizers, stabilizers. fillers pigments, flame retardant antioxidants and so on. all of these are added to make

it fit or get the desired characteristics convey lightness strength flexibility resistance to uv degradation, finally attractiveness by some estimates, general the number of such additives is estimated at 2.400 or 2.500 names, but they are used for specific plastics and are targeted for a specific application, for example, plastic that is used for electrical appliances. it is acrylic like diene, sterol plastic, high impact polystyrene , polypropylene, polycarbonate and other thermoplastics. that is a fairly wide list. but to give them the necessary properties, lead cadmium chromium mercury poly bromodiphenyl ether can be used in the production of polystyrene, which

designed for thermal insulation or for the production of foam, hexabromo of the dodecane cycle can be used, heavy metals are present in the composition of pigment stabilizers, polypromidicyl ethers and hexabrocyclodecane are a class of antiferenes, that is, they are used to impart non-combustible properties to materials and to reduce the risk of ignition of finished products, these latter substances - these are persistent organic pollutants. they are toxic to living organisms. they are resistant to decomposition and can be stored for hundreds and thousands of years in environment. they are capable of bioaccumulation, which means even in small concentrations they are able to accumulate down the food chain from lower organisms. in higher mammals, there is another feature of them. they can be transported over long distances, included in various cycles. and that is why various persistent organic pollutants, including those named , are found in regions that are in no way connected with industrial activity, for example, in

the arctic in tissues and in the antarctic in penguin eggs. that is, by essence. doesn't matter. why is this plastic made? yes, anyway, one way or another, then he turns out to be near us and in the process of decomposition. the same ingredients. yes , they return to us, that is, they have a negative impact on our body. and how much, by the way, does plastic decompose. this also depends on the type. come on, as we say about it, it is a durable material, so the period of its decomposition is estimated at hundreds of years, that is, it many times exceeds human life. well, realizing that this is relatively young product invented by man. we in relation to civilization there are still no such precise estimates of how much it will remain in the soil or in the ocean or in other components of the natural environment. it is clear that, such as high-impact polystyrene or acrylic butadiene-styrene , some thermoplastics - they

retain their properties much longer and remain practically undestroyed were ethylene. the packaging is different polypropylene. you see the twines. they are already much more susceptible to the effects of the components of the natural environment, but still , their period of e, decomposition is estimated in tens years, but speaking of plastic that does not collapse or decompose, you need to remember that the so-called biodegradable plastic has already appeared. that's because science doesn't stand still. yes, the volumes of its production are still small, let's say on a global scale. this is estimated at about one and a half percent. but what is nevertheless, that is, biodegradable plastic. here it is differentiated roughly into two categories of plasti. which is produced using special additives that help the decomposition process in the environment in vivo and plastic, which is called compostable. that is , additives are also introduced there, but the processes of its decomposition

can only occur in special industrial installations, under controlled conditions, together with organic fertilizers. that is, in the end, we can get compost for use in agriculture or somewhere else. let's then talk about alternatives to once biodegradable plastic. still quite a bit hope that it will be more. yes, but so many actively set out to find an alternative to not using pallet bags. yes, some paper. well, let's say it's more environmentally friendly materials, but they say that in the production of those very alternative options for a lot of resources, including emissions into the environment. and as they say , the alternative, well, so-so plastic. tell me, like a professional, is it really, well, not everything is so good if we’re just such

an alternative, uh, we take it, or is this alternative better than uh, this one, uh, scary, how did you describe plastic replacement plastic on metals or glass or paper everywhere or total well impossible, in principle, because, well, too different. we are like consumers. we have our requirements. yes, and we are surrounded by different products. we have different needs, both in industry and in agriculture, and so on, if we talk about the actual technological processes for the production of these products, then, of course, they are completely different and differ in the technological chain, the raw materials used, the volume and composition and structure of emissions. dumps and waste generation, that is, to directly compare like this, but to put it mildly , it is incorrect, firstly, you need to know the entire life cycle of all these components or all materials, but evaluate the life cycle. let's say glass and metal in different products

is quite difficult. in any case, without economic calculations. this is impossible. there are regulatory mechanisms, alternatives have already appeared when choosing some kind of household appliances, for example, an electric kettle. we can choose for ourselves with a glass flask or with a metal flask or with a plastic one. this depends on whether we want delicious tea. or shall we say not so picky consumers or don't think about it when you choose? yes, we, for example, with a slow cooker. yes, there are options and such and such things, quality prices and so on, but not all, the product. we can choose. it is difficult to imagine a refrigerator , a washing machine, a hair dryer, in a different design than plastic. for now, yes, and as for yes , the transition to a reusable, say, fabric bag, which is easy to fold, take with you and use it. but for a long time of course, it is necessary and very reasonable when it comes to glass or plastic for drinks. this is a topic

for a separate discussion. in my opinion. many of us remember that milk in glass bottles is not always convenient. yes, great, but not always convenient. eh, from a point of view. how to convey it? then what to do old, so the recycling collection issues. uh, here is the waste already or the outdated properties, this is on the surface and extremely important issues. well, i understand that hmm. if there is a choice and there is, uh, a choice between plastic and some alternative, then it is better that you, as a specialist, recommend making a choice in favor of alternatives. a variant, but we don’t care completely from plastic, probably, at least until we can get away. this is absolutely true, yes, plastic, it is ubiquitous and it is in demand thanks to those

characteristics that are lightness, strength , flexibility, and so on. that is, in many areas. it is simply indispensable there are mechanisms for regulating the content of hazardous substances and one of the mechanisms. for example, the stockholm convention of persistent organizers thanks to this conventions adopted bans on the production and use of the antiferenes called polyprom dephenyl ethers and hexabromine of the dodecane cycle and these bans or let's say restrictions restrictions. they are already in operation and we have carried out a study on the content of polyprom dephenyl ethers. in various types of plastic approaches old electrical equipment and televisions refrigerator monitors. washing machines have shown that yes, in the old equipment in about 30% of cases it is found, bromine-containing plastic bromine in this case, the indicator is of these polypropyl diphenyl ethers.

i think that over time, this trend will be directed to the fact that we will have less and less such equipment or such waste containing hazardous substances. in principle, regulations have already been adopted in the production of equipment, and including including the technical regulation in belarus on limiting the use of hazardous chemicals in electrical equipment, this regulation limits the content of lead, cadmium, mercury, polypropyl biphenyls and polygrom de phenyl ethers. that is , concentrations are clearly defined, which should not be exceeded already in finished products, and all thanks. what is right, thanks to science and scientists who are working in this direction, probably all over the world, including in our country, this is very pleasant. thank you for your work, for making everything around us a little cleaner in the truest sense of the word, thank you. thank you. well, we continue. here i am for you a science project next to you today in scientific

parts we disassemble the usual plastic and not skip next. a plus in karma and helping nature we sort harmful waste according to science strictly by numbers, what types of plastic are processed in our country and how it happens and can packaging be not only safe, but also smart. dreaming of traveling, but don't know where to start, so where is the city of bogotsk. the labyrinths of their streets today will be revealed to us by the father of belarusian cities polotsk, we will tell you everything about the tourist opportunities and the beauties

of the nature of belarus, no matter what you travel on the august canal on a boat on a catamaran, on a boat it doesn’t matter at all. i'm sure you'll absolutely love it, because all around you are insanely beautiful with major attractions, an exciting adventure and an interesting meeting. sofia cathedral. the creed of power and independence was built in the eleventh century by the great leash, prince vseslavcharodeys. when you are in the museum, you are approximately in the nineteenth century, how the jokes were going on, that is, there were jokes living in such huts, travel together. with us to belarus 24 how did it start the history of the circus in belarus began, it is believed that since 1850, that is

, the german prince, golem berg, brought the team to the belarusian land for the first time, this happened in a place of decor. we're all good. she is known in belarus. what is the secret of the success of the bolshoi theater ? what performance will you not come to? here you will enjoy. that's what i guarantee you, never fell into the dirt face. we have always held the bar high and our face at the world level is a quality mark, we learn all the most interesting, and about belarusian organizations and about the people who work there, beauty, warmly cozy, what do they say? come, show your art and enjoy yourself, watch on belarus 24 tv channel. despite the fact that many countries are gradually

abandoning plastic, replacing this material completely, as we found out today , is almost impossible, so the only thing we can do is use it more competently and efficiently and , of course, to look for an environmentally friendly replacement for him outside the physical and chemical problems of bsu, an alternative we have already found all the details in our next material. in order to process with polymers, it is necessary either to carry them into pyrolysis, that is, to burn in simple words or to recycle, which requires large investments , or to subject them to chemical decomposition. minimize costs and most importantly, harmful to our nature is possible if the plastic is not synthetic, to which we are accustomed, but literally more natural,

for example, raw materials produced from renewable sources in the top, if, according to scientific polymers, you have eldilactides. such polymers decompose under the influence of microorganisms, they also can be hydrolyzed in physiological environments to non-toxic for the body, and hydroxycarboxylic acids all predetermine the fact that these polymers can be widely used both for technical needs, as packaging for food products. well, for medical purposes, they are also used as suture material for implants of systems for controlled drug delivery. in this laboratory, no physico-chemical problems of belgus university, biodegradable polymers based on lactide and lactone under close scrutiny attention for 15 years. during this time, scientists have developed technologies that allow not only to obtain the material itself in the

shortest possible time, but also with the desired properties. our colleagues from the institute of microbiology receive l and dl lactic acid. and here we are at the institute of physical and chemical problems of the belarusian state university, and we get the lactitol cyclic ester monomer and based on it. ah. we learned how to obtain polymers with e, good mass, molecular weight with good physical and chemical properties one of the most promising biodegradable polymers scientists tell us. it is derived from cornstarch. the politician this plastic decomposes under the influence of water, but it is worth noting that it does not dissolve in water, namely, it slowly decomposes in its presence. here you see samples. this is a poly film. yes, as you can see, it is quite durable, that is,

its properties are similar to those plastics that we constantly see in packaging. we did a study of its hydrolysis, that is, how it decomposes under the action of water. here is a sample after one day, you can see that it has turned white and deformed. this is due to the fact that we carried out the process at an elevated temperature of 60 °, since it is precisely this temperature that is created under conditions when bacteria decompose organic substances, after 5 days the film. still the same. however, on the tenth day. it has already become brittle and collapsed into fairly large sections after 30 days. we see that we have quite small particles, but there are still quite a lot of them even for 50 days. we have few particles, they they are small in size, that is, the film is gradually destroyed. despite the fact that polylaxide decomposes under the influence of water , it can also be used in production and packaging. for various liquids, and all thanks to the technologies for creating long

molecular chains of this polymer, the longer the chain. poured oxides. initially, the longer it will retain its mechanical properties, for example, a bottle made of such a polymer can live for several years without problems. in order to obtain a polymer with a given set of properties, for example, with a given chain length or a with good functionality, which will later allow us to create polymers with some more complex architecture. we need a very pure monomer. we have developed an effective methodology, which we hope to allow to reduce. uh, the price of lactide. hmm, 100 g . loctida costs about 500. or even more rubles, the monomer is active scientific work in this area today with russian colleagues. we work together with the moscow state university with the first medical university, and named after sechenov and

we develop on the basis of polylaxide, which was obtained in our laboratory, and receive e in implants, which have shown themselves to be quite effective in e healing wounds in mice at the same time, they expand horizons and what is called at home one of the latest developments of employees, not smart packaging, if very this is a secret in the film, which contains a biocidal additive , so the product is protected from spoilage, while there is no chemistry in the product itself. no. inquisitive, purposeful, erudite , as soon as our participants. i was revisiting my 4th grade music textbook. i. remember that zhenovich was a professional cymbalist, the correct answer. b yarilo because the platform

is the god of thunder and lightning from the tour. i don’t know what rila is - it’s 100% in boxing that they will fight for victory in an intellectual show. as the abbreviation apl stands for, maxim was the first. it is decrypted. english premier league. what city is the football stadium in? the coveted ticket will be received only by the one who will be able to answer the maximum number of questions we consulted in a whisper. let's talk about everything in order.

on the main air, we are proud of the past, we put our soul into the present in order to create a bright future, food security and a stable economy - this confidence in the future is based on which the whole country, and in particular individual cities, keeps the course towards unity and exemplary integration. we are now together stubbornly, we are moving towards technological independence, the task is to be autonomous. as far as it is possible, time has shown that when you have your own, a change in supplies or logistics does not break the usual rhythm, and everyone who comes to the store finds everything they need, as we jointly fill the union market and resolve issues on the sanctions agenda. and we will also find out when mutual trade with this region will step over the bar of a billion dollars on the main air. watch on belarus 24 tv channel

. the efficiency of its processing and the involvement of secondary material resources can help not to become a hostage to the problem of garbage accumulation, how polymer raw materials are processed and, most importantly, like in this question. can help each of us created our correspondents. plastic recycling begins with the sorting of all garbage at specialized enterprises from the contents of containers familiar to us. bio-waste and dirt are taken here. and everything that remains is divided strictly into fractions and sent to sorting lines , of which

there are already 80 in our country today. enterprises of the republic sorting plastic is also important for science, not only the type and type of materials, but even color comes to the rescue here modern technologies, at some enterprises plastic is distinguished by shape by special separators. and the type of film is determined by optical sensors. the main polymer wastes include soft polyethylene, that is, a film, a colored film, a transparent stretch film , high-pressure polyethylene, the next classifier is polypropylene. these include bags from raw materials, big bags and solid plastic. these are mainly medical waste pipes, plastic road barriers and pet bottles. in the twenty-second year, our company collected from sorted and delivered to the processing enterprises

of the republic of belarus more than 1100 tons of polymer waste. each type and even thickness of plastic has its own processing method and separate equipment. something is just crushed. although this case is not simple, as it turned out. this crusher is designed for crushing plastic with a thickness of no more than 2 cm. we throw products here. she crushes products into small fraction with a diameter of 10 mm, its principle of operation is that plastic is crushed with knives. there is a sieve here, fine and everything that is crushed to a fraction, which, having a sieve, wakes up here. already crushed plastic with the help of air flows through scientific pneumatic transport enters large bags; such big bags filled with crushed grains are delivered to factories where polymers will be given

a second life. but for some types of plastics , crushing alone is not enough, polymers even have to be baked in a scientific process called agglomeration. this machine it is called an agglomerator and it processes soft plastic and film agglomerate. and the smaller the so-called spread in particle size and shape, the better the polyethylene agglomerate. it is a semi-finished product for the production of granules from these granules , a sorting film will be produced in the future, which means their plastic processing. today for sure. maybe, for this, everyone just needs to figure out which of the containers in their yard, which garbage to throw away? however, despite modern possibilities and technologies, still, not all types of plastic. and this is a worldwide practice. and the recycling process itself is also not endless with time , the plastic that was given to him by that very second one.